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1.
Kristin Dominiak Jaclyn McKinney Lance K. Heilbrun Fazlul H. Sarkar 《Pharmaceutical research》2010,27(6):1061-1065
Humans typically consume “natural agents” that are believed to be chemoprotective and are known to decrease inflammation biomarker
NF-κB in vitro; however, no intervention studies in humans have been done to date. This commentary documents the in vivo results as a powerful example for supporting the superiority of a complex mixture of natural agents. Human volunteers consumed
two 500 mg capsules (BID) containing a mixture of natural agents for a period of 2 weeks, and blood samples were collected
pre- and post-intervention. The purified lymphocytes were subjected to ex-vivo exposure to TNF-α or kept as untreated control. The mean NF-κB DNA binding activity was increased upon TNF-α treatment in
pre-intervention samples; however, TNF-α was unable to induce NF-κB in post-intervention samples, suggesting that the mixture
of four important natural agents could be useful to protect humans against oxidative stress. 相似文献
2.
Laura Sahm Aoife MacCurtain John Hayden Cicely Roche Helen L. Richards 《Pharmacy World & Science》2009,31(6):627-629
Objective Low levels of adherence to medication are commonly reported in chronic medical conditions. Empirical evidence suggests that
patients are willing to accept pharmacist interventions to improve adherence. This study aimed to assess the levels of self-reported
adherence to antidepressant medication in the community and to investigate the acceptability of text message reminders to
self-reported unintentional non-adherers. Setting Community pharmacy in Wexford; Republic of Ireland. Method A structured questionnaire was administered to patients who were collecting antidepressant medication, which had been prescribed
for at least 6 months. Results Of the 59 patients who completed the study, 54% reported that they were unintentionally non-adherent. This group tended to
be younger in age (t = −2.50, P = 0.02). Fifty-nine percent of the unintentional non-adherers were willing to receive a prompt such as a text message from
the pharmacy to remind them to take their medication. There was no association between gender or age and acceptability of
text message reminders. Conclusion Unintentional non-adherence to antidepressant medication exceeded 50% in this population. Electronic reminders, in this case
text messages, were acceptable to approximately 60% of patients who reported being unintentionally non-adherent. Reasons for
refusal of electronic reminders should be investigated as this will affect the applicability of this intervention. 相似文献
3.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacterial community structures were investigated in surface (1–2 cm) and lower (20–21 cm)
layers of mangrove sediments at sites located immediately to the mangrove trees (S0), 10 m (S1) and 1000 m (S2) away from
mangrove trees in a polluted area of the Pearl River Delta. At S0, both 16S rRNA and hydrazine oxidoreductase (HZO) encoding
genes of anammox bacteria showed high diversity in lower layer sediments, but they were not detectable in lower layer sediments
in mangrove forest. S1 and S2 shared similar anammox bacteria communities in both surface and lower layers, which were quite
different from that of S0. At all three locations, higher richness of anammox bacteria was detected in the surface layer than
the lower layer; 16S rRNA genes revealed anammox bacteria were composed by four phylogenetic clusters affiliated with the
“Scalindua” genus, and one group related to the potential anammox bacteria; while the hzo genes showed that in addition to sequences related to the “Scalindua”, sequences affiliated with genera of “Kuenenia”, “Brocadia”, and “Jettenia” were also detected in mangrove sediments. Furthermore, hzo gene abundances decreased from 36.5 × 104 to 11.0 × 104 copies/gram dry sediment in lower layer sediments while increased from below detection limit to 31.5 × 104 copies/gram dry sediment in lower layer sediments from S0 to S2. The results indicated that anammox bacteria communities
might be strongly influenced by mangrove trees. In addition, the correlation analysis showed the redox potential and the molar
ratio of ammonium to nitrite in sediments might be important factors affecting the diversity and distribution of anammox bacteria
in mangrove sediments. 相似文献
4.
5.
Rationale Abrupt cessation of caffeine often results in several withdrawal symptoms among habitual caffeine consumers.
Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether caffeine withdrawal symptoms co-exist as clusters in some individuals.
Materials and methods Withdrawal symptoms and caffeine intake were assessed for men (n = 126) and women (n = 369), aged 20–29, using a caffeine habits questionnaire and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, respectively.
Principal components factor analysis was used to identify common underlying factors among 14 well-described caffeine withdrawal
symptoms. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to determine if the likelihood of reporting a
withdrawal factor was associated with habitual caffeine consumption.
Results The 14 withdrawal symptoms were grouped into three factors termed “fatigue and headache”, “dysphoric mood”, and “flu-like
somatic”. The likelihood of reporting the fatigue and headache and dysphoric mood factors increased with higher levels of
habitual caffeine consumption. Compared to <100 mg/day of caffeine, the ORs (95% CI) of reporting the fatigue and headache
factor with a habitual intake of 100–200 mg/day and >200 mg/day were 1.97 (1.21, 3.21) and 4.44 (2.50, 7.86), respectively.
The corresponding ORs (95% CI) for the dysphoric mood factor were 1.55 (0.96, 2.52) and 3.34 (1.99, 5.60).
Conclusions The 14 well-described caffeine withdrawal symptoms factor into three clusters, suggesting the existence of three distinct
underlying mechanisms of caffeine withdrawal. Increasing habitual caffeine consumption is associated with an increased likelihood
of reporting the fatigue and headache and dysphoric mood symptoms, but not the flu-like somatic symptoms. 相似文献
6.
Bj?rn S?derg?rd Margit Halvarsson Stefan Lindb?ck Anders S?nnerborg Mary P. Tully ?sa Kettis Lindblad 《Pharmacy World & Science》2006,28(4):248-256
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the level of adherence and motivation in two independent cross-sectional samples of HIV-infected patients conducted in 1998 and 2002, and to investigate the relationship between adherence and motivation.Method Consecutive HIV-infected patients on treatment at a Swedish clinic were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. In 1998, 60 patients participated and in 2002, 53 participated. In 2002, the 9-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) was added to the questionnaire set.Main outcome measure Self-reported adherence and motivation.Results In 1998, 28.1% of the respondents were considered adherent, while the corresponding proportion was 57.4% in 2002 (P = 0.002). The mean summary score for MMAS was 10.7 in 2002 (13 = perfect adherence). The proportion considered motivated were 22.4% in the 1998 survey and 41.3% in 2002 (P = 0.038). Of the respondents considered motivated in the 2002 survey, 46.7% scored the maximum summary score on the MMAS, while 8.7% of the non-motivated respondents did so (P = 0.016).Conclusion The respondents in 2002 were more adherent and motivated than the respondents in 1998 and a relationship between motivation and adherence was found. The difference in adherence and motivation might be due to a new treatment model at the clinic. 相似文献
7.
Bachs L Høiseth G Skurtveit S Mørland J 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》2006,62(11):905-912
Objective To evaluate the relationship between major heroin metabolites (morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide), pattern of drug use, and late impairment of psychomotor functions.Methods From the database of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, blood morphine concentration in samples from heroin users (n=70) containing only morphine were correlated with results of the clinical test for impairment (CTI). For comparison, test results were explored in individuals without any positive analytical finding in blood samples (n=79) selected from the same database.Results In the “no drug” cases, 86% were judged as not impaired and 14% as impaired. In the morphine only cases, 20% were judged as not impaired, and 80% as impaired. Both daily users and non-daily users had the same proportion of impaired cases. Median blood morphine concentration (M) was 0.09 μmol/l in the “not impaired” group and 0.15 μmol/l in the “impaired” group (P=0.067). For morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), the median blood concentration was 0.09 μmol/l in the “not impaired” group and 0.14 μmol/l in the “impaired” group (P=0.030). A significant correlation between concentration quartiles and number of cases determined as “impaired” was found for M6G (P=0.018) and for the sum M+M6G (P=0.013).Conclusion In our population of heroin-drugged drivers, blood concentrations of M6G and the sum M+M6G appeared to have concentration-dependent effects on the CNS that may lead to impairment as judged from a CTI. Variations in pattern of use did not seem to have any bearing on the judgement of impairment. 相似文献
8.
9.
Betty Bouad Chaar 《Pharmacy World & Science》2009,31(4):439-449
Objective To develop and validate a psychometric measure of cognitive moral development in professional ethics in pharmacy. Setting Pharmacy practice in Australia. Method A psychometric instrument, the Professional Ethics in Pharmacy (PEP) test, was developed and validated following a systematic
procedure. The theoretical foundation of the instrument was based on a hypothesised theory of cognitive moral development
in professional ethics, which was integrated into a selection of scenarios experienced in practice by pharmacists in NSW,
Australia. The PEP, along with the well established DIT test, was mailed in the form of a questionnaire to a randomly selected
sample of 1,500 practising pharmacists. Data collected from returned questionnaires were statistically analysed to establish
validity and reliability of the instrument. Main outcome measures The P-score calculated for each participant from DIT and PEP data and defined as a measure of principled moral reasoning, represented
the main outcome measure for statistical testing. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the strength of
the relationship of the PEP with the DIT (regarded as the “gold standard”) in order to establish criterion and concurrent
validity. Factor analysis was used to investigate construct validity. Cronbach’s Alpha, a measure of reliability of the instrument,
was used for indicating internal consistency. Linear regression models further investigated construct validity in relation
to predictors of moral reasoning. Results Face and content validity were established by pilot and peer review. Pearson’s coefficient of 0.53 indicated an acceptable
level of concurrent validity. Factor analysis yielded factors closely related to the theoretical stages of cognitive moral
development hypothesised, which indicated construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha of 0.75 demonstrated the reliability of the
instrument, and linear regression models provided further evidence of construct validity. The PEP was established as a robust
instrument on several dimensions of validity and reliability. Conclusion The validated PEP test has the potential to provide the pharmacy profession with valuable information for use education and
research. The validation process also provided evidence supporting the hypothesis that moral reasoning in professional ethics
in pharmacy is a developmental process, which has profound implications for furthering the understanding of professional behaviour. 相似文献
10.
Schneider NG Terrace S Koury MA Patel S Vaghaiwalla B Pendergrass R Olmstead RE Cortner C 《Psychopharmacology》2005,182(4):545-550
Rationale Misuse or dislike of nicotine replacement treatments (NRTs) undermines their effectiveness. Brief testing among NRTs could
allow tailoring by preference to improve outcome.
Objective To test initial reactions/preferences to NRTs in a single session crossover design with guided use.
Methods Smokers were offered two doses of three NRTs: gum (2 and 4 mg), inhaler, and nasal spray (NNS) in a 5-h test with proper use
enforced. Subjects rated each NRT and ranked among NRTs on use variables and preferences.
Results Gum was ranked over inhaler and NNS for “ease of use,” “safety” and “prefer in public.” Four-milligram gum was rated higher
than 2 mg on several variables. With experience, “ease of use” and “liking” improved for gum. Both inhaler and NNS ranked
low on considering “use >3 months” vs gum. Dislike of NRT was reflected in refusal of second doses. For those testing all
doses (n=9), inhaler ranked last on “relief of withdrawal,” “choose under stress,” and “choice to help quit.” Craving and withdrawal
were relieved over time with any NRT use.
Conclusions Sampling of treatments can identify reactions key to initial compliance with these NRTs. 相似文献
11.
Purpose To investigate the influence of particle size and polymer properties on the topical delivery of a lipophilic “active” species
(Nile Red (NR)) from sub-micron polymeric particles.
Methods Three poly-(ε-caprolactone) (CAPA) formulations were examined to assess the impact of particle size. Three other formulations,
based on cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CAPA and polystyrene were studied to address the role of polymer hydrophobicity.
In vitro skin permeation, and confocal microscopy and stratum corneum (SC) tape-stripping were used to evaluate the cutaneous disposition
of NR.
Results NR delivery into the SC was greater from the larger particles, the overall smaller surface area of which enhanced the “leaving
tendency” of the lipophilic “active”. Skin uptake of NR (measured as “%payload released”) from polystyrene, CAPA and CAB particles
increased with decreasing polymer hydrophobicity (polystyrene > CAPA > CAB) as expected. Confocal microscopy revealed that
NR released from the particles accumulated in, and penetrated via, lipid domains between the SC corneocytes. The particles
showed affinity for hairs, and concentrated on the skin surface at the follicular openings.
Conclusions Delivery of a model drug to the skin from sub-micron polymeric particle formulations is sensitive to the particle size and
the relative hydrophobicity of the carrier. 相似文献
12.
Michelle Halim Heather Vincent Bandana Saini Katri H?meen-Anttila Kirsti Vainio Rebekah Moles 《Pharmacy World & Science》2010,32(1):81-89
Objective: To pilot test the validity and reliability of the English version of the Children’s Medicines Questionnaire (CMUQ) and to
explore the attitudes of Australian caregivers towards the use of medicines in children. Setting: Survey of Australian parents and primary care givers of children 0–15 years. Methods: The questionnaire was translated from Finnish to English then back-translated to ensure semantic equivalence. A total of
153 parents/main caregiver of a child aged 0–15 years were recruited via convenience sampling. Construct validity of the attitudinal
section of the CMUQ was performed using exploratory factor analysis. Reliability was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient
as a marker of internal consistency. Three focus groups were conducted to explore participants’ attitudes towards medicating
children and to triangulate quantitative data. Main outcome measure: Construct validity and internal reliability of the CMUQ. Results: Factor analysis generated a parsimonious four factor solution explaining 50% of variance in the data. The four subscales
representing the four factor solution each returned a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient >0.6, indicating good internal consistency.
Participants in focus groups were satisfied with the structure and content of the questionnaire. There were 5 emergent themes
through focus group discussions with parents and primary care givers of children, regarding the perception of medicines use
in children. These included, ‘concerns about the negative effects of medicines’, ‘medicines are useful, necessary and safe
in treating illnesses in children’, ‘the body’s natural processes are sufficient in fighting illness’, ‘over the counter medicines
are effective and useful in treating illness’, ‘perception of alternative medicines use in children’. Conclusions: The CMUQ is a valid and reliable tool to measure parents’ medicine use for their children in an Australian sample. Although
small modifications should be made, this instrument will be valuable in informing the development of medicines information
for this cohort in the future. 相似文献
13.
Magda Nunes de Melo Brenda Madureira Ana Patrícia Nunes Ferreira Zilda Mendes Ana da Costa Miranda Ana Paula Martins 《Pharmacy World & Science》2006,28(1):19-25
Objectives: To study the prevalence of self-medication among pharmacy customers in rural areas of Portugal, to assess possible predictors of self-medication and to find out whether there was a seasonal dependence in the purchase of drugs for self-medication. Method: A cross-sectional study during four different periods of a year was conducted. Community pharmacies of rural areas of Portugal were invited to participate and pharmacists were asked to recruit one person every hour during the opening hours and administer a questionnaire. Drugs dispensed were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification system up to the second level. Main outcome measure:
Prevalence of self-medication is defined as the percentage of patients acquiring a medicine that was not prescribed (written) or recommended (orally) by a physician. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 21.5%. Main therapeutic groups acquired for self-medication were “other alimentary tract and metabolism products” (A16; proportion acquired for self-medication= 75.0%), “throat preparations” (R02; 74.7%), “antiemetics and antinauseants” (A04; 70.0%), “cough and cold preparations” (R05; 56.5%), and “nasal preparations” (R01; 50.0%). Variables found to be predictors of self-medication were age, type of health professional or person consulted when a mild health problem occurred, time elapsed since last visit to the physician and time waited between setting an appointment and the actual visit. Seasonality seemed to occur for only “cough and cold preparations”, for “dermatologicals” and for “anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic products”. Conclusion: In rural Portugal about one fifth of the pharmacy customers engaged in self-medication. However, further research should be made to address appropriateness of self-medication. 相似文献
14.
Meryem Beklioglu S. Banu Akkas H. Elif Ozcan Gizem Bezirci Inci Togan 《Ecotoxicology (London, England)》2010,19(5):901-910
This study aimed to investigate the compound effect of environmentally relevant 4-nonylphenol (NP) concentrations and natural
stressors—namely fish predation and food availability—on Daphnia magna, which were exposed to four NP concentrations (0, 1, 5 and 10 μg l−1) under optimum or low food concentrations (1.00 and 0.075 mg C l−1, respectively) in water (un)conditioned by a fish predator (Alburnus alburnus). A(n) “environmentally relevant” and “no observable effect” concentration (NOEC) of NP (10 μg l−1) resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.01**) in daphnids’ survival when it was encountered concurrently with conditions of low food availability and presence
of fish predation. The significance of the results lies in the observation that not only environmentally relevant concentrations
of NP but also NP concentrations reported to have no observable effect on daphnids may in reality have unexpected critical
effects on D. magna survival under conditions more parallel to natural ecosystems. The deterioration of the life-history traits—namely, NP-induced
delay in the age at first reproduction (P < 0.001***) and fish kairomone-induced reduction in the size at first reproduction (P < 0.001***)—of the D. magna individuals is also crucial, as such alterations could significantly influence future generations and result in ultimate
adverse effects at the community level because large-bodied daphnids are key-stone species in freshwater ecosystems. The results
of this study demonstrate the importance of taking into account environmentally realistic conditions while investigating the
effects of NOEC levels of toxicants on non-target aquatic species. 相似文献
15.
Dong GC Chuang PH Chang KC Jan PS Hwang PI Wu HB Yi M Zhou HX Chen HM 《Pharmaceutical research》2009,26(2):375-381
Purpose Cynarin, a potential immunosuppressant that blocks the interaction between the CD28 of T-cell receptor and CD80 of antigen
presenting cells, was found in Echinacea purpurea by a new pharmaceutical screening method: After Flowing Through Immobilized Receptor (AFTIR; Dong et al., J Med Chem, 49: 1845-1854, 2006). This Echinacea component is the first small molecule that is able to specifically block “signal 2” of T-cell activation.
Methods In this study, we used the AFTIR method to further confirm that cynarin effectively blocked the binding between CD80 of B-cells
and CD28 of T-cells, and provide details of its mechanism of action.
Results The experimental results showed that cynarin blocked about 87% of the CD28-dependent “signal 2” pathway of T-cell activation
under the condition of one to one ratio of T-cell and B-cell in vitro. Theoretical structure modeling showed that cynarin binds to the “G-pocket” of CD28 (Evans et al., Nat Immunol, 6:271-279, 2005), and thus interrupts the site of interaction between CD28 and CD80.
Conclusions These results confirm both that AFTIR is a promising method for screening selective active compounds from herbal medicine
and that cynarin has great potential as an immuno-suppressive agent. 相似文献
16.
Stephanie C. Licata J. Eric Jensen David M. Penetar Andrew P. Prescot Scott E. Lukas Perry F. Renshaw 《Psychopharmacology》2009,203(4):819-829
Background Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine sedative/hypnotic that acts at GABAA receptors to influence inhibitory neurotransmission throughout the central nervous system. A great deal is known about the
behavioral effects of this drug in humans and laboratory animals, but little is known about zolpidem’s specific effects on
neurochemistry in vivo.
Objectives We evaluated how acute administration of zolpidem affected levels of GABA, glutamate, glutamine, and other brain metabolites.
Materials and methods Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) at 4 T was employed to measure the effects of zolpidem on brain chemistry in 19 healthy volunteers. Participants underwent
scanning following acute oral administration of a therapeutic dose of zolpidem (10 mg) in a within-subject, single-blind,
placebo-controlled, single-visit study. In addition to neurochemical measurements from single voxels within the anterior cingulate
(ACC) and thalamus, a series of questionnaires were administered periodically throughout the experimental session to assess
subjective mood states.
Results Zolpidem reduced GABA levels in the thalamus, but not the ACC. There were no treatment effects with respect to other metabolite
levels. Self-reported ratings of “dizzy,” “nauseous,” “confused,” and “bad effects” were increased relative to placebo, as
were ratings on the sedation/intoxication (PCAG) and psychotomimetic/dysphoria (LSD) scales of the Addiction Research Center
Inventory. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the decrease in GABA and “dizzy.”
Conclusions Zolpidem engendered primarily dysphoric-like effects and the correlation between reduced thalamic GABA and “dizzy” may be
a function of zolpidem’s interaction with α1GABAA receptors in the cerebellum, projecting through the vestibular system to the thalamus. 相似文献
17.
Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the use of a therapeutic protocol in the treatment of community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP) proved equally effective as the initial empirical anti-infective therapy usually employed. A secondary aim
was to compare the cost of therapy and the incidence of the pathogens responsible for so-called “atypical” pneumonia in the
study area.
Methods: A comparison was made between 11 hospital departments agreeing to abide by the study protocol and 12 hospital departments,
well matched for size and type, implementing their usual therapy. The protocol provided different anti-infective therapy options
for the patients regarded as being at risk and not at risk, and, secondarily, for infections likely to be of the “typical
bacterial” or so-called “atypical” type. The main outcome measures were need to change the initial anti-infective therapy
owing to inefficacy, final clinical and radiological outcome, mean cost of pharmacological therapy per patient and result
of the serological investigations of the pathogens responsible for “atypical” pneumonia.
Results: A total of 345 patients with CAP were assessed. The initial therapy was changed in 8.6% of patients treated according to
the protocol, and in 24.5% of patients treated with the usual anti-infective therapies. The cost of therapy for the protocol
was almost half of that in the control group. Clinical and radiological outcome was similar in the two groups, with a very
low mortality rate. The overall proportion of cases of “atypical” pneumonia amounted to 13%.
Conclusions: The use of the therapeutic protocol gave an efficacy comparable to that achieved with routine therapy, but at a distinctly
lower cost of antibiotic therapy. The use of microbiological investigations is very limited in day-to-day clinical practice,
and the incidence of so-called “atypical” pneumonia was low in the study area, apart from specific outbreaks.
Received: 28 May 1996 / Accepted in revised form: 21 August 1996 相似文献
18.
Cardone A 《Ecotoxicology (London, England)》2012,21(2):512-523
The effects of the fungicide methyl thiophanate (MT) on testis were determined in the Italian wall lizard (Podarcis sicula) using morphological and molecular analyzes. Three experimental trials were performed: an acute test using six doses, a two-week
chronic test, and “ecotoxicological” exposure (3 weeks). The minimal lethal dose (LD50) of pure MT, reached by the acute test, was 100 mg/kg body weight. Testicular histopathology of surviving animals showed
a reduced lumen and several multinucleated giant cells 24 h after injection followed by large decreases in spermatogonia (72%)
and secondary spermatocytes (58%) and a loss of spermatids and sperms 7 days after. In the chronic test, a dose equivalent
to 1/100 of LD50 was injected on alternate days. Complete shutting of the lumen and a great decrease in spermatogonia (82%) were observed.
In “ecotoxicological” exposure, achieved with a commercial MT compound, testis showed a decrease in primary spermatocytes
(20%) and several vacuoles. An increase in germ cell apoptosis was observed in all experimental groups using TUNEL assay.
A decrease in expression of androgen and estrogen receptor (AR and ER) mRNAs was seen in all experimental groups. The reduction
in AR and ER mRNAs was correlated to exposure time. Indeed, in the “ecotoxicological” treatment (30 days), the decrease reached
82 and 90% for AR and ER mRNAs, respectively. These data strongly indicate that treatment with MT, damaging the seminiferous
epithelium and decreasing steroid receptor expression, might render exposed lizards infertile. 相似文献
19.