纳美芬对急性重型颅脑损伤疗效的临床观察

目的探讨纳美芬对急性重型颅脑损伤的治疗效果。方法重型颅脑损伤患者134例,入院后随机分为纳美芬治疗组和对照组,观察并比较两组患者治疗前后的生命体征、颅内压变化、觉醒时间,治疗后第7天的GCS及伤后90d的GOS等。结果与对照组比较,纳美芬组患者的心律异常和呼吸异常者的比例明显减少（P〈0．05）,出现高颅内压的比例明显减少（P〈0．05）;纳美芬组觉醒时间为（10．1±1．45）d,对照组为（12．4±2．58）d,两者差异显著（P〈0．01）;两组患者治疗后第7天的GCS及伤后90d的GOS比较也差异显著（P〈O．05）。结论纳美芬可有效改善急性重型颅脑损伤患者的预后。     

单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂对重度脑损伤的早期治疗作用

目的：探讨单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂（GM1）对重度颅脑外伤的早期脑保护作用。方法：入选者随机分为GM1治疗组及生理盐水（NS）对照组；于治疗前和治疗7、14d各进行格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS），检测血清乳酸（La）及C-反应蛋白（CRP）作比较。结暴：治疗7和14d后，治疗组La下降与对照组比较分别P〈0．05和P〈0．01;14d后治疗组GCS上升值与对照组比P〈0．05。结论：GM1能够降低无氧代谢。减轻La堆积所致酸中毒。从而减轻脑水肿，起到保护脑组织改善预后的作用。     

急性颅脑损伤后血清S100B蛋白含量变化

目的研究血清中S100B蛋白含量变化与颅脑损伤患者病情的关系。方法应用电化学发光免疫法测定36例急性颅脑损伤患者伤后不同时间血清S100B蛋白含量变化，结合GCS评分进行分析，并与对照组（20例无神经系统疾病史者）进行比较。结果颅脑损伤后24、48、72h和1周患者血清S100B蛋白水平均较对照组明显升高（P〈0．01）；颅脑损伤越严重，S100B蛋白水平升高越明显．伤后早期（48h内）重型（GCS评分≤7分）者血清S100B蛋白水平明显高于中、轻型（GCS评分≥8分）者（P〈0．01）。结论急性颅脑损伤后血清S100B含量明显升高，并与患者病情密切相关。     

早期肠内营养对重型颅脑损伤患者血清C反应蛋白含量变化的影响

目的观察早期肠内营养（EEN）对重型颅脑损伤患者血清C反应蛋白（CRP）的影响,探讨EEN对保护肠道黏膜、减轻全身炎症反应的作用。方法30例重型颅脑损伤患者中,GCS6～8分者23例,GCS3-5分者7例。随机分为EEN组（15例）和早期胃肠外营养（PN）组（15例）。入院48h内给予不同方法的营养支持。测定入院时及伤后1、4、7和14d血浆中CRP的含量。结果随着伤后时间推移两组患者血清CRP浓度均呈下降趋势,但EEN组下降幅度更明显,伤后第4、7及14天EEN组血清CRP含量明显低于PN组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。EEN组伤后14d GCS评分明显高于PN组（P〈0．05）。结论EEN可保护重型颅脑损伤患者的胃肠道黏膜,减轻其全身炎症反应,改善其意识状态。如果重型颅脑损伤患者胃肠道功能允许,应尽早给予EEN。     

川芎嗪早期治疗急性颅脑损伤的临床观察

目的探讨早期应用川芎嗪治疗急性中、重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效和用药安全性。方法127例符合研究条件的急性中、重型颅脑损伤患者，随机分为川芎嗪治疗组和常规治疗组进行前瞻性研究。观察治疗期间不同时期GCS评分的变化，治疗结束后及康复期GOS评分。结果川芎嗪治疗组和对照组GCS评分在治疗第1天和第3天无显著性差异（P〉0．05），3d内死亡率亦无显著性差异（P〈0．05）。治疗结束后和3个月随访均进行GOS评分，治疗组明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。随访结束后评定死亡率，治疗组死亡7例（10．9％，7／64），对照组死亡16例（254％，16／63），两组间有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论早期应用川芎嗪能明显降低急性中、重型颅脑损伤患者死亡率，改善预后，治疗过程中未见明显的毒副作用。     

外伤后颅内进展性出血性损伤106例分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤后进展性出血性损伤（PHI）的发生及影响预后的相关因素。方法对2007年颅脑损伤后出现PHI的106例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并与同期无PHI患者进行对照研究。结果颅脑损伤后是否出现PHI与患者的年龄是否超过50岁（P〈0．05）、血浆纤维蛋白原水平是否低于2g／L（P〈0．01）及有无蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）（P〈0．05）密切相关。PHI患者的预后与年龄是否超过50岁（P〈0．01）、血浆纤维蛋白原水平是否低于2g／L（P〈0．01）、有无SAH（P〈0．01）及入院时的GCS评分（P〈0．01）密切相关。结论PHI最常出现于颅脑伤后12h内,好发于着力点的对冲部位,以额颞部为主,与患者的年龄、血浆纤维蛋白原水平及是否伴有SAH等因素密切相关;其预后与患者的年龄是否超过50岁、入院时GCS评分、血浆纤维蛋白原水平是否低于正常及是否伴有SAH密切相关。     

颅脑损伤急性期血小板参数的变化及其与继发性脑损害的关系

目的探讨颅脑损伤后患者血小板（PLT）参数的变化及其与继发性脑损害的关系。方法伤后24h内入院的非手术治疗的颅脑损伤患者163例，分别于伤后1d、3d及14d三个时间段采血测定外周血PLT数量、PLT平均体积（MPV）、PLT体积分布宽度（PDW）；于入院时、伤后1d、伤后7d进行GCS评分，并通过CT计算脑出血量及脑水肿体积；伤后6个月进行GOS预后评分。分析上述指标与PLT计数、MPV和PDW之间的关系。同时测定40例健康体检者外周血的PLT计数、MPV和PDW作为对照。结果伤后1d及3dPLT计数较对照组明显下降，MPV和PDW值明显增加（P〈0．05）；伤后14dPLT计数、MPV和PDW值均恢复正常；GCS〈8分者PLT计数明显低于GCS≥8分者，而MPV和PDW则明显高于GCS≥8分者（P〈0．05）；脑水肿体积伤后逐渐扩大，至伤后7d时水肿体积最大（P〈0．05）；脑水肿体积与PLT计数呈负相关关系（r＝-0．238，P〈0．05），与MPV和PDW的值呈正相关关系（r＝642、0．593，P〈0．05）；GOS评分与外周血PLIT计数呈正相关（r=0．883，P〈0．05），而与MPV和PDW值呈负相关（r=-0．235、－0．267，P〈0．05）。结论本结果提示，颅脑损伤后PLT参数的变化可能与伤后继发性脑损害有关；检测其变化有助于对颅脑损伤伤情、预后的判断，并为颅脑损伤治疗提供新思路。     

尼莫地平对创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血的临床疗效简

目的探讨尼莫地平对创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血（tSAH）的临床疗效O方法将62例tSAH患者按人院顺序分为治疗组及对照组,每组31例;对照组给予保守治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上加用尼莫地平。分别于治疗前、治疗后3、5、7、10、14、21d进行GCS评分,颅骨钻孔放置脑实质型颅内压探头连续监测颅内压14天,分别于治疗前及治疗后3＼5、7、14、21天行经颅多普勒超声检查检测伤侧大脑中动脉（MCV）的收缩峰血流速度（vp）,伤后3月进行GOS评分。结果治疗7d后,治疗组GCS评分显著高于对照组（JP〈0．05）,而颅内压显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗后3d,治疗组MCVVp明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗组脑血管痉挛（MCAVp〉120cm／s）发生率（11／31,35．5％）明显低于对照组（18／31,51．6％,P〈0．05）,治疗组预后良好率（83．9％,26／31;GOS4～5分）明显高于对照组（58．1％,18／31;GOS1-3分,P〈0．05）。结论在tSAH患者伤后早期应用尼莫地平可以减少CVS的发生,改善tSAH患者预后。     

纳络酮血肿腔内注射治疗高血压脑出血的临床观察

目的 比较纳络酮血肿腔内注射与静脉注射对高血压脑出血的疗效。方法 40例高血压脑出血患者随机分为A、B两组。两组均采取锥颅血肿穿刺置管抽吸和脑室外引流治疗。A组血肿腔内局部注射纳络酮，B组静脉滴注纳络酮。比较两组患者治疗前后颅内压、GCS评分、脑脊液内皮素-1（ET-1）水平。对患者进行三月以上的随访。结果 40例脑出血患者发病后48hET-1平均水平明显高于非脑出血患者。A组发病后第3天、第7天ET-1峰值较B组明显低（P〈0．01）；A组术后颅内压较B组降低更明显（P〈0．01）；连续GCS评分较B组明显高（P〈0．01），平均清醒天数缩短；A组治疗有效率明显高于B组（P〈0．05）。结论 纳络酮血肿腔内注射较静脉注射可明显提高脑出血患者疗效，改善预后。     

持续颅内压监测对重型颅脑损伤标准大骨瓣减压术后治疗的影响

目的探讨持续颅内压监测在重型颅脑损伤中的意义。方法选取昆明市第一人民医院神经外科2016-01—2018-01收治的重型颅脑损伤行标准大骨瓣减压术患者51例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,观察组行联合持续颅内压监测和标准大骨瓣减压术,对照组仅行标准大骨瓣减压术。观察比较2组颅内压、GCS评分和预后情况。结果 2组治疗前颅内压水平无显著差异,治疗后较治疗前均有所下降(P0.05),观察组治疗后较对照组治疗后,颅内压水平更低(P0.05)。2组术前GCS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),术后7d较术前均增高(P0.05),观察组术后7dGCS评分较对照组术前GCS评分更高(P0.05)。观察组总有效率88.5%,对照组总有效率80.0%,观察组预后优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论持续颅内压监测有利于重型颅脑损伤标准大骨瓣减压术后的治疗。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。