汶川地震的应激障碍研究

目的 对汶川地震幸存者的心理与精神创伤情况进行调查研究,为进一步的心理干预治疗提供参考.方法 采用问卷调查和实际访谈相结合的方法,应用SCL-90和PTSD-SS于2008年7月对北川等4个重灾区幸存者进行测试,记录受访者的心理及精神状况,用统计学方法进行分析.结果 汶川灾区民众的平均应激障碍分数为41.93,48.31%的受访者有可能发展为创伤后应激障碍.结论 应对汶川地震幸存者进行进一步的心理干预治疗,以减少创伤后应激障碍造成的损伤.     

创伤后应激障碍致病基因(DRD2)研究进展

创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是个体在突然遭遇强烈的精神应激后出现的延迟发生而又较持久的应激障碍.本文就多巴胺D2基因(DRD2),多巴胺D2受体及多巴胺系统与PTSD疾病发生及其相关特性方面进行了阐述.     

汶川地震不同暴露因素下创伤后应激障碍程度的研究

目的 调查汶川地震后转移到重庆治疗的伤员,在不同暴露因素下出现创伤后应激障碍(Post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)症状的严重程度.方法 按多级整群抽样方法抽取转移到重庆市11所医院治疗的386名灾区伤员,采用PTSD-17项筛查问卷(PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version ,PCL-C)于地震后1个月对其进行回顾性问卷调查,回收有效问卷354份,分析不同暴露因素对PTSD症状严重程度的影响.结果 暴露于目睹地震中有人被掩埋、死亡及地震中被掩埋,接受手术因素下的伤员PTSD严重度总分分别为(44.64±11.86)分,(44.67±12.49)分,(45.96±12.1)分,(44.80±12.92)分,较未暴露者高,差异有显著性( P <0.01);多因素logistic回归分析显示暴露因素中地震中被掩埋(OR=2.171,95%CI1.088～4.333)为PTSD严重程度的高危因素.结论 暴露因素程度重者PTSD症状严重,被掩埋是PTSD症状严重程度的高危因素,更长时间内患PTSD可能性大;应对此类伤员实施有针对性的心理干预措施.     

创伤后应激障碍的脑功能磁共振成像研究进展

创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）是由异常威胁性或灾难性事件导致的一类心理障碍，是21世纪迫切需要关注的公共卫生事件之一。探讨PTSD潜在的脑机制可为PTSD的早期干预、心理护理及追踪治疗提供理论基础。现有的研究从静息态和任务态两个方面对PTSD脑功能磁共振成像进行分析，结果表明PTSD患者的杏仁核反应增强、海马体积变小、前扣带回及内侧前额叶皮质反应减弱。未来的研究应关注控制组的选择，尤其是有无共病障碍的PTSD群体。     

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: conceptual and clinical issues

Reports published over the past decade indicate that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a cause of significant psychological impairment in adults. The adulthood disorder occurs as a continuation of its childhood counterpart, with the full ADHD syndrome persisting into early adulthood in about a third of those with childhood ADHD. Despite advances in the understanding of the neurobiology of adult ADHD, the diagnosis is made clinically by establishing a retrospective childhood diagnosis, evaluating the current symptom profile and excluding alternative medical or psychiatric causes of symptoms. Adults with ADHD have high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorder and suffer significant relationship dysfunction, work and educational failure. There is emerging evidence for the effectiveness of specific treatments for adult ADHD, including stimulant medications and some antidepressants. Clinicians should be aware of this potentially treatable disorder in young adults presenting with psychological difficulties and a history of childhood ADHD symptoms.     

军人创伤后应激障碍患者失配性负波的研究

目的了解军人创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD)患者失配性负波 (MMN)的特点。方法应用美国NicoletBravo脑电生理仪 ,对 2 3例PTSD和 2 4例适应障碍 (AD)及 3 0名健康军人 (NC)的MMN作了检测。结果与NC组比较 ,PTSD组MMN的潜伏期延迟、波幅增高 ;AD组与NC组MMN的潜伏期和波幅均无显著性差异 ;与AD组比较 ,PTSD组MMN的潜伏期延迟、波幅增高 ;PTSD组P3 0 0 波幅 ,较NC组和AD组均低。结论MMN技术可作为P3 0 0 检测的一种补充手段 ,而用于PTSD。     

中学生灾后应激障碍与应对方式的关系

目的 了解舟曲泥石流灾害引起学生创伤后应激障碍症状的发生情况及应对方式.方法 采用创伤后应激障碍症状自评量表,中学生应对方式量表对灾区第一高中的374名高一学生进行调查.结果 (1)PTSD症状群总阳性率为66.1％.(2)女性、少数民族、来自农村、地震中受伤、核心家庭学生PTSD症状总体阳性率分别高于男性、汉族、来自城镇、地震中未受伤、非核心家庭的学生.(3)被试采取积极应对方式多于消极应对方式.(4)消极应对方式与创伤后应激障碍呈高相关关系.结论 创伤后应激障碍症状是泥石流重灾区中学生重要心理问题,不同特征的中学生创伤后应激障碍症状表现形式及严重程度不同,应采取有针对性的干预措施.     

Efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. An empirical review.

OBJECTIVE--The purpose of this article is to review the empirical evidence for the efficacy of a range of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Reviewed studies focused on rape victims, combat veterans, the tragically bereaved, torture victims, accident victims, of physical assault, and child abuse victims. DATA SOURCES--Peer-reviewed journals (Psych-Info, MEDLINE), book chapters (PILOTS database), active investigators, abstracts from the 1990 and 1991 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. STUDY SELECTION--We identified 255 English-language reports of treatment for PTSD. We restricted our focus to randomized, clinical trials that included a systematic assessment of PTSD using DSM-III or DSM-III-R criteria (N = 11). DATA EXTRACTION--Studies were assessed according to methodological strength: random assignment to the treatment of interest, and either an alternative treatment or control group; sample selection; and inclusion of statistical tests of significance. DATA SYNTHESIS--Drug studies show a modest but clinically meaningful effect on PTSD. Stronger effects were found for behavioral techniques involving direct therapeutic exposure, particularly in terms of reducing PTSD intrusive symptoms. However, severe complications have also been reported from the use of these techniques in patients suffering from other psychiatric disorders. Studies of cognitive therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and hypnosis suggest that these approaches may also hold promise. However, further research is needed before any of these approaches can be pronounced effective as lasting treatment of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS--Further studies should specifically address combined treatment approaches, optimal treatment length and timing, effects of comorbidity, and unstudied traumatized populations.     

癌性创伤后应激障碍的神经影像学研究

随着医学技术的发展,癌症患者的存活时间不断延长,癌症引起的慢性应激损害即癌性创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)也日益引起人们的重视.癌性PTSD与普通PTSD有显著差异,各种神经影像学工具,如磁共振成像(MRI)、正电子发射断层扫描(PET)及单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)等,为深入研究与肿瘤相关的精神异常现象的发生机制提供了强有力的技术支持,极大地促进了该领域的发展.文章就神经影像学在与肿瘤有关的PTSD研究中的应用进行综述.     

癌性创伤后应激障碍的神经影像学研究

随着医学技术的发展,癌症患者的存活时间不断延长,癌症引起的慢性应激损害即癌性创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）也日益引起人们的重视。癌性PTSD与普通PTSD有显著差异,各种神经影像学工具,如磁共振成像（MRI）、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）及单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）等,为深入研究与肿瘤相关的精神异常现象的发生机制提供了强有力的技术支持,极大地促进了该领域的发展。文章就神经影像学在与肿瘤有关的PTSD研究中的应用进行综述。     

家庭功能、心理韧性及脑部病灶特征对脑损伤ASD的影响

目的 探讨脑损伤患者急性应激障碍(ASD)的现状及家庭功能、心理韧性、脑部病灶特征对其产生的影响.方法 采用斯坦福急性应激反应问卷(SASRQ)、家庭功能评估表(APGAR)、中文版心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)对该院神经内科和神经外科2016年5-11月住院的349例脑损伤患者进行问卷调查.结果 349例患者SASRQ总分(57.21±44.97)分,8～39分者160例(45.8％),40～56分者85例(24.4％),57～150分者104例(29.8％).结果显示,偏瘫(β=-0.030)、家庭功能(β=-0.032)、心理韧性(β=0.886)、烦扰程度(β=0.052)、糟糕天数(β=0.060)最终进入回归方程(P＜0.05).结论 脑损伤患者存在明显的急性应激症状,偏瘫、家庭功能得分越低、心理韧性差、烦扰程度高的患者发生ASD的可能性较大.     

Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings

CONTEXT: Little is known about the impact of trauma in postconflict, low-income countries where people have survived multiple traumatic experiences. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence rates of and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 4 postconflict, low-income countries. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Epidemiological survey conducted between 1997 and 1999 among survivors of war or mass violence (aged >/=16 years) who were randomly selected from community populations in Algeria (n = 653), Cambodia (n = 610), Ethiopia (n = 1200), and Gaza (n = 585). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence rates of PTSD, assessed using the PTSD module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 2.1 and evaluated in relation to traumatic events, assessed using an adapted version of the Life Events and Social History Questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of assessed PTSD was 37.4% in Algeria, 28.4% in Cambodia, 15.8% in Ethiopia, and 17.8% in Gaza. Conflict-related trauma after age 12 years was the only risk factor for PTSD that was present in all 4 samples. Torture was a risk factor in all samples except Cambodia. Psychiatric history and current illness were risk factors in Cambodia (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-5.4 and adjusted OR,1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7, respectively) and Ethiopia (adjusted OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.0-7.4 and adjusted OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7, respectively). Poor quality of camp was associated with PTSD in Algeria (adjusted OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5) and in Gaza (adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8). Daily hassles were associated with PTSD in Algeria (adjusted OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4). Youth domestic stress, death or separation in the family, and alcohol abuse in parents were associated with PTSD in Cambodia (adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6; adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.8; and adjusted OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Using the same assessment methods, a wide range of rates of symptoms of PTSD were found among 4 low-income populations who have experienced war, conflict, or mass violence. We identified specific patterns of risk factors per country. Our findings indicate the importance of contextual differences in the study of traumatic stress and human rights violations.     

Propranolol, post-traumatic stress disorder and narrative identity

FUNDING: Research funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research, NNF 80045, States of Mind: Emerging Issues in Neuroethics. While there are those who object to the prospective use of propranolol to prevent or treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), most obstreperous among them the President's Council on Bioethics, the use of propranolol can be justified for patients with severe PTSD. Propranolol, if effective, will alter the quality of certain memories in the brain. But this is not a serious threat to the self understood in terms of narrative identity. A narrative identity framework acknowledges that memory is always being subtly altered or modified. For severe cases of PTSD propranolol may help victims who don't respond to any other therapy or therapy combination regain their authentic self-narrative and engage once more in life activities. For those whose symptoms are not so severe the potential risks and side-effects of the drug may outweigh the benefits. Patients and family members should be allowed to decide, in consultation with their physician, whether this drug is appropriate in their case.     

重症监护患者急性应激障碍影响因素分析

目的 探讨重症监护患者发生急性应激障碍的影响因素,为重症监护患者进行心理护理及心理支持提供依据.方法 选取2018年11月至2019年5月河北省唐山市某三级甲等医院重症监护患者412例.应用斯坦福急性应激反应问卷评分并确诊急性应激障碍后,给予一般资料问卷、心理弹性量表、社会支持评定量表及艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版-E...     

Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing.

CONTEXT: Disasters expose unselected populations to traumatic events and can be used to study the mental health effects. The Oklahoma City, Okla, bombing is particularly significant for the study of mental health sequelae of trauma because its extreme magnitude and scope have been predicted to render profound psychiatric effects on survivors. OBJECTIVE: To measure the psychiatric impact of the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on survivors of the direct blast, specifically examining rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), diagnostic comorbidity, functional impairment, and predictors of postdisaster psychopathology. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Of 255 eligible adult survivors selected from a confidential registry, 182 (71%) were assessed systematically by interviews approximately 6 months after the disaster, between August and December 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diagnosis of 8 psychiatric disorders, demographic data, level of functioning, treatment, exposure to the event, involvement of family and friends, and physical injuries, as ascertained by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement. RESULTS: Forty-five percent of the subjects had a postdisaster psychiatric disorder and 34.3% had PTSD. Predictors included disaster exposure, female sex (for any postdisaster diagnosis, 55% vs 34% for men; chi2 = 8.27; P=.004), and predisaster psychiatric disorder (for PTSD, 45% vs 26% for those without predisaster disorder; chi2 = 6.86; P=.009). Onset of PTSD was swift, with 76% reporting same-day onset. The relatively uncommon avoidance and numbing symptoms virtually dictated the diagnosis of PTSD (94% meeting avoidance and numbing criteria had full PTSD diagnosis) and were further associated with psychiatric comorbidity, functional impairment, and treatment received. Intrusive reexperience and hyperarousal symptoms were nearly universal, but by themselves were generally unassociated with other psychopathology or impairment in functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a focus on avoidance and numbing symptoms could have provided an effective screening procedure for PTSD and could have identified most psychiatric cases early in the acute postdisaster period. Psychiatric comorbidity further identified those with functional disability and treatment need. The nearly universal yet distressing intrusive reexperience and hyperarousal symptoms in the majority of nonpsychiatrically ill persons may be addressed by nonmedical interventions of reassurance and support.     

海上灾害严重创伤伤员创伤后应激障碍的防治研究

目的 研究海上灾害严重创伤患者创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)水平,并提出有效的防治方法.方法 200例海上灾害严重创伤患者分成治疗组(100例)和对照组(100例),对照组采用常规治疗,包括现场急救、手术和纠正高渗、高钠、高氯血症,纠正酸中毒和抗感染;治疗组在常...     

眼动脱敏和再加工与CBT治疗创伤后应激障碍的随机对照试验

目的：探讨眼动脱敏和再加工（EMDR）与认知行为疗法（CBT ）对创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的疗效。方法将符合纳入标准的81例研究对象随机分为EMDR组、CBT组及对照组（各组 n＝27）,采用临床PTSD诊断量表（CAPS）、汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）,在治疗前、后对3组患者PTSD症状及焦虑、抑郁情绪进行评估。结果 EMDR组、CBT组、对照组患者的脱落率分别为29．63％、7．41％、7．41％;EMDR组在CAPS再体验症状评分低于CBT 组,差异有统计学意义（P＝0．036）。结论 EMDR和CBT均是治疗PTSD较为有效的心理治疗方法,EMDR在改善PTSD再体验症状较CBT更为有效,未来的研究应注重稳定化技术的应用以降低EMDR的脱落率。     

创伤后应激障碍对机体免疫和心肌酶类的影响

目的对汶川地震灾区执行救灾任务患有应激障碍的某师官兵的免疫和心肌酶类指标进行分析,并对其身心健康进行评估与干预。方法对上述人员T、B、NK淋巴细胞亚群等6项免疫指标和心肌酶类等4项指标进行测定,将其分为急性应激反应阳性组（A）和急性应激反应阴性组（B）组,并与正常健康组（C）比较。结果各组各项免疫指标均在正常范围。A组CD3^＋T淋巴细胞、CD3^＋CD4^＋T淋巴细胞高于B组（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;B组CD3^＋和CD3^＋CD4^＋T淋巴细胞计数低于C组fP〈0．01）,A、B组CD4／CD8均低于C组（P〈0．01）。与B组比较,A组CD19^＋B淋巴细胞明显降低（P〈0．05）;与C组比较,B组CD19^＋B淋巴细胞和A组CD3^-CD56^＋NK淋巴细胞显著增加（P〈0．05）。提示应激组官兵免疫功能异常。另与c组比较,A组和B组AST、CK、CKMB、LDH均显著增加（P〈0．01）,尤其是CK,其结果已显示异常;提示对于参加一线救助的PTSD阳性和PTSD阴性部队官兵,与正常对照组比较,其心肌功能有遭受不同程度损伤趋势。结论应激障碍可致免疫功能异常及心肌酶类指标代谢紊乱。     

地震伤员PTSD及其影响因素的研究

目的:调查汶川地震灾后伤员的创伤后应激障碍(Posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)相关症状的发生及其影响因素.方法:采用美国<精神障碍诊断与统计手册>第四版(DSM-Ⅳ)中关于PTSD的诊断标准,在地震后40 d对伤员PTSD症状进行评定.结果:地震后40 d PTSD症状的检出率为51.4%,其主要影响因素为性别(OR=2.364)、地震中被掩埋(OR=2.171)、目睹有人在地震中受伤(OR=0.338).结论:此次地震后PTSD症状的检出率相当高,应采取针对性的干预措施.     

创伤后应激障碍对高中生心理健康状况的影响

目的 探究震后的PTSD症状对灾区高中生心理健康状况的影响.方法 以亲历过汶川地震的666名高中生为调查对象,应用事件影响量表和自我描述问卷评估个体的PTSD症状和心理状况,并在此基础上使用相关分析和结构方程模型分析分别对男女两组数据进行解析.结果 （1）受访高中生有666名（男313、女353）,其中有151人（22.67％）的事件影响量表总体得分高于35分,为PTSD可疑者：女生为83人（占女生总数的23.51％）,男生为68人（占男生总数的21.72％）.（2）在女性样本中,相关分析显示侵入症状与其对自己外貌的评定呈正相关（r=0.101,P＜0.05）;过度警觉症状与其异性关系呈负相关（r=-0.123,P＜0.05）、与父母的关系和情绪的稳定性呈正相关（r=0.126,P＜0.05; r=0.181,P＜0.01）,结构方程模型中相应的路径系数为0.11～0.18,均P＜0.05.（3）在男性样本中,相关分析显示回避症状与其自我评定的外貌、同性及异性关系、情绪、自我整体认知间存在正相关（r=0.152～0.221,均P＜0.01）;过度警觉症状与其对自己外貌的评定、与同性朋友和父母的关系、道德品行、情绪稳定性和对自己的整体评价呈正相关（r=0.114～0.313,均P＜0.05）;侵入症状与同性关系、情绪和自我认知间的相关系数为r=0.111～0.234,均P＜0.05.结构方程模型显示回避与其异性关系间的路径系数为0.12;过度觉醒症状与自我评定的外貌、与异性和同性的关系、品行、情绪以及自我认知间的路径系数为0.11～0.31,均P＜0.05.结论 灾区高中生中22.7％的个体有较为严重的PTSD症状.PTSD症状对高中生心理健康状况有明确的影响,并且存在明显的男女差异.这种影响主要集中在人际关系、情绪、品行、自己感知到的外貌以及自我的整体评价等方面,而学业或体能两方面则不受PTSD症状的影响.