肝移植对肝性脊髓病的临床疗效探讨(附2例报告)

目的探讨肝性脊髓病（hepatic myelopathy,HM）的临床特点及肝移植对其治疗效果。方法对我院2例肝性脊髓病患者进行背驮式全肝移植术后的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果肝移植术后患者的四肢肌力都得到明显恢复。结论早期肝移植是晚期肝硬化合并肝性脊髓病的有效的治疗手段。     

肝性脊髓病肝脏移植术后的疗效观察

目的 为进一步探讨肝脏移植术对肝性脊髓病疗效观察。方法 对我院2例肝性脊髓病病人行原位肝移植术后进行临床资料回顾分析，随访时间最长2年5个月。结果 肝移植术后病人的临床症状、体征及生活质量均获得明显改善，四肢肌力得到有效恢复。结论 肝脏移植对肝性脊髓病是一种新的、从病因上治疗的有效方法。     

肝移植治疗肝性脊髓病的临床讨论

肝性脊髓病是继发于终末期肝病的一种特殊类型的神经系统改变,是以脊髓病变为主要症状的综合征,多于自然形成的广泛的门体静脉侧支循环或门体静脉分流术后出现,临床比较罕见。该病预后不良,病情呈慢性进展。目前的治疗方法主要是针对原发肝病进行干预。外科医师为减少毒性物质的吸收行结肠游离手术或回肠直肠吻合术,短期内可降低血氨和改善神经症状,但长期效果不理想。2012年4月大连医科大学附属二医院收治1例肝性脊髓病患者。该例患者行肝移植术后临床症状、体征及生命质量均获得明显改善,双下肢肌力得到有效恢复。肝移植是从病因上治疗肝性脊髓病的有效方法。     

肝移植治疗肝性脊髓病1例

肝性脊髓病(hepatic myelopathy, HM)是一种罕见的慢性肝病并发症。本例HM患者因出现下肢无力, 不能自主行走, 给予肝移植治疗。移植术后3周出院时四肢肌力得到明显恢复;出院后3个月, 受者四肢肌力基本恢复正常, 能够正常生活工作。     

陈旧性颈髓损伤的外科治疗

目的：观察颈椎减压融合手术对陈旧性颈椎骨折脱位引起的颈脊髓或神经根损伤的治疗效果。方法：1999年1月～2003年12月手术治疗因颈椎骨折脱位合并不同程度颈脊髓损伤后1个月以上的患者58例，总结临床资料，比较手术前后感觉运动功能的改善程度。结果：平均随访27个月。术前ASIA分级A级的7例患者术后上肢有1～2个神经根功能改善者3例，下肢出现肌肉活动功能改善者2例：术前B级的11例患者术后8例上肢活动有改善，6例出现下肢功能改善；术前C级6例患者术后达D级3例，E级3例：术前D级34例患者术后达到E级24例，10例仍为D级。所有患者术后ASIA的感觉及运动评分较术前明显提高（P〈0．05）。结论：减压融合手术对陈旧性颈椎骨折脱位引起的颈脊髓损伤或神经根损伤仍是有效的治疗方法，脊髓功能的恢复与脊髓损伤程度有关。     

利用正常腰骶神经根重建膀胱反射弧对下肢功能影响的临床观察

目的 观察利用正常腰骶神经根重建膀胱反射弧对切断神经根所支配区域运动功能的影响.方法 对9例脊髓损伤后膀胱功能障碍而下肢运动功能仍存在的患者,利用其功能健存的脊髓节段的单根神经根前根中枢端,吻接支配膀胱的S2(或S3)神经根前根周围端,建立新的膀胱人工反射弧以重建膀胱功能,术后观察下肢相应区域运动功能变化.结果 9例中4例S1神经前根切断,术后主观感觉小腿肌力稍有下降,查体踝跖屈肌力约下降半级,3个月后随访肌力恢复;2例L3神经前根切断,2例L4神经前根切断,1例L5神经前根切断,术后肌力均无明显影响.结论 切断单一腰骶神经根前根对下肢运动功能无明显影响.     

手术治疗陈旧性下颈椎骨折脱位

目的探讨陈旧性下颈椎骨折脱位的手术治疗疗效。方法29例陈旧性下颈椎骨折脱位伴不同程度神经功能损伤患者，采用颈前路减压、植骨、内固定术。结果29例患者均获随访，时间18～24个月。6个月后植骨融合率100％，颈椎稳定，保持了椎间高度和颈椎生理曲度。术前、术后脊髓功能Frankei分级情况，除2例FrankeiC级患者术前检查MRI提示脊髓有软化灶，无明显神经功能恢复，其余均有不同程度的恢复。术后脊髓神经功能Frankei分级变化为：术前B级1例恢复至C级；C级7例，恢复至D级5例，2例无明显变化；D级18例，术后恢复至D级5例，E级13例；3例FrankeiE级颈肩酸痛不适患者术后症状消失。结论陈旧性下颈椎骨折脱位经前路减压植骨内固定，融合率高，神经功能有不同程度恢复，颈椎生理血度恢复良好，远期疗效满意。     

纳洛酮加脊髓腹侧减压术治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤

作者采用纳洛酮加脊髓腹侧减压术治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤65例,结果见单纯脊髓腹侧减压术肢体肌力恢复到Ⅲ级以上者9例,小剂量纳洛酮加脊髓腹侧减压术肢体肌力恢复到Ⅲ级以上者14例;大剂量纳洛酮加脊髓腹侧减压术肢体肌力恢复到Ⅲ级以上者18例。临床结果显示纳洛酮通过改善脊髓微循环和增加脊髓血流量,具有促进脊髓功能恢复的作用。纳洛酮加脊髓腹侧减压治疗脊髓损伤优于单纯脊髓腹侧减压术。     

肝移植治疗肝内胆管结石和肝包虫病

目的探讨肝移植治疗合并胆汁性肝硬化的广泛肝内胆管结石和不能手术治疗的肝包虫病的效果。方法对2例广泛肝内胆管结石伴胆汁性肝硬化和4例不能手术切除的肝包虫病(泡球蚴病)患者施行原位肝移植，术后定期随访，评价疗效。结果2例胆管结石患者已存活2年多：4例肝包虫病患者，除1例术后3个月死于心力衰竭外，其余3例已分别存活9个月、15个月及2年；存活患者均恢复了正常生活和工作。结论肝移植可作为治疗广泛肝内胆管结石和不能手术治疗的肝包虫病的有效手段。     

脊柱截骨术治疗合并脊髓纵裂伴脊髓拴系综合征的先天性脊柱侧凸

目的:探讨脊柱截骨术治疗合并脊髓纵裂伴脊髓拴系综合征的先天性脊柱侧凸的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾性分析2007年6月~2013年6月在我院采用脊柱截骨手术治疗的23例合并脊髓纵裂伴脊髓拴系综合征的先天性脊柱侧凸患者。其中男6例,女17例;手术时年龄16.9±3.4岁(10~23岁)。腰骶部疼痛8例,其中5例仅表现为腰骶部疼痛,神经功能损害18例。术前冠状位Cobb角95.4°±25.2°(65°~156°)。Ⅰ型脊髓纵裂9例,Ⅱ型脊髓纵裂14例。脊髓圆锥位置均在L3水平以下。对合并Ⅰ型脊髓纵裂伴脊髓拴系的患者,采用骨性纵隔切除、一期脊柱截骨矫形;合并Ⅱ型脊髓纵裂伴脊髓拴系的患者单纯行一期脊柱截骨矫形(未处理纤维纵隔)。其中行全脊椎截骨13例,经椎弓根截骨10例。术前、术后3个月和末次随访时分别测量患者侧凸Cobb角,并按脊柱裂神经功能评分(SBNS)分级评估神经功能恢复情况。结果:手术时间571.1±136.5min(310~835min);术中失血量4888.3±2482.3ml(500~9600ml)。随访38.9±18.3个月(24~79个月)。术后冠状面Cobb角33.7°±15.9°(3°~73°),较术前明显改善(P0.05),矫正率平均为(62.3±14.1)%;末次随访时冠状面Cobb角37.4°±17.2°(5°~82°),矫正率平均为(58.1±14.7)%,较术后平均丢失4.2°±2.3°,与术后比较无明显矫形丢失(P0.05),但与术前相比有明显改善(P0.05)。末次随访时,18例患者神经损害症状获得不同程度改善,其中13例术前SBNS神经功能分级为Ⅱ级者术后恢复至Ⅰ级;2例Ⅲ级恢复至Ⅱ级;另外3例神经损害评分提高,SBNS分级维持不变,脊柱侧凸畸形及局部疼痛明显好转。围手术期出现并发症5例,其中2例术后出现单侧下肢肌力下降,1例术后2周下肢肌力恢复至4级,另1例于术后3个月恢复至术前水平,术后2年随访肌力基本恢复正常;术中发现胸膜破裂1例,术后脑脊液漏1例、泌尿系感染1例。所有病例术后无伤口感染、假关节形成、内固定松动/断裂及永久性神经损害并发症。结论:脊柱截骨术治疗合并脊髓纵裂伴脊髓拴系综合征的先天性脊柱侧凸患者安全有效,且对神经功能恢复有促进作用。     

Resolution of hypophosphatemia is associated with recovery of hepatic function in children with fulminant hepatic failure

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a rare but often fatal disease in children. Clinical and laboratory predictors of liver regeneration and recovery, however, have not been well established. We hypothesized that hypophosphatemia may indicate recovery of liver synthetic function in children with FHF. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children with FHF who were admitted to UCLA and recovered hepatic function either spontaneously or by liver transplantation (LTx). Serum phosphate (Ph) and prothrombin time or international normalized ratio (INR) were compared over the patient's clinical course. Records of 39 children who spontaneously recovered experienced profound hypophosphatemia that resolved as liver synthetic function improved. Similar patterns were seen in the 84 children who recovered after LTx. We found that hypophosphatemia precedes the recovery of liver synthetic function in children with FHF who recovered with or without transplantation, and that Ph levels return to normal as liver synthetic function improves. These data suggest that hypophosphatemia may be a useful laboratory indicator of recovering liver function in children with FHF.     

Liver Transplantation Reverses Hepatic Myelopathy in Hepatitis B-Related Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Severe neurologic complications after chronic liver disease greatly affect the patient's quality of life. Hepatic myelopathy (HM) is a rare but devastating disease, in chronic liver disease. The limbs of patients with HM show slowly progressive symmetrical spastic paralysis without sensory loss. Management of this severe neurologic complication is challenging. These patients often require timely and effective clinical intervention. Although liver transplantation is one of the effective treatments for HM, the prognosis of these patients remains poor, many of them spend their lives in wheelchairs. Here, we report a patient with HM after hepatitis B virus related decompensated liver cirrhosis who recovered well after liver transplant. This work was carried out in compliance with the Helsinki Congress and the Declaration of Istanbul.     

肝移植术后早期腹腔内出血的防治

目的 分析原位肝移植术后早期腹腔内出血的原因及防治方法.方法 回顾性分析本科204例原位肝移植的临床资料,术后早期腹腔内出血患者共10例,其中6例接受2次探查手术,术中见其出血部位分别为:下腔静脉前壁肝短静脉结扎线脱落出血1例、右侧肾上腺创面出血1例、肝周创面渗血1例、肝动脉吻合口出血1例、腹壁动脉出血1例、未见明确活动性出血1例.结果 6例2次手术止血患者均顺利恢复.4例保守治疗患者中2例出血停止,顺利恢复,1例出血停止,术后腹腔内感染,经穿刺引流和抗感染治疗后康复,1例再次移植患者术后凝血功能障碍,于术后第3日死亡.结论 肝移植术后早期腹腔内出血多由于外科因素所致,外科技术的改进、正确诊断和及时处理是防治的关键.     

Liver regeneration in living-donor liver transplantation

Liver regeneration in living-donor liver transplantation is summarized from the authors' data. In donors, liver function tests recovered to within the normal range 2 weeks after surgery regardless of graft type. At 2 weeks, the volumetric recovery of the remnant liver was 65% and 80% of the original volume in right and left lobe donors, respectively. These results suggest that functional recovery occurs earlier than morphologic restoration in donors. In recipients, the factor that affected the regeneration rate in size 4 weeks after transplantation was only implanted graft size; the rate was greater in patients in whom smaller grafts were implanted. In recipients with a rate of two or more, however, high portal vein pressure and flow were observed. Further, persistent low platelet counts and hyperbilirubinemia were seen in those patients. These results indicate that size enlargement may be caused by engorgement, and functional recovery is not achieved concurrently with morphologic restoration, especially in patients with smaller grafts. In patients with fulminant hepatic failure who receive auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation, sequential histopathologic observations of the diseased liver revealed that liver regeneration initiates from cytokeratin 17-positive ductules and at least 1 year is necessary for complete recovery.     

Liver transplantation in a case of steatohepatitis and subacute hepatic failure after biliopancreatic diversion for morbid obesity

Background: Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) was designed to avoid the serious complications of jejunoileal bypass (steatohepatitis and hepatic failure). Although this is today considered a safe and effective procedure, a few reports of patients who developed steatohepatitis and subsequently died in hepatic failure exist. Methods: We report a morbidly obese patient who developed subacute hepatitis resulting in hepatic failure 1 year after BPD. Results: Because of irreversible liver failure the decision to perform a liver transplantation was made.The patient underwent emergency liver transplant and lengthening of the common limb. The course of liver transplantation and the patient's recovery were uneventful. Conclusion: Severe liver disease may rarely follow BPD. Liver transplantation and lengthening of the common bowel may be performed to treat these patients.     

三次肝移植的临床疗效

目的 探讨三次肝移植的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2002年4月至2012年12月武警总医院收治的4例肝胆疾病患者的临床资料.供肝植入均采用经典原位肝移植.术后均采用他克莫司＋吗替麦考酚酯＋激素3联免疫抑制方案.通过移植随访中心随访至2014年5月,了解患者预后并进行用药指导.计量资料采用t检验.结果 4例患者中,3例良性肝脏疾病患者多次行肝移植原因主要为胆道并发症,其次为慢性排斥反应;1例肝癌患者多次肝移植原因主要为肝癌复发.4例患者第1、2次肝移植中位间隔时间为16.0个月,短于第2、3次肝移植的22.5个月.第2次肝移植手术时间为（11.4±1.0）h,第3次肝移植手术时间为（14.1±2.2）h,第2、3次肝移植手术时间比较,差异有统计学意义（t=3.644,P＜0.05）.第2、3次肝移植中位出血量分别为1 300 mL和1 800 mL,中位输血量分别为1 400mL和3 100 mL.4例患者肝移植术后早期肝功能均恢复顺利.4例患者中,有2例3例次[其中1次为术后早期（＜30 d）出现肺部铜绿假单胞菌感染]发生移植后感染,后经过积极抗感染治疗后痊愈.4例患者中,1例于第1次肝移植术后80个月死于肝衰竭;1例于第1次肝移植术后107个月死于肝癌复发合并肺、骨及腹膜后淋巴结等多处转移;另2例于第1次肝移植术后分别生存104个月和26个月.结论 三次肝移植是治疗移植肝胆道并发症及慢性排斥反应的有效方法;如有条件,三次肝移植对肝癌复发患者也能明显延长其生存时间.     

应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉的临床分析

目的探讨应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉对肝移植受者预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院2006年1月至2018年4月应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建肝动脉的肝移植受者临床资料,观察其术后肝功能恢复情况及肝动脉血栓等并发症的发生情况,分析采用搭桥方式进行移植肝动脉重建的原因。 结果共纳入8例受者,其中1例存在脾动脉盗血综合征导致肝总动脉供血不足,3例肝总动脉纤细,4例肝总动脉壁薄弱或分层。重建后肝动脉平均血流为(315±178)mL/min。术后2例受者分别因肝脏流出道和胆管吻合口狭窄导致黄疸,其余受者移植肝功能恢复良好。1例受者术后2个月出现肝动脉血栓形成,继发肝脓肿,半年后因多脏器功能衰竭死亡。其余7例受者随访至2018年11月均存活,肝动脉均通畅,无狭窄或血栓形成。 结论当供、受者常规肝动脉端端吻合无法实施时,应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉是一种可行的肝动脉重建方法。