褪黑素对Alzheimer病模型大鼠认知功能和海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响

目的 研究褪黑素(MT)对Alzheimer病(AD)模型大鼠认知功能和海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响.方法 给大鼠海马内注射凝聚态β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)25-35制作AD模型;MT组大鼠从制模前7 d至制模后19 d每日腹腔注射MT,AD组大鼠制模后腹腔注射生理盐水;用Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠的认知功能,银染法观察海马神经元形态,免疫组化法观察过度磷酸化tau蛋白的表达,并与正常对照组比较.结果 MT组大鼠Morris水迷宫试验结果明显好于AD组(均P＜0.001);海马CA1区磷酸化tau蛋白阳性细胞数(60.0±2.3)明显少于AD组(98.4±3.0)(P＜0.001),与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义;海马CA1区神经元纤维形态较AD组规则.结论 MT可明显改善AD大鼠的认知功能,并且抑制海马tau蛋白的过度磷酸化.     

雌激素对去卵巢大鼠学习记忆功能及海马神经元的保护作用

目的 研究雌激素对去卵巢(OVX)大鼠学习记忆功能及海马神经元的保护作用.方法 切除雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢制作OVX大鼠模型,给予雌二醇(E2)200 μg/kg(OVX+E2组)皮下注射,每周2次,共5周.用Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠学习记忆功能,HE染色及Bielschowski染色法观察海马神经元形态,免疫组化法观察海马tau蛋白磷酸化变化;并与OVX组和正常对照组比较.结果 与OVX组大鼠相比,OVX+E2组大鼠Morris水迷宫测试成绩明显改善(均P<0.05);海马CA1区神经元及纤维形态较规则,tau蛋白磷酸化阳性细胞数明显减少(均P<0.05).结论 OVX雌性大鼠应用雌激素可改善学习记忆功能障碍、保护海马神经元及降低tau蛋白磷酸化水平.     

冈田酸和β-淀粉样蛋白对大鼠CaMKⅡ与Tau蛋白磷酸化的影响

目的探讨冈田酸和β-淀粉样蛋白对大鼠CaMKⅡ与Tau蛋白磷酸化的影响。方法用立体定向方法将β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein,Aβ)(1mg/ml、5μl/只)注入SD大鼠海马CA1区,1w后注射冈田酸(OA)0.4nmol/L、2μl/只,隔天注射共注射7次,以建立类AD动物模型。采用水迷宫、Western blotting和Real-time等方法对类AD模型进行行为学和分子生物学分析,检测类AD大鼠海马组织CaMKⅡ、磷酸化Tau蛋白的表达水平以及大鼠学习记忆力的变化。结果与对照组相比Aβ1-42海马注射组、OA注射组及共同注射Aβ1-42和OA组均能引起大鼠学习记忆力降低,CaMKⅡmRNA及蛋白表达增加(P0.01),Tau蛋白Ser404磷酸化增加(P0.05)。Aβ1-42与OA具有协同增加CaMKⅡmRNA及蛋白表达及Tau蛋白Ser404磷酸化的作用。结论 Aβ1-42和OA可降低大鼠学习记忆能力,增加CaMKⅡ表达和Tau蛋白Ser404磷酸化。     

经颅电刺激对阿尔兹海默病大鼠学习记忆能力和海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达情况的影响

目的探讨经颅电刺激对阿尔兹海默病(Alzeheimer’s disease,AD)大鼠学习记忆能力和海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达的影响。方法健康SD大鼠,随机分为:正常组、假手术组、模型组及经颅电刺激2 w、4 w、6 w组。采用大鼠侧脑室注射Aβ25-35凝聚态β-淀粉样肽,同时腹腔注射D-半乳糖的方法,建立AD动物模型。Morris水迷宫实验检测各组大鼠学习、记忆能力,HE染色,观察海马CA_1区形态学结构,免疫组化测定海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达情况。结果 (1)Morris水迷宫实验大鼠测试学习和记忆能力,经颅电刺激2 w组与模型组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),经颅电刺激4 w组、6 w组与模型组比较,逃避潜伏期成绩均好于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)随电刺激时间延长,经颅电刺激各组磷酸化tau蛋白量逐渐降低,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅电刺激能够改善阿尔兹海默病大鼠的学习记忆能力,机制可能与下调海马CA_1区磷酸化tau蛋白表达有关,对细胞的重塑有积极影响,远期效果有待进一步研究。     

海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白建立阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型的实验研究

目的：海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）建立阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠模型，并进行初步评价。方法：应用凝聚态Aβ1-40进行大鼠右侧海马齿状回（DG）背侧细胞带微量注射，2周后从学州记忆、海马组织病理和异常磷酸化tau蛋白表达的变化3个方面评价大鼠模型。结果：Aβ1-40注射后大鼠Morris水迷宫学习记忆能力明显受损（P〈0．01）；注射区内DG背侧细胞带神经元丢失（P〈0．01）；注射侧海乌内Aβ沉积；海马神经元内异常磷酸化tau蛋白的表达显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：凝聚态Aβ1-40海马注射具有明确的在体神经毒性作用，可导致大鼠认知功能下降以及海马内Aβ沉积、神经元丢失和神经元内异常磷酸化tau蛋白的表达，可成功建立AD大鼠模型。     

冈田酸对拟AD模型大鼠海马CA1区Aβ1-40和nNOS表达的影响

目的观察冈田酸(OA)对大鼠海马CA1区Aβ1-40和nNOS表达的影响,建立更接近临床表现的拟AD大鼠模型。方法在大鼠海马CA1区多次微量注射OA,水迷宫实验观测大鼠行为学改变;Bielschowsky染色观察海马CA1区神经原纤维缠结(NFT)和老年斑(SP)等特征性病理变化;免疫组化方法观察海马CA1区Aβ1-40和nNOS的表达。结果模型组学习记忆减退;海马CA1区出现NFT(P<0.05)和SP特征性病理变化,及Aβ1-40的高表达(P<0.05)和nNOS的低表达(P<0.05)。结论冈田酸海马CA1区微量多次注射,可建立更接近AD临床表现和病理特征的大鼠模型,大鼠海马CA1区SP和NFT的形成,以及Aβ1-40表达增加、nNOS表达减少,是该模型大鼠学习记忆能力减退的可能机制。     

原发性年龄相关性Tau蛋白病(PART)

<正>阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)以病理学以特征性的老年斑和神经原纤维缠结为主,故β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)和过度磷酸化的tau蛋白(tau)作为AD的主要标志。然而近年来在许多尸检结果中发现,许多有认知障碍的老年人脑组织中,只有神经纤维缠结(NFT)单独存在,没有或仅有少     

GCs对VD大鼠行为学及海马脑区tau蛋白P-tau蛋白、Aβ淀粉样蛋白表达影响的实验研究

目的研究肉苁蓉总苷(glycosides of cistanche,GCs)对血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)模型大鼠行为学及海马脑区tau蛋白、p-tau蛋白、Aβ淀粉样蛋白表达的影响,探讨GCs对VD的防治作用。方法双侧颈总动脉结扎(2-VO法)建立VD大鼠模型,随机分为假手术组、VD模型组、GCs低、中、高剂量治疗组和药物对照共6组,Morris水迷宫实验评价各组大鼠的空间学习记忆能力;免疫组化方法检测海马脑区tau蛋白、p-tau蛋白、Aβ淀粉样蛋白表达量的改变。结果 (1)Mories水迷宫研究发现术后1 d、2 d、3 d、4 d、5 d VD组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长,与假手术组相比差异明显,有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);GCs治疗后,VD大鼠定位航行试验的逃避潜伏期显著缩短,有统计学意义(P<0.01);但GCs中剂量组与药物对照组相比差异无统计学意义;(2)模型组大鼠海马脑区tau蛋白、P-tau蛋白、Aβ淀粉样蛋白表达量均显著上升;GCs治疗后,表达量显著下降,与模型组相比(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论 (1)本研究发现tau蛋白、p-tau蛋白、Aβ淀粉样蛋白表达量显著升高,推测VD发病过程与其他类型痴呆如AD存在共同的病理特征;(2)GCs通过减少VD大鼠海马脑区tau蛋白、p-tau蛋白、Aβ淀粉样蛋白表达,有效改善VD模型大鼠的认知功能。     

厄贝沙坦对Alzheimer病大鼠海马Tau蛋白磷酸化的影响

目的研究厄贝沙坦对Alzheimer病(AD)大鼠海马Tau蛋白磷酸化的影响。方法侧脑室注射寡聚体形式的β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)1-42制作AD大鼠模型;自术前1周至术后2周(手术当天暂停给药1次),厄贝沙坦干预组给予厄贝沙坦30mg/(kg.d)灌胃,AD模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。用Morris水迷宫试验检测学习记忆能力,Westernblot法检测海马Tau蛋白及其丝氨酸199/202位点、396位点磷酸化水平;分析软件测定Westernblot图像条带光密度(OD)值。并与正常对照组和假手术组比较。结果AD模型组Morris水迷宫试验逃避潜伏期比正常对照组和假手术组长(均P<0.05),厄贝沙坦干预组与正常对照组和假手术组差异无统计学意义。4组间海马Tau蛋白总量差异无统计学意义;与AD模型组比较,厄贝沙坦干预组丝氨酸199/202和396位点磷酸化Tau蛋白水平明显降低(均P<0.05);而与正常对照组和假手术组差异无统计学意义。结论厄贝沙坦能减轻AD大鼠海马Tau蛋白磷酸化水平。     

β淀粉样蛋白1-40和氯化铝双干预阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型的建立

背景：目前已建立的各种阿尔茨海默病动物模型均存在一定的局限性。 目的：以β淀粉样蛋白1-40和氯化铝双干预的方式,建立一种较为理想而实用的阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型。 方法：健康雄性老年SD大鼠,经Morris水迷宫训练和筛选后,随机分为模型组、生理盐水组和对照组。采用单侧侧脑室一次性注射β淀粉样蛋白1-40和腹腔连续4周隔天注射3%氯化铝的方式建立阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型。以Morris水迷宫实验和跳台实验检测模型大鼠的行为学变化。以刚果红和苏木精-伊红染色检测大鼠海马淀粉样蛋白沉积以及病理学改变。 结果与结论：与对照组及生理盐水组相比,模型组大鼠水迷宫实验逃避潜伏期明显延长(P < 0.05);跳台实验反应时间、基础错误次数和错误次数显著增加(P < 0.05),潜伏期明显缩短(P < 0.05)。模型组大鼠海马可见淀粉样蛋白物质沉积,细胞形态发生明显的损伤改变且细胞数量减少。以上结果提示,以β淀粉样蛋白1-40和氯化铝双干预的方式能够成功复制出一种比较理想而实用的阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。