肝炎肝硬化患者血清sIL—6R和sgp130变化的研究

为了探讨肝炎肝硬化（ＨＣ）患者血清可溶性白介素６受体（ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ）和可溶性ｇｐ１３０（ｓｇｐ１３０）含量的变化及其临床意义，运用酶联免疫吸附法检测了３４例ＨＣ患者血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ和ｓｇｐｌ３０含量。结果表明：①活动性和静止性ＨＣ患者血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ和ｓｇｐ１３０水平均高于正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０１），ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ／ｓｇｐ１３０比值ＨＣ患者低于正常人，活动性ＨＣ患者低于静止性ＨＣ患者（Ｐ＜０．０１）；②血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ和ｓｇｐ１３０水平之间呈正相关（ｒ＝０．４１７，Ｐ＜０．０５），ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ、ｓｇｐｌ３０水平与血清Ｂｉｌ－Ｔ水平间亦呈正相关（分别为ｒ＝０．４７４，ｒ＝０．４８２，Ｐ＜０．０１），而与血清ＡＬＴ水平无明显相关性（分别为ｒ＝０．１９３，ｒ＝０．１５２，Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ、ｓｇｐ１３０与ＨＣ的病情演变有关     

乙型肝炎患者血清IL—6和IL—8的动态变化及意义

作者用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测１０８例肝炎患者发现：急性黄疸型，慢性活动型，重症型患者儿ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８均明显高于对照组，三型间的ＩＬ－６有明显差异，ＩＬ－８水平重症型明显高于急，慢性；ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８与ＡＬＴ呈明显正相关，ＨＢｅＡｇ（＋）组，ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ（＋）组较阴性组ＩＬ－６水平明显高，阳性转阴性者ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８水平明显下降，ＩＬ－６与ＩＬ－８呈明显正相关，表明：ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８参与乙型肝炎     

人巨细胞病毒感染对肾移植受者血清sIL－2R水平的影响

用ＰＣＲ检测ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ，ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ及ＩｇＧ，以诊断肾移植受者ＨＣＭＶ感染。用双抗体夹心法ＥＬＩＳＡ检测６５例肾移植受者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平，结果表明：ＨＣＭＶ感染后宿主血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），且ＨＣＭＶ疾病组ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ增高程度大于无症状感染组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；６例原发性ＨＣＭＶ感染者ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与ＩｇＭ水平呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９９０８），提示随感染程度增加，血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平随之增高，还发现血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与Ｃ９４／ＣＤ８比值是负相关（ｒ＝－０．９７８９），说明ＨＣＭｖ感染后ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高与Ｔ细胞亚群改变有关，反之也说明ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ增高程度可表明体内免疫抑制状态。对于ＨＣＭＶ感染后血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高的机理有待进一步探讨。     

乙型肝炎患者白细胞介素6和自身免疫反应

测定４４例不同类型乙型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞产生的白细胞介素６（ＩＬ－６）活性水平及其与血清抗肝细胞膜脂蛋白（ＬＳＰ）浓度、肝功能和乙肝病毒复制指标的关系。主要发现重型肝炎、慢活肝患者的ＩＬ－６活性水平和抗ＬＳＰ浓度明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），慢迁肝、急性肝炎患者则无明显改变（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＩＬ－６活性水平与抗ＬＳＰ浓度呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＩＬ－６活性水平与ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ及ＨＢｅＡｇ呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

病毒性肝炎患者IL－1、IL－6和TNFα活性的检测

检测了甲、乙型病毒性肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦα的诱生活性及其血清中活性。结果表明，乙型慢性活动性肝炎（ＣＡＨ）、乙型肝炎后肝硬化（ＨＣ）和乙型重型肝炎（ＳＨ）ＰＢＭＣｓ经脂多糖诱导后，ＩＬ－１活性分别为３５３１．１±８８２．７Ｕ／ｍ１、２７６９．７±７３０．４±Ｕ／ｍｌ和５３２９．３±１０８９．３Ｕ／ｍｌ，高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或（０．０１）；ＩＬ－６诱生活性分别为３８．９０±１４．７５Ｕ／ｍ１、２．４５±１８．８５Ｕ／ｍｌ和７１．９５±２８．０５Ｕ／ｍｌ（与正常对照组相比，ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．０１）；ＴＮＦα诱生活性在乙型慢性迁延性肝炎（ＣＰＨ）、ＣＡＨ、ＨＣ和ＳＨ中分别为３３．２３±７．２５Ｕ／ｍｌ、６．９９±１．８４Ｕ／ｍ１、４．２９±２．１７Ｕ／ｍｌ和８６．７０±２４．１８Ｕ／ｍｌ，与对照组相比Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１。各型患者血清中ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦα活性均有不同程度的增高。文中对ＳＨ患者ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦα之间的相互关系进行了探讨。     

哮喘患儿外周血IL—2,IL—10与NO水平及其关系研究

采用双抗夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ技术检测了２８例哮喘患儿血浆及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）在植物血凝素（ＰＨＡ）刺激下产生ＩＬ－１０水平，同时检测了ＮＯ和ＩＬ－２水平。结果：①急性发作期哮喘患儿血浆及ＰＢＭＣ在ＰＨＡ刺激下产生ＩＬ－１０水平均比正常儿童显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），在哮喘缓解期虽均有所恢复，但仍低于正常儿童（Ｐ＜０．０５）；②ＮＯ水平在急性发作期患儿明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），而在缓解期恢复正常（Ｐ＞０．０５）；③急性发作期哮喘患儿在ＰＨＡ刺激下ＰＢＭＣ产生ＩＬ－２水平明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），但在缓解期恢复正常（Ｐ＞０．０５）；④急性发作期哮喘患儿在ＰＨＡ刺激下ＰＢＭＣ产生ＩＬ－１０水平与ＩＬ－２呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．５０４，Ｐ＜０．０１），而与血浆ＮＯ水平相关不显著（ｒ＝－０．３１９，Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：哮喘发作时ＩＬ－１０分泌及释放减少，ＮＯ和ＩＬ－２水平升高，导致或加重气道慢性炎症反应，引起气道高反应性而诱发或加重哮喘。     

巨细胞病毒感染与可溶性白细胞介素2受体的关系

应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对１０４例育龄妇女的血清进行了巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ抗体的检测，同时用ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗体夹心法测定了不同感染状态下血清中可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）的水平，并将ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与未感染ＨＣＭＶ的正常育龄妇女进行了比较。结果，育龄妇女中抗－ＨＣＭＶＩｇＧ的阳性率为８９．４％，ＩｇＭ的阳性率为９．６％，感染ＨＣＭＶ的妇女血清中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平均大于未感染的对照组（１７８．１±５７．３Ｕ／ｍｌ），Ｐ＜０．０５，其中ＩｇＭ阳性者和ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ同时阳性者血清中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平最高，分别为９１０±４６５．６Ｕ／ｍｌ和９０５±３４７．８Ｕ／ｍｌ，两者间的差异无显著性意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），但均大于仅抗－ＨＣＭＶＩｇＧ阳性者（４４６．８±１５８．９Ｕ／ｍｌ），Ｐ均＜０．０５。表明，ＨＣＭＶ感染可致ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平升高，并且活动性感染者上升明显。提示：ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ可能参与了ＨＣＭＶ的免疫致病机制。     

病毒性肝炎患者血清IL—6和T细胞亚中的关系

采用ＭＴＴ比色法和抗体致敏的红细胞花环试验（间接法）检测了９１例病毒性肝炎患者血清ＩＬ－６和Ｔ细胞亚群。结果显示，病毒性肝炎患者血清ＩＬ－６活性均明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）；以重型肝炎为最高；且与肝细胞损害程度呈正比（Ｐ〈０．０１）；ＣＤ４＾＋细胞、ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋均明显降低，与血清ＩＬ－６呈负相关；ＣＤ８＾＋细胞明显增高，与血清ＩＬ－６呈正相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）。表明，血清ＩＬ－６与     

羧甲基茯苓多糖对HPBL分泌IL—2,TNF,IL—6,IFN—γ的调节作用

用ＣＭＰ培养外周血淋巴细胞（ＨＰＢＬ）２４、３６、４８、７２ｈ采样检测的ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ效价分别可达１３．６±４．３，４１．９±２．０，１８３７．４±４６４．３，１０３７．９±２１１．０Ｕ／ｍｌ，分别比无ＣＭＰ的细胞培养对照组的效价高０．８，７．４，０．５，１０．９倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明ＣＭＰ具有ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ的诱生剂功能。由ＣＭＰ预处理ＨＰＢＬ后经ＰＨＡ和／或ＣｏｎＡ促诱生组的ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ效价分别比无ＣＭＰ的ＰＨＡ和／或ＣｏｎＡ刺激的相应常规诱生组高１．２～２．８，０．５～１．１、０．５～０．８、０．４～０．６倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），尤以ＣＭＰ＋ＰＨＡ＋ＣｏｎＡ促诱生细胞因子效果最佳（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明ＣＭＰ又具有ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ促诱生效应。     

重组干扰素—γ对哮喘患者外周血单个核细胞IL—8和IL—10的作用研究

目的 研究重组干扰素－γ对哮喘患者体外单个核细胞ＩＬ－８和ＩＬ－１０释放的影响以及与血清ＥＣＰ水平的关系。方法 取哮喘患者８例、正常人５例的外周静脉血,分离单个核细胞培养,６６ｈ后将哮喘患者的ＰＢＭＣ上清液分为重组干扰素－γ干预组、氟美松干预组、未加干预物组,７２ｈ收集上清液测定ＩＬ－８和ＩＬ－１０的浓度。同时留取血清测ＥＣＰ。结果 哮喘者血清ＥＣＰ值与ＰＢＭＣ培养细胞上清液中ＩＬ－８值呈现显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７０１）,与ＩＬ－１０值呈显著负相关（ｒ＝０．６３８）。者喘患者血清中ＥＣＰ和ＰＢＭＣ上清液ＩＬ－８和ＩＬ－１０浓度与正常相比有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ｒＩＦＮ－γ干预后ＰＢＭＣ上清中ＩＬ－８较未干预组显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而ＩＬ－１０显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）;氟美松干预组则无明显差异性。结论 ｒ     

IL-10 subfamily members: IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26

It has been reported that the CD4+ T cell is a very important source of interleukin 10 (IL-10), while CD8+ cells produce low amounts. IL-10 exerts several immune stimulating, as well as inhibitory effects. There are at least five novel human IL-10 family-related molecules: IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26. Activated T cells produce IL-19, IL-22 and IL-26, while IL-24 is produced by activated monocytes and T-cells. IL-20 induces cheratin proliferation and Stat-3 signal transduction pathway, while IL-22 induces acute-phase production by hepatocytes and neonatal lethality with skin abnormalities reminiscent of psoriasic lesions in humans. In addition, IL-22 mediates inflammation and binds class II cytokine receptor heterodimers IL-22 RA1/CRF2-4. This cytokine is also involved in immuno-regulatory responses. IL-26 (AK155) is a novel cytokine generated by memory cells and is involved in the transformed phenotype of human T cells after infection by herpes virus. All these new IL-10 subfamily member cytokines are strongly involved in immune regulation and inflammatory responses.     

The extended IL-10 superfamily: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28, and IL-29

Cytokines are involved in virtually every aspect of immunity and inflammation. A cascade of responses evolves after cytokine activation, although optimal function might ultimately involve several complementary cytokines. Understanding the function of individual cytokines is complicated because their role can vary depending on the cellular source, target, and phase of the immune response. In fact, numerous cytokines have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory potential, with the contrasting outcome observed being determined by the immune cells present and their state of responsiveness to the cytokine. These issues make the study of cytokine biology daunting, particularly so for IL-10 and IL-10-related genes. The IL-10 superfamily is highly pleiotropic. These genes are linked together through genetic similarity and intron-exon gene structure. Significant commonality exists not only through shared receptors but also through conserved signaling cascades. However, its members mediate diverse activities, including immune suppression, enhanced antibacterial and antiviral immunity, antitumor activity, and promotion of self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases.     

IL-21 and IL-21 receptor

Interleukin (IL)-21 is a new member of the type I cytokine superfamily. Although it is most homologous to IL-15, it has a unique receptor chain, IL-21R, that pairs with the γ-common cytokine receptor chain. The first experiments examining the biology of the IL-21 pathway reveal that it is a cytokine with effects on natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells. Mice deficient in the IL-21 R have also been made, and are being examined for the effects of the IL-21/IL-21R pathway in vivo. Here we summarize our current knowledge of this new cytokine pathway, and its role in innate and adaptive immunity.     

IL-4、IL-13蛋白表达及抗IL-4、IL-13人源单链抗体的筛选

目的:表达IL-4和IL-13蛋白,从人源单链抗体文库中分别筛选抗IL-4和抗IL-13单链抗体.方法:采用RT-PCR从健康志愿者外周血单核细胞(PBMC) mRNA中扩增IL-4和IL-13 cDNA;构建硫氧还蛋白融合表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达并对表达产物进行纯化鉴定.以生物素化的IL-4和IL-13为抗原从前期构建的人源抗体文库中采用噬菌体展示技术分别筛选抗IL-4和抗IL-13人源单链抗体(scFv).结果:扩增的IL-4 cDNA大小为280 bp,表达的融合蛋白大小为27 kD左右.扩增的IL-13 cDNA大小为252 bp,表达的融合蛋白大小为25 kD左右.分别以生物素化的IL-4和IL-13蛋白为抗原,采用噬菌体展示技术对人源抗体文库进行3轮富集后,分别有大约37％的scFvs与IL-4有结合特性,有约27％的scFvs与IL-13有结合特性.筛选了4株分别与IL-4和IL-13结合能力强的单链抗体进行了Westem blot鉴定和测序.结论:成功筛选到抗IL-4和抗IL-13人源性单链抗体.     

Ovarian follicular concentration of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 and p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine the presence of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, IL-18 and p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 in follicular fluid from spontaneous cycles and the relation between the concentration of selected cytokines and IVF-embryo transfer outcome. METHODS: IVF-embryo transfer and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA and MBL, Nagoya, Japan) were used. RESULTS: Follicular fluid of women included in the IVF-embryo transfer procedure contained common p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 (median 70.1 pg/ml), IL-15 (median 1.3 pg/ml) and IL-18 (median 38.2 pg/ml). There was a significant negative correlation between follicular fluid concentrations of IL-15 and IL-18 (R=-0.392, P=0.003). Significantly higher concentrations of common p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 (median 79.8 pg/ml) were found in the follicular fluid taken from follicles containing oocytes, when compared with those without an oocyte (median 44.5 pg/ml, P=0.006). Patients who achieved clinical pregnancy had significantly decreased concentration of IL-15 (median 0.8 pg/ml) compared with patients without successful IVF-embryo transfer outcome (median 1.4 pg/ml, P=0.047). CONCLUSION: Follicular fluid collected from spontaneous cycles contains detectable levels of p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23, IL-15 and IL-18. Increased concentrations of p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23 in follicles containing oocytes suggest an important role of this cytokine in reproduction. Possible negative value of IL-15 as a predictor of IVF-embryo transfer success remains to be determined.     

Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, IL-18 and IL-12) and Th cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) in patients with allergic asthma

Allergen-reactive T helper type-2 (Th2) cells and proinflammatory cytokines have been suggested to play an important role in the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory cascade in allergic asthma. We compared the plasma concentrations of novel proinflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-18, other proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12, Th2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-13, and intracellular interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-4 in Th cells of 41 allergic asthmatics and 30 sex- and age-matched health control subjects. Plasma cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intracellular cytokines were quantified by flow cytometry. Plasma IL-18, IL-12, IL-10, IL-13 concentrations were significantly higher in allergic asthmatic patients than normal control subjects (IL-18: median 228.35 versus 138.72 pg/ml, P < 0.001; IL-12: 0.00 versus 0.00 pg/ml, P = 0.001; IL-10: 2.51 versus 0.05 pg/ml, P < 0.034; IL-13: 119.38 versus 17.89 pg/ml, P < 0.001). Allergic asthmatic patients showed higher plasma IL-17 and IL-6 concentrations than normal controls (22.40 versus 11.86 pg/ml and 3.42 versus 0.61 pg/ml, respectively), although the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.077 and 0.053, respectively). The percentage of IFN-gamma-producing Th cells was significantly higher in normal control subjects than asthmatic patients (23.46 versus 5.72%, P < 0.001) but the percentage of IL-4 producing Th cells did not differ (0.72 versus 0.79%, P > 0.05). Consequently, the Th1/Th2 cell ratio was significantly higher in normal subjects than asthmatic patients (29.6 versus 8.38%, P < 0.001). We propose that allergic asthma is characterized by an elevation of both proinflammatory and Th2 cytokines. The significantly lower ratio of Th1/Th2 cells confirms a predominance of Th2 cells response in allergic asthma.     

IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33 families of cytokines

Summary: The interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-18, and IL-33 families of cytokines are related by mechanism of origin, receptor structure, and signal transduction pathways utilized. All three cytokines are synthesized as precursor molecules and cleaved by the enzyme caspase-1 before or during release from the cell. The NALP-3 inflammasome is of crucial importance in generating active caspase-1. The IL-1 family contains two agonists, IL-1α and IL-1β, a specific inhibitor, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and two receptors, the biologically active type IL-1R and inactive type II IL-1R. Both IL-1RI and IL-33R utilize the same interacting accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). The balance between IL-1 and IL-1Ra is important in preventing disease in various organs, and excess production of IL-1 has been implicated in many human diseases. The IL-18 family also contains a specific inhibitor, the IL-18-binding protein (IL-18BP), which binds IL-18 in the fluid phase. The IL-18 receptor is similar to the IL-1 receptor complex, including a single ligand-binding chain and a different interacting accessory protein. IL-18 provides an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Newly described IL-33 binds to the orphan IL-1 family receptor T1/ST2 and stimulates T-helper 2 responses as well as mast cells.     

IL-12 and IL-23 in health and disease

Food allergy affects up to 6% of children and 3–4% of adults in Westernized countries, and is the most common cause of outpatient anaphylaxis in most studies. The mainstay of treatment is strict avoidance of the offending allergens and education regarding the use of emergency medication in cases of accidental ingestions or exposures. While these approaches are generally effective, there are no definitive treatments that cure or provide long-term remission from food allergy. However, with recent advances in characterizing food allergens and understanding humoral and cellular immune responses in food allergy, several therapeutic strategies are being investigated. Potential treatments include allergen-specific immunotherapy as well as allergen-nonspecific approaches to downregulate the overall allergic response in food-allergic individuals.