双波源ESWL联合枸橼酸氢钾钠治疗双J管滞留的临床疗效观察(附7例报告)

目的:总结双波源体外冲击波碎石联合枸橼酸氢钾钠治疗双J管滞留的策略和技巧,评价其临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2016年3月~2017年3月应用体外冲击波碎石联合枸橼酸氢钾钠治疗7例双J管滞留的疗效。结果:7例患者行双波源体外冲击波碎石联合枸橼酸氢钾钠均成功拔出双J管,患者治疗后排出的结石呈蛋壳样碎片,均行结石成分分析,提示为尿酸结石或包含尿酸结石的混合结石。结论:应用双波源体外冲击波碎石联合枸橼酸氢钾钠可作为双J管滞留的有效方法。     

输尿管镜腔内治疗妊娠期顽固性肾绞痛的疗效观察

目的探讨应用输尿管镜及气压弹道碎石术治疗妊娠期肾绞痛的安全性及其疗效。方法对34例保守治疗无效的妊娠期肾绞痛患者行输尿管镜检查术,患者妊娠12~32周,平均24周,术中发现有结石30例,其中上段12例,中下段18例,均行气压弹道碎石,碎石后留置D-J管;术中未发现结石患者,单纯留置D-J管4例。结果 34例患者的肾绞痛及发热症状经治疗后完全消失,无输尿管穿孔等并发症发生。结石清除率83.3%（25/30）,5例输尿管上段结石冲入肾内,产后行体外碎石后排出。所有患者均顺利度过围产期并产健康婴儿。结论输尿管镜及气压弹道碎石术治疗妊娠期顽固性肾绞痛安全、有效,值得临床应用。     

比较保守治疗或手术对急诊输尿管中下段小结石性肾绞痛的治疗价值

目的探讨药物保守治疗或输尿管镜碎石取石术两种方法治疗输尿管中下段小结石性。肾绞痛的临床效果。方法2012年7月至2013年4月间将40例输尿管中下段结石性肾绞痛患者随机分为两组。治疗组20例,应用输尿管镜碎石取石术,对照组20例采用排石、解痉药物保守治疗。结果与对照组相比,治疗组。肾绞痛缓解率较高（P〈0．05）;肾绞痛再发生率较低（P〈0．05）;从入组到肾绞痛缓解所需时间平均较短（P〈0．05）。治疗组清除结石的治愈率（95％,19／20）明显高于对照组（55％,11／20）（P〈O．05）,治疗组仅1例治疗失败,但拔出双J管1周后自行排出;对照组中9例保守治疗失败,其中3例通过体外冲击波碎石术治疗排出结石、6例采取输尿管镜碎石取石术最终取出结石。结论输尿管镜下碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段小结石性肾绞痛可及早解除疼痛、减轻痛苦,且清除结石治愈率高,值得临床推广应用。     

急诊输尿管镜碎石术与ESWL治疗输尿管中下段结石并急性肾绞痛的疗效评价

目的 比较急诊输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术（ureteroscopic lithotripsy,URSL）与体外冲击波碎石术（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL）治疗输尿管中下段结石并急性肾绞痛的疗效.方法 回顾性分析本院近3年来45例急诊URSL（URSL组）以及51例急诊ESWL（ESWL组）治疗输尿管中下段结石并急性肾绞痛患者的临床资料,比较其疼痛缓解率、一次性碎石成功率、术后2周结石排净率、并发症发生率等指标.结果 URSL组和ESWL组疼痛缓解率分别为95.56％（43/45）和78.43％（40/51）（P＜0.05）,URSL组一次性碎石成功率和术后2周碎石排净率分别为93.33％ （42/45）、97.78％ （44/45）,明显优于ES-WL组的78.43％ （40/51）、82.35％（42/51）（P＜0.05）;URSL组术后有2例发生尿路感染,ESWL组术后有4例发生肉眼血尿,两组术后均未出现发热、输尿管穿孔、撕裂等并发症（P＞0.05）.结论 对于结石直径＞l0mm的输尿管中下段结石并急性肾绞痛患者,急诊输尿管镜术疗效优于体外冲击波碎石术;首选输尿管镜术治疗此类患者具备一定的临床推广价值.     

经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜碎石术治疗鹿角形肾结石体会

目的总结单一微通道经皮肾镜碎石术（MPCNL）联合输尿管软镜碎石术治疗鹿角形。肾结石的临床经验体会。方法57例鹿角形肾结石均采用MPCNL和输尿管软镜碎石术联合治疗。结石大小（2．7cm×3．3cm～3．8cm×5．2cm）,平均3．7cm×4．1cm。结果46例鹿角形结石一期碎石、取石成功,平均手术时间128min,平均出血量80mL（20～150mL）,结石清除率为80．7％;11例残余结石主要集中于肾下盏,少部分位于肾中盏,于术后1个月行二期输尿管软镜碎石术,平均手术时间为57min,结石总清除率为93％（53／57）。4例术后仍有少量结石残留,大小为0．4～0．8cm,予以体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗,随访3个月,结石清除2例。结论MPCNL联合输尿管软镜碎石术治疗鹿角形肾结石可有效提高结石清除率,减少创伤及并发症。     

小功率钬激光经皮肾输尿管镜碎石术联合冲击波碎石治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨小功率钬激光经皮。肾输尿管镜碎石术联合体外冲击波碎石治疗复杂性肾结石的有效性和安全性。方法应用小功率（20W：0．6～0．8J×10-20Hz）钬激光经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜配合体外冲击波治疗复杂性肾结石31例,分析小功率钬激光碎石术联合体外冲击波碎石的碎石时间、结石排净率、并发症等。结果平均碎石时间为85min（60—120min）,总的取净率为87．09％（27／31）;术中出血量估计平均为80ml．术后3例患者出现高热,无其他严重并发症。结论小功率钬激光经皮肾输尿管镜碎石术联合体外冲击波碎石治疗复杂性肾结石是一种安全、有效的方法。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的评价输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（URSL）治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法使用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石170例，输尿管上段结石10例，输尿管中段结石42例，输尿管下段结石118例，结石最大直径2．2cm，平均1．0cm，合并患侧肾积水80例，伴肾绞痛77例，平均病史为24周。结果一次性碎石成功率90．5％（154例）；10例输尿管壁残留小结石，术后1个月复查静脉肾盂造影（IVU），残石已排净；2例较大残余结石上移至肾盂行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL），1个月内结石排净；4例改开放手术，2例为结石被息肉严重包裹碎石失败，2例结石远端严重狭窄；均无输尿管穿孔、撕裂、假道、撕脱等并发症；随访9—12个月，肾积水病例积水情况明显改善；伴肾绞痛病例症状消失；未见结石复发病例。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石疗效确切、安全。     

微创经皮肾镜碎石后输尿管残留结石的门诊处理

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜碎石术（min im ally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）术后输尿管残留结石的门诊处理效果。方法直径〈10 mm输尿管残留结石,出院等待观察;直径≥10 mm输尿管残留结石或输尿管石街,门诊体外冲击波碎石术（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL）治疗;经等待观察或ESWL治疗失败或仍有残留结石的患者,门诊局麻下行输尿管镜取石或碎石术。结果43例结石直径〈10 mm中,31例在等待观察期间自行排出结石,3例在拔双J管时带出结石,9例局麻下采用输尿管镜取出结石。24例结石直径≥10 mm中,18例ESWL碎石成功,4例局麻下采用输尿管镜取石,2例采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术,取净残留结石。本组未见严重血尿、发热、输尿管穿孔、肾绞痛等较重并发症。结论根据患者病情门诊采取适当的措施,处理MPCNL术后输尿管残留结石有效、安全。     

泌尿外科——肾脏、输尿管

钬激光碎石术与体外冲击波碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效比较；输尿管镜术后双J管引流无效原因分析；硅胶管牵拉控制肾蒂在腹腔镜肾肿瘤剜除术中的应用；Fas表达异常与肾癌免疫逃避的关系；腹腔镜与开放肾固定术治疗肾下垂的临床研究；完全腹腔镜下肾输尿管全切除术(附9例报告)；174例原发性输尿管癌的临床分析；中、晚期肾癌的介入、手术和生物联合治疗；经腹腔镜或输尿管镜治疗体外冲击波碎石失败的上尿路结石(附45例报告)；输尿管下段结石气压弹道碎石与体外冲击波碎石术的比较；气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石(附180例报告)；手辅式腹腔镜治疗肾恶性肿瘤(附10例报告)；后腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术治疗乳糜尿(附29例报告)；经皮肾穿刺造瘘碎石术联合体外冲击波碎石术治疗鹿角形肾结石；非特异性输尿管炎(附11例报告)。     

急诊输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛

目的探讨急诊输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析我院2006年1月至2008年12月行急诊输尿管镜下碎石取石手术治疗输尿管结石并肾绞痛的患者临床资料,共137例,其中男78例,女59例,平均年龄38±9岁。中段11例,下段126例。结果 130例患者一次取石成功,成功率94.9%(130/137);7例未成功,其中2例术中发现结石已排入膀胱,5例进镜失败,术后行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),2个月内复查结石均排净。结论急诊行输尿管镜下碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛是一安全有效选择。     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of impacted radiolucent stone at the right pyeloureteric junction and oral dissolution therapy in a patient with transplanted liver: a case report

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a safe, effective method to treat urinary lithiasis. The success rate in ESWL depends on stone location, size, number, and fragility as well as calceal anatomy and patency of the urinary tract. An association of calcineurin inhibitors and uric acid urolithiasis has been reported in renal allograft recipients, but the mechanism remains unknown. Herein we have reported the case of 68-year-old male patient who developed cryptogenic cirrhosis and underwent liver transplantation. Seven years after transplantation, the patient was admitted to the hospital with right renal colic. An 8.9-mm radiolucent stone at the pyeloureteric junction was associated with moderate consecutive hydronephrosis. The second stone was located in a lower renal calyx. After a failed attempt at retrograde ureteral stenting, we performed a percutaneous nephrostomy. Antegrade pyelography with following ESWL treatment resulted in disintegration of the obstructive stone at the pyeloureteric junction. Afterward, we performed antegrade placement of a double-J stent. Residual stones in the lower renal calyx were successfully treated with a 3-month course of oral intake of a dissolution agent-potassium sodium hydrogen citrate. In this case, we have discussed ESWL and oral dissolution therapy of radiolucent stones in a hydronephrotic right kidney, which resulted in stone-free disease after 3 months of combined therapy. There was neither clinical nor biochemical damage to the transplanted liver.     

三聚氰胺所致婴幼儿尿路结石的综合治疗分析

目的 总结含三聚氰胺配方奶粉所致婴幼儿尿路结石的治疗手段及疗效.方法 有三鹿奶粉喂养史尿路结石患儿228例.男165例,女63例,年龄4个月～3岁.平均11个月.双肾结石144例.单侧肾结石54例.结石直径0.5～2.5 cm;双侧输尿管结石合并中重度肾积水8例.一侧输尿管结石合并中重度肾积水7例,结石直径0.4～lI 1 cm;膀胱结石合并尿潴留5例,尿道结石合并尿潴留10例,结石直径O.5～1.3 cm.患儿均经B超、CT检查确诊.分4组:①肾功能衰竭组15例(6.6%),少尿5～10 d 2例、无尿1～5 d 13例,实验室检查BUN平均32一mmol/I,SCr平均750μmol/L.13例采用经尿道输尿管镜下碎石、碱性药物溶石、双J管置入术,术后碱性药物溶石治疗;2例在B超引导下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流术、肾盂内间歇性碱性药物灌洗溶石.②输尿管结石合并中重度肾积水15例,行输尿管镜下碎石清石、双J管置入术及碱性药物溶石治疗.③膀胱、尿道结石合并急性尿潴留15例,采用经尿道输尿管镜下第三代碎石清石系统碎石清石.④单纯肾结石183例,采用碱性药物治疗1～8周.其中113例口服碳酸氢钠片0.15 g,2次/d;23例口服柠檬酸氢钾钠2.4 g/d;47例口服10%柠檬酸钾溶液,5 m1,3次/d.61例经碱性药物治疗＞8周疗效差者行ESWL及碳酸氢钠注射液溶石治疗,尿pH＞7.5时停药.对有肾功能损害患儿每天复查肾功、电解质直至正常.228例患儿随访1～3个月.统计数据采用SPSS 13.0软件分析.结果 组①患儿术后12～24 h内即出现多尿,多尿期持续24～72 h.尿量800～2500 ml/24 h,术后48～96 h尿量逐渐恢复正常,术后1～5 d BuN及SCr均恢复正常,1～2周4例肾、输尿管结石基本排净,2～4周15例结石全部排净.组②患儿治疗后1～2周结石完全排净.组③患儿经微创手术均一次性清除结石,立即恢复正常排尿,3 d后复查B超,膀胱、尿道内均无残余结石.组④经碳酸氢钠治疗组结石2周排净4例,4周排净18例,13周排净15例,8周后结石明显变小变淡34例,结石无明显变化42例;口服柠檬酸氧钾钠治疗组结石1周排净4例,2周排净7例,4周排净10例,6周排净2例;口服10%柠檬酸钾溶液组结石1周排净3例.2周排净5例,4周排净16例,8周排净11例,8周后结石明显变小变淡8例,结石无变化4例.柠檬酸盐治疗组与碳酸氢钠治疗组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P-O.001),柠檬酸盐组内比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.372).61例患儿行ESWL及继续碱性药物溶石治疗患儿1～6周结石排净49例,结石缩小8例,无明显变化4例.结论 三聚氰胺所致婴幼儿尿路结石早期以内科观察治疗为主,发生急性肾功能衰竭、输尿管中重度积水及下尿路急性梗阻时应以外科干预为主,解除梗阻、保护肾功能、恢复正常排尿.治疗后期,结石特点发生变化,单纯碱性药物治疗无效者应采用ESWL治疗.     

移植肾尿路结石的腔内治疗

目的探讨腔内治疗移植。肾尿路结石的效果和策略。方法采用腔内技术治疗13例移植。肾尿路结石，其中。肾结石3例，金属支架结石1例，输尿管结石9例，合并输尿管口狭窄2例。结石最大直径8～48mm，接受肾移植的时间1个月～8年。结果3例。肾结石和1例金属支架结石行经皮微造瘘输尿管镜取石术成功取石。4例输尿管结石行逆行输尿管镜取石治疗；3例行经皮顺行输尿管镜取石成功，其中1例合并移植输尿管口狭窄者同时行内切开取石；1例移植输尿管口狭窄合并下端结石者，改行开放手术；1例输尿管结石直接行体外冲击波碎石术2次后排净结石。术后随访1～8年，人肾存活均良好，12例患者。肾功能恢复正常，无结石复发。结论移植肾尿路结石处理应选择创伤小、效果好的腔内微创治疗，尽可能保护。肾功能。     

Clinical experiences of renal and upper ureter stone by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). II: 3-month follow-up of cases treated with ESWL

Fifty three out of 60 cases treated with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), were followed up for 3 months. Forty four of the patients had renal stones (2 had bilateral renal stones, 3 had staghorn calculi, 2 had incomplete staghorn calculi, 10 had multiple renal stones), 2 had the unilateral renal and ureteral stones and 16 had ureteral stone. The stone had been discharged completely within 3 months in 47 cases (86.8%), and residual stones were noticed in 6 cases (11%), two of which had stone discharge after retreatment with ESWL. The other cases are being followed up without further treatment, because the residual sandy stones are thought to be able to be discharged spontaneously.     

输尿管内D-J管置入治疗孕妇输尿管结石16例临床体会

目的 探讨输尿管内D-J管置入治疗孕妇输尿管结石合并顽固性肾绞痛的疗效及安全性.方法 选取2012年1月至2015年12月局麻下应用膀胱镜或输尿管镜放置输尿管D-J管治疗经保守治疗无效的肾绞痛孕妇16例,患者年龄19 ～38岁,孕周12 ～31周,结石最大径4～13mm,均为顽固性肾绞痛,部分患者有脓肾形成.结果 16例顽固性肾绞痛孕妇患侧输尿管放置D-J管后肾绞痛均缓解,无一例出现先兆流产症状,其中2例DJ-JD管自动滑出,再次置管后未再滑出.16例D-J管留置1～8个月,术后5例患者有尿频尿急现象,可耐受;3例患者有肉眼血尿,对症治疗后缓解;6例患者腰部轻度不适,可耐受,无流产发生.15例孕妇足月分娩,1例患者因胎膜早破早产1周,分娩胎儿均健健.分娩后10例结石已排出,另6例:4例行体外冲击波碎石(ESW-L)后结石成功排出,2例行经皮肾镜超生碎石取石术(PCNL)成功清除结石.结论 对于输尿管结石并发顽固肾绞痛孕妇,患侧输尿管置入D-J管是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in removal of stones in anomalies of kidney and upper urinary tracts

The authors analyze the results of ESWL (URAT-P unit) for urolithiasis performed in 106 patients (49 females and 57 males) aged 16-67 years with anomalous kidneys and upper urinary tracts. 28, 1, 11, 14, 24, 4, 22 and 2 patients had horseshoe, L-shape, solitary, lumbar distopic, double, sponge, cystic kidneys, congenital megacallicosis, respectively. The stones ranged in size from 7 to 30 mm. Bilateral urolithiasis was in 7 patients. The number of impulses averaged 1745 +/- 168.4 per the procedure. The average number of ESWL procedures per stone was 1.4 (1-4). The stones were completely eliminated after one ESWL session in 78(73.6) patients, after two sessions in 23(21.7%) patients, after three sessions in 4, after for in 1 patient. Complications developed in 18 patients: urinary tract obstruction and attack of acute pyelonephritis (15 and 3 patients, respectively). Within 2-10-year follow-up recurrences arose in 12 patients who were retreated. Thus, ESWL is a method of choice in the treatment of urolithiasis patients with malformations of the kidneys and upper urinary tracts. Good results of ESWL are achieved in strict adherence to principles of the patients' selection, preoperative preparation technique, individual approach to patients in postoperative period, follow-up to detect complications and recurrences.     

枸橼酸氢钾钠在大负荷肾尿酸结石治疗中的应用(附6例报告并文献复习)

目的:探讨枸橼酸氢钾钠在大负荷肾尿酸结石治疗中的效果。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年7月天津医科大学第二医院以枸橼酸氢钾钠治疗的6例大负荷肾尿酸结石(长径>4cm)患者的临床资料。患者均为男性,平均年龄51.3(42～66)岁,平均结石长径6.0(4.1～7.6)cm,腹部X线片(KUB)阴性,平均CT值4...     

Clinical application of EDAP LT-01 PLUS on extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for urolithiasis

With EDAP LT-01 PLUS, a new extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor which generates shock waves by 320 ceramic elements activated by the piezoelectric effect and which was produced to be used for the treatments of both urolithiasis and gall bladder stones, we performed extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) on 37 patients with urolithiasis between November 22, 1989 and July 31, 1990. Thirty seven target stones of 37 patients were located in the renal calyx (11 cases), renal pelvis (3 cases), UPJ (6 cases), renal calyx and pelvis (1 case), renal calyx and UPJ (1 case), renal calyx and upper ureter (1 case), upper ureter (9 cases), middle ureter (1 case), and lower ureter (4 cases). None of the patients needed anesthesia. The average number of treatments per case was 2.9 and the average total times of treatment per case was 196 minutes. The overall stone-free rate one month after the last ESWL treatment was 54.1% (20/37), and no patients had any major side-effects. Judging from our present clinical application, we concluded that EDAP LT-01 PLUS is a useful extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor for urolithiasis.     

Emergency extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for obstructing ureteral stones

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate emergency treatment of obstructing ureteral stones by in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) during acute renal colic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1994 to February 2000, 200 patients (mean age: 42 years) were treated by ESWL (EDAP LT-02) for obstructing ureteral stones causing acute renal colic refractory to medical treatment or recurring within 24hours of such treatment. Stones were visualised by fluoroscopic imaging and/or ultrasound. Follow-up included radiological and/or ultrasound examinations and lasted three months. RESULTS: Mean stone size was 7mm (3-20mm). At three months, 164/200 (82%) patients were stone-free. This rate ranged from 79% to 83% according to the location of the stone, and from 75% to 86% according to the size of the stone. These differences in rate were not significant. Two or three ESWL sessions were required in 79 patients. ESWL was well tolerated in 90% of patients. The only complication was a case of pyelonephritis requiring the placement of a JJ stent, administration of antibiotics, and distant ureteroscopy. The 36 patients, in whom ESWL failed, underwent ureteroscopy (n=23) or lithotripsy with a Dornier machine (n=13). CONCLUSION: Non-deferred ESWL for acute renal colic secondary to obstructing ureteral stones has a satisfactory success rate and very low morbidity.     

Calyceal stones: Fate of shock wave therapy with respect to stone localization

In a retrospective analysis the results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment were evaluated in patients with renal stones according to calyceal localization of treated stones. The 198 patients who underwent ESWL with the Dornier MPL 9000 were analyzed for success rate, complication rate, residual fragments, regrowth and recurrence rates. Totally 210 calyceal calculi located in different portions of the kidney have been comparatively evaluated. No major complications were noted during or after ESWL. Some minor complications such as flank pain, renal colic, haematuria were observed. Flank pain was observed during ESWL treatment especially in patients with upper calyceal stones. Although stone-free and residual fragment rates were similar in pelvic, upper and middle calyces, patients with lower calyceal and pelvicalyceal stones had high residual fragment rate and lower stone-free rate. Patients with stones in the lower calyces or pelvicalyces had high recurrence and regrowth rates (p<0.05). ESWL has been considered as the optimal treatment modality for most upper urinary tract calculi. It is especially effective in patients with pelvic, upper and middle calyceal stones. Patients with lower calyceal stones often failed to eliminate the fragments, hence had high recurrence and regrowth rates.