岛状颊肌粘膜瓣修复腭瘘的临床研究

目的：探索应用岛状颊肌粘膜瓣方法修复较大面积腭瘘的临床实践,探讨该方法的优缺点。方法：应用蒂在前上的岛状颊肌粘膜瓣修复腭瘘4例;应用蒂在后的岛状颊肌粘膜瓣修复腭瘘14例,其中有7例在修复腭瘘的同时延长软腭以矫正腭咽闭合不全。结果：共修复腭瘘患者18例;其中15例腭部瘘孔获得关闭,颊肌黏膜瓣成活良好,无感染、腮腺导管损伤或阻塞、面神经损伤,无张口受限、瘢痕挛缩及咀嚼障碍;2例因岛状颊肌粘膜瓣远端愈合不良再次出现硬腭前端瘘口,但面积较原来明显减小,其中1例再发腭瘘应用已转移到腭部的颊肌粘膜瓣组织行二次手术修复后愈合;1例岛状颊肌粘膜瓣部分坏死。结论：应用蒂在前上和蒂在后的岛状颊肌粘膜瓣修复腭瘘是一种比较安全可靠的方法,其成活率高,可以灵活转移修复各个部位的腭瘘,在修复软硬腭交界部位腭瘘的同时可延长软腭、矫正腭咽闭合不全。即使腭瘘再发,可以应用已转移到腭部的肌黏膜瓣修复之。     

应用颊肌粘膜瓣转移延长软腭

目的：探讨颊肌粘膜瓣的解剖及应用其延长软腭,同时改善腭咽闭合不全。方法：在软硬腭交界处切开腭粘膜肌层,腭肌下分离,形成以舌腭弓为蒂的口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣。由软腭正中纵形切开鼻腔侧粘膜,形成边长为1．0—1.5cm的对偶三角瓣,交叉缝合。口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣后推位与鼻腔侧粘膜瓣缝合固定,软硬腭交界处形成一个横形创面,应用一侧颊肌粘膜瓣转移覆盖以延长软腭,供瓣区直接缝合。结果：本组16例患者,软腭平均延长1．0～1．5cm,腭咽闭合不全基本矫正。颊肌粘膜瓣无一例出现血运障碍。结论：应用鼻腔粘膜的“Z”字成形及口腔侧的腭粘膜肌瓣后推,颊肌粘膜瓣转移,能有效地延长短缩的软腭,明显改善腭咽闭合不全,使腭裂音质的改善有了解剖学基础。     

应用烦肌粘膜瓣转移延长软腭

目的:探讨颊肌粘膜瓣的解剖及应用其延长软腭,同时改善腭咽闭合不全.方法:在软硬腭交界处切开腭粘膜肌层,腭肌下分离,形成以舌腭弓为蒂的口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣.由软腭正中纵形切开鼻腔侧粘膜,形成边长为1.0～1.5cm的对偶三角瓣,交叉缝合.口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣后推位与鼻腔侧粘膜瓣缝合固定,软硬腭交界处形成一个横形创面,应用一侧颊肌粘膜瓣转移覆盖以延长软腭,供瓣区直接缝合.结果:本组16例患者,软腭平均延长1.0～1.5cm,腭咽闭合不全基本矫正.颊肌粘膜瓣无一例出现血运障碍.结论:应用鼻腔粘膜的"Z"字成形及口腔侧的腭粘膜肌瓣后推,颊肌粘膜瓣转移,能有效地延长短缩的软腭,明显改善腭咽闭合不全,使腭裂音质的改善有了解剖学基础.     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形1992年1月以来,应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推,软腭鼻腔粘膜 Z 成形术,腭帆提肌吊带重建,颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面,选择性地施行去神经的(足母)短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术,修复20例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者,效果满意。     

隐性腭裂的诊断与治疗

目的　诊断与治疗隐性腭裂患者。方法　纵行剖开软腭的膜性粘连 ,口腔侧硬腭粘膜瓣后推 ,鼻腔侧软腭粘膜“Z”字成形 ,腭帆提肌吊带重建 ,颊肌粘膜瓣转移修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面 ,以恢复软腭的解剖学长度和生理性动度。结果　 12例患者均得到成功的修覆 ,发音效果满意。结论　本文介绍的诊断依据和手术方法对于隐性腭裂患者的诊断和治疗是行之有效的 ,具有推广价值。     

腭后推上提和颊肌黏膜瓣修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂

目的 探索修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂畸形的手术方法.方法 通过腭后推、上提、腭大孔凿开、腭骨水平板凿断、双侧软腭后推、宋儒耀软腭上提术,结合一侧带蒂颊肌黏膜瓣转移修复过宽腭裂畸形.结果 2002年以来,运用该方法治疗13例10～25岁的腭裂患者,术后颊肌黏膜瓣完全成活,双侧软腭与咽后壁上提的组织瓣愈合良好,软、硬腭同时得到延长,腭咽闭合不全获得充分矫正,语音有明显改善,无腭瘘发生.结论 该方法具有无张力关闭过宽裂隙,软腭延长效果显著、持久,腭咽闭合效果良好,语音改善较明显的优点,尤其适合修复10岁以上患者过宽腭裂畸形.     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形１９９２年１月以来，应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推，软腭鼻腔粘膜Ｚ成形术，腭帆提肌吊带重建，颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面，选择性地施行去神经的　短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术，修复２０例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者，效果满意。     

后推,减张,缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

对修复腭裂畸形１９９２年１月以来，应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推，软腭鼻腔粘膜Ｚ成形术，腭帆提肌吊带重建，颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面，选择性地施行１神经的拇短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术，修复２０例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者，效果满意。     

应用单侧岛状颊肌黏膜瓣和双反向双Z成形术修复宽大腭裂

目的应用单侧岛状颊肌黏膜瓣加双反向双Z成形术修复较宽大的腭裂,延长软腭,不做牙槽弓内侧松弛切口,腭部无骨性创面裸露和瘢痕形成,以减少或避免对上颌骨和牙槽弓生长发育的影响。方法应用改良的双反向双Z成形术延长软腭,裂缘蒂的口腔侧黏骨膜瓣翻转关闭鼻腔侧的裂隙,一侧岛状颊肌黏膜瓣修复腭部口腔侧创面,牙槽弓内侧不做松弛切口。结果应用该法共治疗36例,2例出现了腭瘘,其余伤口愈合良好,软腭延长显著,无组织瓣坏死、伤口感染、张口困难、面神经损伤等并发症发生。随访8例患者,均获得完善的腭咽闭合功能。结论一侧岛状颊肌黏膜瓣与双反向双Z成形术联合应用修复较宽大的腭裂,既延长了软腭,又避免了腭部骨性创面裸露、瘢痕形成而影响上颌骨和牙槽弓生长发育,是一项安全可靠的手术。     

先天性隐性腭裂的诊断与治疗

目的 诊断与治疗先天性隐性腭裂患者。方法 纵行剖开软腭的膜性粘连，口腔侧硬腭粘膜瓣后推，鼻腔侧软腭粘膜瓣X字成形，腭帆提肌吊带重建，颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙入腭部创面，以恢复软腭的解剖学长度和生理性动度。结果 共治疗12例患者，均得到成功的修复，发音效果满意。结论 我们介绍的诊断依据和手术方法对隐性腭裂患者的诊断和治疗是行之有效的，具有推广价值。     

应用颊肌黏膜瓣修复腭部缺损

目的 探讨应用颊肌黏膜瓣修复腭部缺损的方法 及效果.方法 修复腭裂时,设计蒂在后的颊肌黏膜瓣,通过翼下颌缝黏膜下隧道修复软硬腭口腔面缺损;腭部肿瘤切除后缺损时,则将该瓣直接转移修复;修补腭裂术后瘘孔时,以蒂在前的颊肌黏膜瓣,通过齿槽裂隙缺损直接覆盖修复.切取最大颊肌黏膜岛状瓣6.0 cm×3.5 cm(成人),供区松解直接闭合.结果 临床应用14例,除1例腭裂术后护理不当软腭有部分复裂,1例远端表皮轻度糜烂外,余12例组织瓣均完全成活.结论 该瓣能Ⅰ期修复腭部肿瘤切除后缺损,功能形态良好,且术后可尽早接受放射治疗,提高了远期疗效;同时对宽大腭裂或腭裂术后并发较大腭前瘘孔,也是一种新的修复术式,且为牙槽嵴裂修复预留软组织床.     

The evaluation of the use of the buccal myomucosal flap in cleft palate repair—a comparative study

This study aimed to evaluate the importance of using the buccal myomucosal flap in cleft palate repair. This is a retrospective comparative study between two centers in which almost the same technique of cleft palate repair is used. The main difference in the repairs is that a buccal myomucosal flap is used as a part of the operation in one center and not in the other. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A was composed of the cases operated at the Craniofacial Institute in Southfield, MI, USA by the second author. In these, a buccal myomucosal flap was used as a step in the cleft palate repair. Group B contained the cases operated in the Plastic Surgery Department Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman using the same procedure but without using the buccal myomucosal flap. The duration of the study was from January 1995 to June 2005. The cases were assessed for oronasal fistulae of the secondary palate. The development of velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) after a minimum follow-up period of 3 years requiring operative intervention was also assessed in the two groups. In group A (using the buccal myomucosal flap), the incidence of oronasal fistulae of the secondary palate was found to be 2 of 126 patients who underwent cleft palate repair (1.6%). The incidence of VPI requiring pharyngoplasty was found to be six out of 94 patients followed up for a period more than 3 years (6.4%). In two patients, buccal flap division of the pedicle was required because the patient was biting on it. In group B (buccal myomucosal flap not used), the incidence of oronasal fistulae of the secondary palate was 14 out of 299 patients who underwent cleft palate repair (4.6%). The incidence of VPI requiring pharyngoplasty was 36 out of 146 patients followed for a period of more than 3 years (24.7%). The incidence of fistulae and VPI development in both groups was found to be decreasing as experience with the technique increased. The use of the buccal myomucosal flap in cleft palate repair has proven to be an effective tool in the reduction of the incidence of fistula formation and VPI. The flap allows cleft palate repair without tension, and this has decreased the incidence of fistula formation. Adding an additional length to the nasal layer of the palate by using this flap also decreases the incidence of VPI significantly. If the flap needs to be divided, it can be performed as an outpatient procedure.     

下鼻甲黏骨膜瓣在腭裂修复中的应用

目的 探讨在裂隙宽大的腭裂修复术中闭合软硬腭交界处裂隙的鼻侧面，确保缝合伤口一期愈合的方法。方法 设计蒂在后的下鼻甲黏骨膜瓣，并将该瓣转移至裂隙软硬腭交界处的鼻侧面，有效地减少局部组织缝合张力、闭合裂隙。结果 用本法治疗21例患儿，术后伤果口均一期愈合，无腭瘘发生，软硬腭交界处无明显的瘢痕形成。结论 应用下鼻甲黏骨膜瓣修复软硬腭交界处裂隙的鼻侧面，减少宽大腭裂的组织缝合张力，是一种简单而有效的方法。     

软腭动脉血供的应用解剖学研究

目的　为在修复腭裂时正确地设计和切取腭部组织瓣 ,保证其存活和肌肉恢复功能 ,对软腭血供进行了解剖学研究。方法　对 14例头颈标本做了腭部动脉的解剖学观察 ,10例胎儿标本做了造影 ,6例胎儿头标本做了组织学连续切片观察。结果　证实软腭血供具有多源性 ,主要来源于腭升动脉。该动脉前、后支均是肌粘膜穿支血管。供应软腭的其他动脉均为直接粘膜支 ,包括腭小动脉、咽升动脉腭支和扁桃体动脉。供应软腭的血管在粘膜下及肌筋膜层形成丰富的相互吻合的血管网。腭裂时 ,腭升动脉腭支随腭帆提肌向前外移位。结论　保护好腭部动脉 ,特别是腭升动脉在软腭内的分支 ,对腭裂手术的设计、伤口愈合及术后功能的恢复都十分重要。     

The versatile palatal island flap: its use in soft palate reconstruction and nasopharyngeal and choanal atresia

The mucoperiosteal island flap, first designed to provide nasal lining during pushback lengthening of a short cleft palate, has been used to assist in reconstruction of large soft palate defects following resection for cancer, to create and maintain patency of the velopharyngeal aperture after stenosis and to maintain patency of the nasal airway after resection of bony choanal atresia.