低分子肝素使用时间点在预防截石位手术患者术后深静脉血栓形成中的应用效果

目的:分析低分子肝素(Low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)使用时间点在预防截石位手术患者术后深静脉血栓(Deep vein thrombosis,DVT)形成中的效果.方法:回顾性分析本院2019年3月至2021年5月收治采用截石体位进行手术的105例患者的临床资料,按LMWH使用时间点分为A(n=28例,术后即刻)、B(n=27例,术后6 h)、C(n=24例,术后12 h)、D(n=26例,术后24 h)四组.术后7 d四组患者进行双下肢彩超血流显像(Color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI)检查,评估DVT发生情况,通过全自动立式血凝分析仪测定纤维蛋白降解产物(Fibrin degradation products,FDP)、D-二聚体、维蛋白原(Fibrinogen,Fib)水平.结果:A、B、C、D四组患者DVT发生率分别为3.57％、14.81％、16.67％、34.62％,以A组最低(P<0.05);术后3 d患者FDP、D-二聚体水平均明显增高,且与D组相比,A、B、C三组D-二聚体水平增幅更低(P<0.05);术后7 d,患者FDP、D-二聚体、Fib水平均明显下降,APTT、PT水平均明显增高,且与D组相比,A、B、C三组增高/下降程度更显著,以A组更佳(P<0.05).结论:行截石位手术患者术后即刻至12 h内采用LMWH均可有效预防DVT发现,且不会增加出血风险.     

肿瘤患者手术治疗中D-二聚体动态监测的意义

目的 通过对恶性肿瘤患者手术治疗中的D-二聚体动态监测,探讨手术前后D-二聚体变化的临床意义.方法 采集恶性肿瘤患者手术治疗前及术后1、3、5、7日的空腹静脉血清,使用全自动生化分析仪对其检测,并对检测的检验结果进行统计学分析.结果 消化系统组、呼吸系统组的D-二聚体水平均高于生殖系统组(P＜0.01),消化系统组与呼吸系统组的D-二聚体水平差异无统计学意义(P=0.397);男性组与女性组的D-二聚体水平差异无统计学意义(P =0.275).推测D-二.聚体在手术后变化趋势为术后1日有明显升高,3日出现小幅度回落,5日再次升高,7日达到高峰.结论 监测D二聚体对恶性肿瘤患者术后血栓类并发症的预防有重要意义.     

妇科腹腔镜手术对患者血液凝固性的影响及其机制探讨

目的:观察腹腔镜手术对患者血液凝固性的影响及其与患者血浆α颗粒膜蛋白(plasma alpha-granule membrane protein 140,GMP-140)、D-二聚体及血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,VWF)表达水平的关系.方法:选取湘西自治州人民医院治疗的无血栓形成危险因素的ASA I～II级妇科患者75例,其中39例行腹腔镜手术治疗,36例行开腹手术治疗.分别在手术前、手术结束即刻、手术结束后24 h采集血液标本,检测血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT).患者在采用酶联免疫吸附法定量测定血浆标本中GMP-140,D-二聚体,VWF表达水平.结果:腹腔镜组,与手术前比较,手术结束即刻PT明显延长(P<0.05),术后24 h,患者PT延长,FIB明显升高,TT时间明显缩短(P<0.05).两组患者GMP-140,D-二聚体,VWF表达水平在手术结束后即刻以及术后24 h明显高于术前(P<0.05);其中腹腔镜组3种检测因子的表达水平均明显高于同期的开腹组(P<0.05).结论:腹腔镜手术可导致患者血液凝固性增加,且此状态的产生与GMP-140,D-二聚体及VWF表达水平增加有密切关系.     

应用ROC曲线确定D-二聚体诊断深静脉血栓临界值

血浆D-二聚体是交联纤维蛋白经纤溶酶水解后的一种特异性降解产物,是体内纤维蛋白溶解亢进的分子标志物,可以作为体内血栓形成的指标之一.血浆D-二聚体浓度升高提示体内纤维蛋白溶解活性增强,其测定已经广泛用于诊断静脉血栓形成（VTE）.深静脉血栓（deep venous thrombosis,DVT）是血管外科的常见病,临床医生认为D-二聚体的定量水平偏高,对深静脉血栓诊断的效率不高.     

老年髋部骨折围手术期深静脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响老年髋部骨折患者围手术期下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月上海市浦东新区人民医院收治的363例60岁及以上老年髋部骨折患者的临床资料。其中,男118例,女245例;年龄60 ～ 97岁,平均（73.9±8.6）岁;股骨转子间骨折134例,股骨颈骨折229例;髋关节置换184例,内固定179例。采用多普勒彩超诊断下肢深静脉血栓。采集病例资料包括一般资料（性别、年龄、体重指数（BMI）、既往病史、吸烟史、损伤类型、受伤至手术时间）,实验室检查（血浆D-二聚体浓度）,手术相关资料（手术时间、术中出血、术中输血、手术方式）。对数据进行统计学分析。结果 363例中56例检测出DVT,总体发病率15.4%。一般资料对比显示年龄≥80岁、BMI≥25 kg/m²、有吸烟史、有心脑血管疾病史、高能量损伤、受伤至手术时间＞2 d时DVT发病率较高（P＜0.05）;D-二聚体≥5 μg/mL时DVT发病率较高（P＜0.05）;手术相关资料对比显示手术时间＞2 h、术中出血＞200 mL,术中输血、人工关节置换的患者DVT发病率较高（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：年龄≥80岁、吸烟史、手术时间＞2 h、人工关节置换及D-二聚体≥5 μg/mL是影响老年髋部骨折围手术期DVT形成的独立危险因素。结论 老年髋部骨折围手术期DVT发病率较高,围手术期应根据相关危险因素对患者采取早期积极的预防措施,降低DVT的发生率。     

下肢骨折患者合并深静脉血栓的早期筛查诊断

目的通过分析北京积水潭医院2005～2006年间收治的下肢骨折合并深静脉血栓（deep vein thrombosis，DVT）病例，总结出有效的早期筛查诊断方法。方法对于在2005—2006年间入我院骨科治疗的下肢骨折早期（7d）患者，根据临床表现和血清D-二聚体（D-dimer）值和纤维蛋白原（Fibrinogen，FIB）值筛选出可疑DVT病例，经多普勒超声和／或静脉造影确诊。结果共收治早期下肢骨折患者398例，其中可疑DVT患者275例（69．1％），经多普勒超声和／或静脉造影确诊DVT患者共56例（20．4％）。56例患者中4l例患者（73、2％）D-二聚体大于正常值（400μg／L），38例患者（67、9％）FIB高于正常值（4g／L）。15例D-二聚体正常的DVT患者中，其近端骨折和远端骨折患者病例数相近（53．3％，46．7％），有13例（86．7％）伴发有FIB升高。D-二聚体和FIB对于DVT的敏感性接近（73．2％，69、1％）。结论骨折患者的DVT发生率较正常人群明显升高。在该类人群中，有效的DVT早期诊断筛选方法为常规监测血清D-二聚体和FIB值，如二者中有一项升高，都需要及时进行多普勒超声和／或静脉造影来确诊。     

低分子肝素钙预防腰椎退行性疾病术后深静脉血栓形成的有效性和安全性

目的探讨低分子肝素钙预防腰椎退行性疾病术后深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析广安市广安区人民医院68例腰椎退行性疾病患者的临床资料,术后均采用抗凝预防血栓形成,按照术后预防DVT所采用方式的不同分为对照组和低分子肝素钙组。分析比较2组患者术后引流量、切口愈合情况、DVT发生率、皮下瘀斑情况、血小板数值、凝血功能、D-二聚体。结果术后2组患者引流量、切口愈合情况、皮下瘀斑情况、凝血功能相关指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前和术后1、10 d 2组患者血小板数量的变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。DVT发生率2组患者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前及术后1 d 2组患者D-二聚体比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后10 d,对照组患者D-二聚体显著增加,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腰椎退行性疾病术后使用低分子肝素钙进行抗凝,可以显著降低DVT的发生率,具有良好的安全性。     

低分子肝素钠预防老年下肢骨折术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效

目的:探讨老年下肢骨折手术患者应用低分子肝素钠预防术后下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的效果.方法:选择我院2018年2月至2021年2月收治的老年下肢骨折手术患者110例,随机分为三组,即A组(35例)、B组(37例)、C组(38例).A组术后第1d使用华法林预防DVT,B组患者术后1d采用物理方法预防DVT,C组术前12h采用低分子肝素钠预防DVT.比较三组术后下肢深静脉血栓形成率及术前、术后7天血液流变学指标、炎症因子、术后3个月不良反应发生率.结果:治疗后三组患者血液流变学变化较治疗前均有所好转,相对比C组好转更显著(P<0.05).术后7天三组患者高敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-8、D-二聚体均有显著下降,C组患者指标更低,组间、手术前后对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).C组术后下肢深静脉血栓发生率明显低于A组及B组(P<0.05).三组患者不良反应发生率比较并无差异(P>0.05).结论:在老年下肢骨折手术患者中预防性应用低分子肝素钠处理,可有效预防术后下肢深静脉血栓形成,对患者的凝血功能指标影响较小,降低了患者炎症反应及血栓形成风险,安全性高,值得临床应用.     

体感诱发电位监测联合间歇性充气压力泵在脊柱手术预防下肢深静脉血栓形成中的应用

目的：探讨体感诱发电位监测联合间歇性充气压力泵对脊柱手术患者下肢深静脉血栓（DVT形成的预防效果。方法：选取2021年1月至2021年12月在南昌大学第一附属医院开展脊柱手术的98例患者,采用抽签法分为对照组（间歇性充气压力泵）和观察组（在对照组基础上加体感诱发电位监测）,每组49例。比较两组下肢肿胀、疼痛及DVT发生情况、D-二聚体水平以及观察组中发生DVT和未发生DVT患者双下肢体感诱发电位各波潜伏期情况。结果：观察组下肢肿胀、疼痛及DVT发生率均低于对照组（P<0.05）。手术结束后两组D-二聚体水平均高于手术前,但观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）,干预后两组患者D-二聚体水平明显降低,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组中发生DVT患者的双下肢体感诱发电位各波潜伏期均长于未发生DVT患者（P<0.05）。结论：体感诱发电位监测联合间歇性充气压力泵能有效预防脊柱手术患者DVT的发生。     

TM、PIC、D-二聚体联合诊断骨外伤术后静脉血栓的价值分析

目的 探讨TM、PIC、D-二聚体在诊断骨外伤术后患者静脉血栓形成中的价值分析.方法 选择2016年2月1日至2017年2月1日我院收治的创伤性四肢骨折患者96例作为研究对象,所有患者均接受骨折内固定手术.术后4～5d进行彩色多普勒结合静脉造影检查,诊断出术后静脉血栓形成患者48例,作为观察组,术后未出现静脉血栓形成患者48例,作为对照组.观察两组患者术后的血栓调节蛋白(TM)、纤溶酶-抗纤溶酶复合物(PIC)和D-二聚体.结果 术后观察组患者的TM(9.12 ±2.09 IU/mL)、PIC(1.21 ±0.71 μg/mL)和D-二聚体(5.37±2.14 ng/mL)含量均显著高于对照组TM(7.21±1.68IU/mL)、PIC(0.92 ±0.24 μg/mL)和D-二聚体(2.34 ±0.66ng/mL),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).回归分析显示D-二聚体、TM、PIC均与术后血栓的形成具有相关性(P均＜0.05);三者联合诊断对静脉血栓诊断受试者工作曲线下面积为0.903,诊断灵敏度为87.31％,特异性也高达85.05％.三者联合检测的灵敏度87.31％高于TM、PIC和D-二聚体单一检测(22.96％、35.85％、49.79％) (P ＜0.05);三者联合检测的准确度86.39％高于TM、PIC和D-二聚体单一检测(49.38％、58.38％、72.27％) (P ＜0.05).结论 检测骨外伤患者术后TM、PIC、D-二聚体指标含量的变化,联合检测有助于早期诊断静脉血栓形成,对预警静脉血栓形成有重要价值.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.