HPLC法测定不同产地川芎中阿魏酸的含量

目的:建立HPLC法,测定不同产地川芎中阿魏酸含量.方法:采用DiamonsilTM(钻石)C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(30:68:2v/v),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为320nm.结果:阿魏酸质量浓度在3.16～31.6mg·L-1内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.0%,RSD为1.47%(n=9),4个产地川芎中的阿魏酸质量百分含量分别为0.198%、0.208%、0.217%、0.187%.结论:本法可用于川芎中阿魏酸的含量测定;44个产地川芎中以四川省都江堰市产川芎中阿魏酸含量最高.     

反相高效液相色谱法对不同产地川芎中阿魏酸的测定

目的 :对中药川芎中阿魏酸的含量分析进行方法学研究 ,并测定川芎的不同产地、不同品种的阿魏酸的含量。方法 :采用RP HPLC技术对 5个品种 15个样品进行测定。流动相为甲醇 水 36 %乙酸 (30 :6 7:3) ,流速为 1.0ml/min。UV检测波长32 2nm。结果 :本方法测定阿魏酸在 4 .0 16～ 2 0 .0 8μg/ml范围内呈良好的线形关系 ,回归方程为A =2 .2 1199C 1936 .16 (r =0 .9999)。阿魏酸的平均回收率±RSD为 99.90 %± 5 .12 % (n =3)。不同产地、不同品种的川芎其阿魏酸的含量为 0 .6 5 30～1.32 71mg/g。 结论 :川芎由于产地不同其阿魏酸的含量相差悬殊。以四川川芎中阿魏酸的含量为最高。本测定为筛选优良品种提供了简便易行的方法     

HPLC法测定不同产地川芎中阿魏酸的含量

目的:建立HPLC法,测定不同产地川芎中阿魏酸的含量。方法:采用DiarnonsilTM(钻石)C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇一水一冰醋酸(30:68:2v/v),流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长为320nm。结果:阿魏酸质量浓度在3.16~31.6mg·L内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.0%,RSD为1.47%(n=9),4个产地川芎中的阿魏酸质量百分含量分别为0.198%、0.208%、0.217%、0.187%。结论:本法可用于川芎中阿魏酸的含量测定;4个产地川芎中以四川省都江堰市产川芎中阿魏酸含量最高。     

肝宁颗粒的质量标准研究

目的:建立肝宁颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对方中君药川芎进行定性鉴别,以高效液相色谱法测定川芎中阿魏酸的含量。结果:供试品色谱中,在与川芎对照药材相应的位置上,显相同颜色的荧光斑点;阿魏酸进样量在0·0384μg~0·2304μg范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好(r=0·9999),平均加样回收率为100·1%(RSD=0·91%)。结论:建立的质量标准可有效控制肝宁颗粒的质量。     

妇舒颗粒质量控制研究

目的 :建立妇舒颗粒的质量控制方法。方法 :采用薄层色谱法对妇舒颗粒中当归、川芎、金银花、甘草、黄芪5种主药材进行定性鉴别 ;用高效液相色谱法测定当归、川芎中阿魏酸的含量。结果 :阿魏酸进样量在0. 02～0 .10μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0 9998) ,平均回收率为96. 9 % ,RSD=1 4 %。结论 :本方法重现性好 ,能有效控制妇舒颗粒的质量。     

复方川芎颗粒的质量标准研究

目的:建立复方川芎颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对复方川芎颗粒中的川芎、当归进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱法测定其中阿魏酸含量。结果:TLC分离好,斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;阿魏酸进样量在0.027～0.270μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为97.92%,RSD=0.79%(n=6)。结论:所建标准可用于复方川芎颗粒的质量控制。     

赤芍桃仁颗粒质量标准研究

目的:建立赤芍桃仁颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对方中薏苡仁、红花、桃仁、川芎进行定性鉴别;采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法对芍药苷、阿魏酸进行含量测定。结果:在TLC中能检出薏苡仁、红花、桃仁、川芎的特征斑点,阴性样品无干扰。芍药苷检测浓度在48.2～482.0μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998);平均加样回收率为98.5%,RSD=2.24%(n=6)。阿魏酸检测浓度在1.36～13.55μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9996);平均加样回收率为98.4%,RSD=1.87%(n=6)。结论:本方法简单、快速、精密度高、重现性好,所建标准可用于赤芍桃仁颗粒的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定生化汤及其配伍组方中阿魏酸的煎出量

目的 :考察当归、川芎与生化汤中其它 3味药组合构成的 10种样本药物中阿魏酸含量的变化。方法 :反相高效液相色谱法进行测定。结果 :当归、川芎单味药阿魏酸煎出量分别为 (5 6 .88± 0 .11) μg·g-1,(36 .2± 4 .0 ) μg·g-1,加入其它药物合煎后 ,阿魏酸煎出量为 1.7～ 5 6 .9μg·g-1。结论 :当归与川芎合煎 ,阿魏酸的煎出量有一定的加合性 ;加入桃仁、甘草、干姜后 ,阿魏酸煎出量降低 ;生化汤中阿魏酸的煎出量在各样本中最高     

复方当归注射液的质量控制方法研究

目的:建立复方当归注射液的质量控制方法。方法:采用薄层色谱法对复方当归注射液中当归、川芎、红花、丹参、葛根5种主要药材进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定当归、川芎中阿魏酸的含量。结果:在薄层色谱中能检测出上述5种主要药材;阿魏酸检测浓度在2·829~15·990mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r=0·9996),平均加样回收率为99·34%(RSD=0·94%)。结论:本方法重现性好,可用于复方当归注射液的质量控制。     

HPLC法快速测定当归、川芎中阿魏酸松柏酯的含量

目的建立一种快速可靠测定当归、川芎中活性成份阿魏酸松柏酯的HPLC方法。方法色谱条件：ZorbaxODSC18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mmID,μm）,流动相采用1%醋酸与乙腈1：1等度洗脱,检测波长318nm。结果建立的HPLC方法日内和日间精密度分别为0.22%–1.16%和0.86%–2.62%,阿魏酸松柏酯在0.380–0.038mg·mL^–1范围内线形关系良好（r^2=0.9995）,加样回收率为105.3%,RSD为2.7%。结论该方法能够准确、快速定量测定当归、川芎中阿魏酸松柏酯的含量,有利于提高对当归、川芎的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.