生物信息学分析筛查并探讨WNT6 与FZD7 在前列腺癌中表达的意义

目的:筛选前列腺癌组织与正常前列腺组织的差异表达基因(DEGs),探讨基因WN76与FZD7基因在人前列腺癌组织中的蛋白表达水平并进行临床分析。方法:公共基因芯片数据库中下载2组前列腺癌表达谱芯片数据,筛选出前列腺癌组织与正常前列腺组织DEGs,进行差异基因的功能注释、通路分析及蛋白互作网络分析,筛选出存在上下调关系的2个基因。收集2018年1月～2019年8月于我院就诊的40例前列腺癌患者及40例良性前列腺增生患者的组织标本,分为观察组(前列腺癌组织)及对照组(前列腺增生组织),Western blot和免疫组化法检测蛋白表达水平,统计学分析验证其与前列腺癌临床病理参数的关系。结果:筛选出286个DEGs,主要参与细胞黏附、细胞或亚细胞运动等生物学进程,富集于黏附斑激酶通路及WNT信号通路,WNT6及其假定受体FZD7均为前列腺癌的下调基因,富集于WNT信号通路。WNT6在前列腺增生组织中的阳性表达率为92.5%(37/40),在前列腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为37.5%(15/40)(P0.01);FZD7在前列腺增生组织中的阳性表达率为47.5%(19/40),在前列腺癌组织中的阳性率为20.0%(8/40)(P0.05)。WNT6及FZD7的阳性表达与前列腺癌患者的年龄及临床分期无关(P0.05),与术前血清PSA水平及Gleason评分相关(P0.05)。结论:前列腺癌相关基因芯片数据的生物信息学分析为深入研究前列腺癌的相关分子机制提供了理论依据。WNT6及FZD7下调可能是前列腺癌发生的原因之一,可作为前列腺癌预后的分子标志,为前列腺癌的诊断及预后评估提供了新思路。     

前列腺癌组织中miR-21的表达及临床意义

目的探讨miR-21在前列腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法采用原位分子杂交技术检测90例前列腺癌组织及69例良性前列腺增生组织中miR-21的表达,并复习相关文献。结果 miR-21在90例前列腺癌及69例良性前列腺增生中的阳性率分别为71.1%、24.6%。miR-21在前列腺癌组织中的表达明显高于良性前列腺增生组织(P0.05)。miR-21表达与Gleason评分有关(P0.05),与其他临床病理学因素无关。结论 miR-21在前列腺癌组织中表达上调,提示miR-21可能在前列腺癌的发生、发展过程中发挥重要作用。     

Notch信号通路相关蛋白在前列腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 本研究旨在探讨Notch信号通路相关蛋白在前列腺癌中的表达及临床意义.方法 采用实时定量PCR(Q-PCR)和Western blotting方法检测135例新鲜前列腺癌病理组织标本及临近非肿瘤组织标本中Notch 1、Notch 3及Hes1 mRNA和蛋白表达情况.同时采用免疫组化方法检测135例前列腺癌病理组织标本与临近非肿瘤组织标本中Notch 1、Notch 3及Hes 1蛋白表达情况,并分析各蛋白表达与前列腺癌患者临床病理因素的关系.结果 135例新鲜前列腺癌病理组织标本Q-PCR及Western blotting结果表明,与临近非肿瘤组织相比,前列腺癌组织中Notch 1、Notch 3及Hes 1 mRNA和蛋白表达均上调(P均＜0.05).免疫组化的结果表明,59.26％(80/135)前列腺癌样本为Notch 1阳性,高于临近非肿瘤组织17.78％ (24/135)(P＜0.05);65.19％(88/135)前列腺癌样本为Notch 3阳性,高于临近非肿瘤组织22.22％(30/135) (P＜ 0.05);62.22％ (84/135)前列腺癌样本为Hes 1阳性,高于临近非肿瘤组织17.78％(24/135)(P＜0.05).统计分析证实Notch 1蛋白表达与前列腺癌的肿瘤转移密切相关(x2=7.532,P=0.003);Notch 3蛋白表达与前列腺癌的肿瘤转移密切相关(x2=7.532,P=0.003);Hes 1蛋白表达与前列腺癌的肿瘤大小密切相关(x2=6.781,P=0.012).结论 Notch信号通路相关蛋白Notch 1、Notch 3及Hes 1在前列腺癌患者组织中表达升高,Notch信号通路的激活可能在前列腺癌发生、发展过程中起重要作用.     

前列腺癌中EZH2 mRNA及蛋白表达与细胞增殖的关系

目的 探讨EZH2 mRNA和蛋白在前列腺癌中的表达及其与肿瘤细胞增殖的关系.方法 通过组织芯片技术,应用原位杂交和免疫组化方法检测48例前列腺癌中EZH2 mRNA和蛋白的表达以及Ki-67增殖指数,同时检测15例良性前列腺增生组织(BPH)和12例高级别上皮内瘤变(HGPIN)中EZH2 mRNA和蛋白的表达.结果 前列腺癌组织中EZH2蛋白和mRNA阳性率分别为87.50%和81.25%,均高于BPH和HGPIN,差异有显著性(P<0.05).EZH2蛋白与mRNA表达之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).EZH2蛋白的表达与Gleason分级、TNM分期相关(P<0.05),与患者年龄和术前血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平无关(P>0.05).EZH2 mRNA的表达与TNM分期相关(P<0.05),与患者年龄、术前PSA水平及Gleason分级无关(P>0.05).EZH2蛋白表达程度与Ki-67细胞增殖指数呈明显正相关(r=0.746,P<0.05).结论 EZH2 mRNA及其蛋白在前列腺癌中表达上调,通过促进肿瘤细胞增殖使得肿瘤发生、发展,有望成为预测前列腺癌恶性程度进程的参考指标.     

子宫内膜癌组织中生长抑素受体、VEGF的表达及其与血管形成的关系

目的 探讨生长抑素受体(somatostatin receptor,SSTR)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤血管形成的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学方法检测60例子宫内膜癌组织中SSTR各亚型、VEGF及CD34标记的微血管密度(microvessel denisity,MVD)的表达情况,探讨其与子宫内膜癌临床病理学特征及肿瘤血管形成的关系.结果 在60例子宫内膜癌组织中,SSTR各亚型(SSTR1、SSTR2、SSTR3、SSTR4及SSTR5)的阳性表达率分别为70.0 %,15.0 %,21.7 %,23.3 %及18.3 %;SSTR3、SSTR4在中高分化组表达阳性率明显高于低分化组(P＜0.05).VEGF的阳性表达率为83.3 %,VEGF在低分化组表达阳性率明显高于中高分化组、深肌层浸润组表达阳性率明显高于浅肌层浸润组、FIGO分期≥Ⅱ期组表达阳性率明显高于Ⅰ期组(P＜0.05).子宫内膜癌组MVD(44.85±15.78)明显高于正常子宫内膜组MVD(18.96±4.30)(P＜0.01).SSTR5的表达与VEGF呈负相关,VEGF阳性表达组子宫内膜癌组织MVD高于VEGF阴性组.结论 联合检测SSTR和VEGF对子宫内膜癌预后的评估有一定临床意义.生长抑素类似物(somatostatin analogs,SSTA)可能为子宫内膜癌的诊治提供新的靶点.     

胃癌组织中AEG-1、Cyclin D1的表达及其意义

目的 观察胃癌组织中星形细胞上调基因-1(astrocyte elevated gene-1,AEG-1)、Cyclin D1的表达,分析二者表达与胃癌侵袭、转移的关系.方法 应用免疫组化EnVision法检测110例胃癌组织中AEG-1和Cyclin D1的表达,并复习相关文献.结果 AEG-1在胃癌组织中的阳性率为69.1％,AEG-1表达与癌组织Lauren分型、淋巴结转移、浸润深度和pTNM分期密切相关(P＜0.05),与患者性别、年龄、发生部位和肿瘤大小无关(P ＞0.05);Cyclin D1在胃癌组织中的阳性率为57.3％,Cyclin D1表达与癌组织浸润深度、淋巴结转移和pTNM分期有关(P＜0.05),与患者性别、年龄、发生部位、肿瘤大小和Lauren分型无关(P＞0.05).相关性分析显示,胃癌组织中AEG-1与Cyclin D1的表达呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 AEG-1可能通过上调Cy-clin D1的表达而促进胃癌细胞的侵袭、转移.AEG-1可能作为胃癌治疗的一种潜在分子靶点.     

Survivin、b-FGF和Ang-1在大肠癌中的表达及与肿瘤微血管密度的关系

目的 检测大肠癌组织中Survivin、b-FGF和Ang-1的表达水平,探讨Survivin和b-FGF、Ang-1与大肠癌肿瘤血管生成的关系.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测Survivin、b-FGF、Ang-1和CD34在7例肠炎组织、10例肠息肉组织和26例大肠癌组织中的表达.结果 Survivin和Ang-1蛋白在大肠癌组阳性表达率分别为76.9％和80.8％,高于大肠息肉组与肠炎组的表达(P＜0.05).b-FGF蛋白在大肠癌组阳性表达率为73.1％,高于肠炎组(P＜0.05),而与大肠息肉组比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CD34蛋白在大肠癌组中的微血管计数(MVD)值为23.69±9.96,高于大肠息肉组与肠炎组.Survivin、b-FGF和Ang-1蛋白阳性表达肿瘤组织中多见肿瘤微血管计数增加,二者呈正相关.Survivin和促血管形成因子b-FGF、Ang-1在大肠癌组织中的表达密切相关.结论 在大肠癌发生、发展中,Survivin、b-FGF、Ang-1于肿瘤血管形成过程中起着重要的协同作用.     

前列腺癌组织中Plexin-B1的表达及其与AR表达的相关性

目的 探讨前列腺癌组织中Plexin-B1的表达与临床病理学特征、预后的关系,及其与AR表达的相关性。方法 采用免疫组化EnVision法检测82例前列腺癌及46例良性前列腺组织中Plexin-B1和AR的表达,应用qRT-PCR检测20对前列腺癌和良性前列腺组织中Plexin-B1 mRNA的表达。结果 前列腺癌组织中Plexin-B1阳性率(74.39%)明显高于良性前列腺组织(10.87%,P0.01)。Plexin-B1表达与前列腺癌临床分期、WHO/ISUP分组以及患者总生存期相关(P 0.01,P0.05)。qRT-PCR检测显示Plexin-B1 mRNA在前列腺癌组织中高表达(267.15±57.06)%(P0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,Plexin-B1高表达组累积生存率(55.74%)低于低表达组(85.71%),差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。Spearman等级相关性分析显示,前列腺癌中Plexin-B1表达与AR表达呈正相关(r=0.275,P=0.012)。结论 Plexin-B1在前列腺癌组织中过表达,与前列腺癌组织临床分期、WHO/ISUP分组密切相关,有望成为判断前列腺癌预后的分子标志物。     

C-erbB-2、P~(53)和PCNA在前列腺癌中的表达及其意义

目的研究前列腺癌及前列腺增生症组织中C-erbB-2和P53PCNA表达的关系及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测31例前列腺增生及69例前列腺癌患者C-erbB-2、P53和PCNA的表达水平。结果①C-erbB-2和P53在前列腺癌的阳性率分别是56.52%和69.56%,均高于良性前列腺增生的阳性率,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),②在前列腺癌中,低分化组C-erbB-2的表达水平明显高于高、中分化组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③P53表达水平在上述各组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);④PCNA在前列腺癌组织中表达较前列腺良性增生症组织中增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);PCNA的表达随着组织学分级及临床分期的增加而增加(P<0.001),PCNA高表达组术后生存率明显低于低表达组(P<0.01)。结论P53蛋白表达与肿瘤的分级和分化无统计学意义,而前列腺癌C-erbB-2和PCNA蛋白的表达异常增高,可能与前列腺癌的发生发展有关,联合检测PCNA和C-erbB-2对其肿瘤的恶性程度、生物学行为及预后评估有着重要意义。     

婆罗双树样基因4在人前列腺癌细胞和组织中的表达及其与临床预后之间的关系

 目的：评估婆罗双树样基因4（SALL4）在人前列腺癌细胞系和前列腺癌组织中的表达情况,并明确其表达水平和临床病理学参数间的关系。方法：用免疫荧光技术、RT-PCR和Western blotting检测SALL4在LNCaP、DU145、PC-3细胞系和RWPE-1正常前列腺上皮细胞系中的表达。同时用免疫组化方法检测SALL4在前列腺增生及前列腺癌组织中的表达,并探讨其与Gleason评分等临床病理参数的关系。结果： SALL4蛋白在细胞中主要表达于胞浆,在3种前列腺癌细胞株中SALL4蛋白表达水平要明显高于正常前列腺上皮细胞RWPE-1（P＜005）,而SALL4 mRNA表达水平在4种细胞系中无明显差异（P＞0.05）。免疫组化结果显示SALL4在前列腺癌组织中的表达水平明显高于增生和正常前列腺组织（P＜0.01）。SALL4蛋白表达水平与Gleason评分、前列腺癌临床分期、预后及组织前列腺特异抗原（PSA）表达密切相关,而与患者年龄、治疗前血清总PSA水平、前列腺体积及组织雄激素受体表达无明显相关性。结论：SALL4蛋白在前列腺癌中高表达,提示其在前列腺癌的发生、发展过程中可能起重要作用,有可能成为诊断前列腺癌新的肿瘤标志物及评估其恶性程度、进展和预后的参考指标。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.