高性能战斗机飞行员高+GZ综合防护进展

目的 概述国内外高性能战斗机飞行员高＋Gz综合防护的现状和发展趋势；提出我国相关技术，装备的改进建议。资料来源与选择 根据国内外的文献报道，主要介绍了高＋Gz防护措施的研究进展。资料引用 作者引用文献26篇。资料综合 重点论述了提高飞行员自身的抗荷能力，提高抗荷装备的抗荷性能，后倾座椅应用，＋Gz引起的意识丧失（G－LOC）监测与自动恢复系统，推拉效应等高＋Gz综合防护研究上的进展。结论 国内外在高性能战斗机飞行员高＋Gz综合防护的研究与应用上均取得很大进展，我国在该领域的工作与国外最先进水平相比尚有差距，应进一步改进提高相关技术，装备的研究与应用水平。     

持续性+Gz暴露对心脏结构和功能的影响

目的 综述和分析持续性＋Gz暴露对心脏结构和功能影响的研究资料. 资料来源 与选择 该领域的研究论文、综述和论著. 资料引用 研究论文、综述48篇,论著1篇. 资料综合 将持续性＋Gz暴露对心脏结构和功能影响的动物及人体试验研究结果进行分析,介绍针对该问题的不同观点. 结论 持续性＋Gz暴露对心脏结构和功能影响的动物实验结果不能直接外延应用到人体;目前的研究表明,持续性＋Gz暴露不会对现有高性能战斗机飞行员的心脏造成病理性损伤,但是,随着下一代战斗机性能的提高及抗荷措施的不断改进,该问题仍值得继续关注并展开深入研究.     

不同正加速度暴露下人体尿α1-微球蛋白测定的意义

目的　观察不同正加速度 ( Gz)暴露下人体尿α1 微球蛋白 (α1 M)的变化规律。方法　 6名健康男性受试者 ,分别进行抗荷裤配抗荷调压器的抗荷效果试验、抗荷正压呼吸的抗荷效果试验、抗荷裤配抗荷调压器 PBG 抗荷动作的抗荷效果试验 3组 Gz暴露。留取每组 Gz暴露前、 Gz暴露后 30min、 Gz暴露后 2 4h的尿液各 5ml。结果　①受试者在采用抗荷装备后 ,所达到的 Gz耐力分别为 6 2 5± 0 5 2G、8 17± 0 2 6G、9 0 0G ;②与 Gz暴露前相比 , Gz暴露后 30min尿α1 M浓度升高 ,差异有显著性意义(P <0 0 5或P<0 0 1) ;③ Gz暴露后 2 4h与 Gz暴露后 30min相比 ,尿中α1 M浓度下降 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,能恢复到基本接近于 Gz暴露前水平。结论　 Gz暴露所致人体尿中α1 M浓度升高 ,提示加速度可导致肾功能性改变     

新研囊式抗荷装备的抗荷性能

目的：探讨新研制囊式抗荷装备的抗荷性能。方法：①在离心机（＋Gz增长率为1G／s）上测定了6名受试者的基础＋Gz耐力,分别采用45％、65％和90％扩大覆盖面积抗荷服（45％ECGS、65％ECGS、90％ECGS）与KT－9抗调器配套时的＋Gz耐力,确定其抗荷性能;②在离心机（＋Gz增长率为3G／s）上测定10名飞行员穿45％ECGS配KT－9抗调器、并穿代偿背心进行抗荷正压呼吸及做抗荷动作时的＋Gz耐力。结果：45％ECGS、65％ECGS和90％ECGS的抗荷性能分别为2．50、3．38和3．63G;飞行员穿45％ECGS进行抗荷正压呼吸及做抗荷动作时的＋Gz耐力可达到9G／10s。结论：新研囊式抗荷装备的抗荷性能比现役抗荷装备明显提高。     

新型综合抗荷措施的防护效果研究

目的 研究以新型囊式抗荷系统、无胸部代偿的抗荷加压呼吸及PHP动作组成的新型综合抗荷措施防护效果;探讨采用该措施进行防护时伴有的疲劳、疼痛等问题。方法 6名被试者在载人离心机上进行了5组＋Gz暴露试验,分别为：1）基础＋Gz耐力试验（relaxedtolerance）：测定被试者不使用抗荷装备,不做抗荷动作时的＋Gz耐力。2）FLH—X联合救生服配KT—X抗荷调压器试验（FLH—X＋KT—X）：测定被试者穿FLH—X联合救生服配KT—X抗荷调压器时的＋Gz耐力。3）FLH—X-I-KT—X＋PBG试验（PBG）：测定被试者穿FLH—X联合救生服配KT—X抗荷调压器,戴TK—X保护头盔、YM—X加压供氧面罩配YTQ—X氧气调节器进行抗荷加压呼吸时的＋Gz耐力。4）6．5G持续45S试验（6．5G45S）：被试者使用与第3组试验相同的抗荷装备,进行＋6．5Gz持续45S的暴露。5）9．0G持续15S试验（9．0G15S）：被试者使用与第3组试验相同的抗荷装备,做PHP动作,进行＋9．0Gz持续15S的暴露。在每次试验结束后用主观量表记录被试者疲劳及疼痛的程度。结果试验中没有发生G—LOC（G—inducedlose of consciousness）。FLH-X联合救生服配KT—X抗荷调压器的抗荷效果为2．5G;PBG的抗荷效果为1．67G;被试者均完成了6．5G持续45S及9．0G持续15S试验。试验中被试者的颈、腰、臂及手部在＋Gz暴露时均出现过疼痛。结论 新型综合抗荷措施可以满足现代高性能战斗机的高G防护需要;该措施还应在高G导致的疼痛及颈部损伤的防护方面加以改进。     

抗荷动作研究进展及其在G-LOC防护中的必要性

目的 回顾与分析国内外有关抗荷动作与G-LOC防护的研究资料,为制定抗荷动作的规范化训练程序、方法与标准提供参考和思路. 资料来源与选择 国内外该领域的相关研究论文和研究报告. 资料引用 引用国内外相关文献资料62篇. 资料综合主要对各种抗荷动作的发展及其特点、在C-LOC防护中的必要性、防护生理机制、以及其应用效果和训练进行了论述. 结论 正确地实施抗荷动作是G-LOC防护的一项重要措施.抗荷动作的形式虽有多种,其共同目的都是要提高心水平动脉血压,提升脑组织血流量.有些动作虽然实验室效果比较好,但却不利于飞行员的实际应用.经过分析比较,我们推荐飞行员采用HP与PHP动作,在我军战斗机飞行员中进行了推广应用,并强调抗荷动作训练的重要性.亟需开展研究确定HP与PHP动作与抗荷装备结合使用的效果与方法,制定规范化的训练程序,确保飞行员能够在空中熟练实施高效的抗荷动作,实现对G-LOC的有效防护.     

新的抗荷动作:HP与PHP动作抗荷效果的评价

目的：检验新的抗荷动作－－HP与PHP动作的抗荷效果。方法：HP动作由两部分构成,第1部分为全身肌肉根据＋Gz大小进行用力收缩;第2部分为2．5s 1个周期的呼吸部分,即在0．5s内以口快吸气,同时发出汉语拼音“H”,再通过半闭的双唇用力进行慢呼气2．0s,同时发出汉语拼音“P”。PHP是在抗荷正压呼吸条件下做的HP动作。测试对象为20名飞行员和10名志愿者。在离心机上测定10名飞行员采用KH－7抗荷服与HP动作的抗荷耐力,另外10名飞行员采用KH－7抗荷服与L－1动作时的抗荷耐力作对照。在离心机上测定10名志愿者采用KH－5抗荷服、抗荷正压呼吸装备和做PHP动作时的＋Gz耐力。结果：分别采用HP动作、L－1动作的两组飞行员的抗荷耐力均可达到8G10s,但采用HP动作时心率、呼吸率显著低于L－1动作（P＜0．05）。志愿者采用装备做PHP动作的抗荷耐力均达到了9G10s,且完成得比较轻松。结论：HP、PHP动作具有良好的抗荷效果,心脏负荷较小,而且飞行员易于理解、掌握,易于抗荷正压呼吸结合。     

在高+Gz应激下人体血清睾酮和皮质醇水平的变化

目的　探讨加速度 (+Gz)应激对人体血清睾酮 (testosterone,T)和皮质醇 (cortisol,C)水平的影响 ,为飞行员高 +Gz 应激防护方法提供依据。　方法　 6名健康男性受试者分别进行抗荷代偿两用裤配抗荷调压器的抗荷效果试验、抗荷正压呼吸的抗荷效果试验、抗 9G持续 10s试验 ,测出所达到的G耐力 ,并采用放射免疫法检测 +Gz 暴露前、暴露后即刻及次日晨的血清T和C水平。　结果　①受试者 3次 +Gz 暴露所达到的 +Gz 耐力分别为 6 .2 1± 0 .4 9G、8.17± 0 .2 6G、9.0 3± 0 .10G ;② +Gz 暴露后血清T较 +Gz 暴露前有明显降低 ,C相对 +Gz 暴露前有明显升高 ;③ +Gz 暴露后次日晨血清T与C都有所恢复 ,但T高于 +Gz 暴露前水平 ,而C低于暴露前水平。　结论　 +Gz 应激对血清T和C影响显著 ,引起暂时性低T、高C ;促进T和C恢复的方法有待进一步研究。     

±Gx或±Gy与+Gz复合作用对人体抗荷耐力的影响

目的观察受试者暴露于±Gx或±Gy与+Gz复合离心机加速度作用下,复合加速度对人体抗荷耐力的影响和相关生理变化。方法分别测定6名受试者在单独+Gz作用,以及+2.5 Gx/+Gz、-1Gx/+Gz、+2 Gy/+Gz,-1 Gy/+Gz复合加速度作用时的基础+Gz耐力,观察加速度耐力情况和相关生理变化。三轴向加速度增长率均为1 G/s,峰值作用时间10 s。加速度作用过程中,受试者采用HP动作的呼吸方式,但呼气不用力,不收紧上身和腿部肌肉。结果 -1 Gy/+Gz、-1 Gx/+Gz的复合作用对基础+Gz耐力没有显著影响;+2 Gy/+Gz的复合作用时基础+Gz耐力增加(0.54±0.10)G(P0.01);+2.5 Gx/+Gz的复合作用时基础+Gz耐力增加(0.63±0.31)G(P0.01);心率、呼吸率与对照相比均无显著差异。±Gy/+Gz暴露时会出现不对称的视力丧失,+2.5 Gx/+Gz作用时,受试者感觉眼球前凸、压迫眼睑,眼睛有充血感。结论在采用HP动作呼吸方式的条件下,-1 Gy/+Gz、-1 Gx/+Gz复合作用对基础+Gz耐力无显著影响,+2 Gy/+Gz、+2.5 Gx/Gz的复合作用能够增加+Gz耐力。     

一种新型囊式抗荷系统的+Gz防护作用

目的在离心机上,研究新型囊式抗荷系统的抗荷性能,评估其抗荷作用.方法 6名男性被试者采用本囊式抗荷系统不做抗荷动作(AGSM),暴露于10～15 s的梯形+Gz曲线后,再暴露于+5～9 Gz 模拟空战动作曲线(SACM) ,并伴随腿部适度收紧.结果得到了该先进囊式抗荷系统的+Gz防护作用和被试者的+Gz时间耐力.本抗荷系统的抗荷效果为5.33±0.26 G,均顺利通过了+5～9 Gz SACM,且用力程度和疲劳程度均较低.结论本抗荷系统+Gz防护效果良好,其配套方案可行.     

Prevention of loss of consciousness with positive pressure breathing and supinating seat

Maintaining vision and consciousness at high sustained +Gz requires a total body effort for most people, and is very fatiguing. Currently, the only pieces of operational G-protective equipment are the anti-G suit and anti-G valve which provide relaxed G-tolerance protection to about 5.5 G. Protection above 5.5 G requires the anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM). Assisted positive pressure breathing (APPB) has been shown to augment sustained +Gz tolerance and reduce the amount of straining necessary to maintain a specific +Gz level. Moreover the supinating seat has been shown to double relaxed G tolerance at a back angle of 75 degrees from the vertical when compared to relaxed tolerance at a 13 degree or 30 degree position. Problems of cockpit engineering, escape, head-rest angle, restricted rear visibility, and pilot acceptance of a high angle supinated seat may preclude the use of a seat with sufficient back angle to provide "no strain" G protection. Thus, the addition of APPB to a limited protective seat may provide adequate and acceptable G tolerance.     

新型侧管式抗荷装置与抗荷动作的综合防护性能

目的 对新型侧管式抗荷装备与抗荷动作的综合防护性能进行研究,探讨采用二者联合的方法对８Ｇ１０ｓ（增长率为２Ｇ／ｓ）高Ｇ进行防护的可行性。方法 在离心机上,＋Ｇｚ增长率为２Ｇ／ｓ,行测量９名飞行学员的基础＋Ｇｚ耐力,其中５名飞行学员采用新型侧管式抗荷服（ＮＫＨ）＋新型抗调器（ＮＫＴ）＋Ｌ－１动作（Ｌ－１）、另４名飞行学员采用新型侧管式代偿服务（ＤＮＣ）＋ＮＫＴ＋Ｌ－１,测定出其最大＋Ｇｚ耐力。结果５     

国外加速度肺不张研究概况

目的综述国外有关军事飞行中加速度肺不张的发生情况、发生机制和预防措施的研究。资料来源与选择国外该领域相关文献。资料引用期刊文献14篇，美国AD报告5篇。资料综合回顾了从20世纪60年代开始，国外军事飞行中加速度肺不张的发生情况和机载分子筛装机应用中对其预防措施的研究。结论加速度肺不张的发生主要与高G。作用时吸入纯氧和抗荷服充气有关。加入空气降低氧浓度、采用无代偿正压呼吸和抗荷动作能取得有效的预防效果。机载分子筛氧气浓缩器由于产氧浓度较高，对其应用后加速度肺不张发生的问题可通过分流出口流量降低氧浓度预防。对于有代偿正压呼吸的预防作用有待进一步研究。     

Oxygen and acceleration.

Significant numbers of high performance fighter aircraft continue to be lost due to acceleration (Gz)-induced loss of consciousness. This is due to the rapid onset of high sustained Gz which results in the sudden loss of blood flow to the brain. Present research efforts to extend Gz tolerance are directed toward the maintenance of cerebral blood flow, i.e. straining maneuvers, anti-G suits, tilt seats. The purpose of this paper is to review the present situation and discuss the potential benefit of breathing 100% oxygen at high pressure. Basic science evidence and experience with hyperbaric oxygen in the clinical setting suggest that if the oxygen concentration in the brain tissue is increased, prior to the onset of Gz, additional time of useful consciousness may be realized. The advanced tactical fighter, now in the design stage, will have a sustained Gz capability of 12-14 Gz. This is above human tolerance at the present time and provides an impetus for future acceleration research. Continued aircraft loss due to Gz loss of consciousness will remain an operational problem in aerospace pathology in the 1990s and beyond.     

做HP和L-1抗荷动作时的肺通气参数比较

目的 观察受试者做HP和L-1抗荷动作时的肺通气参数变化,了解其呼吸生理学特点以及对氧气系统流量的需求,为飞行员抗荷动作训练及供氧装备研制的生理学要求提供参考依据.方法 利用呼吸功能自动分析仪,检测10名男性健康志愿者在安静状态下及做抗荷动作时的呼吸频率、呼气量、吸气量、呼气流率峰值、吸气流率峰值和最大通气量. 结果 HP抗荷动作的呼吸频率、呼气量、呼气流率峰值和最大通气量均显著大于L-1抗荷动作（P＜0.01）;两种动作的吸气量和吸气流率峰值差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.在不戴面罩情况下,L-1抗荷动作和HP抗荷动作的吸气流率峰值分别是（300.31±72.08） L/min及（281.00±86.56） L/min. 结论 做HP和L-1抗荷动作时吸气相的肺通气参数对氧气系统最大瞬间流量的要求基本一致.HP抗荷动作的呼吸频率较快,应加强指导飞行员进行＋Gz暴露时控制好呼吸节奏.为充分满足做HP和L-1抗荷动作的呼吸需求,氧气系统的最大瞬间流量应大于300 L/min.戴面罩做这两种抗荷动作时肺功能参数的变化有待进一步深入研究.     

A new hydrostatic anti-G suit vs. a pneumatic anti-G system: preliminary comparison

HYPOTHESIS: A newly developed hydrostatic anti-G suit is now commercially available. The suit is said to offer a high level of protection against +Gz acceleration. However, past experience shows that it is difficult to produce a hydrostatic suit with effective high-G protection. Careful testing is, therefore, needed to verify its efficacy. METHODS: The G-protective properties of the hydrostatic anti-G suit (Libelle; L) were compared with those of a pneumatic anti-G ensemble (AGE-39) used in the Swedish JAS 39 Cripen aircraft. Three pilots were studied during vertical (+Gz) acceleration in a centrifuge using the following: 1) the L-suit with varied straining maneuvers; 2) the AGE-39 in combination with full anti-G straining maneuvers (AGSM) throughout each high-G exposure (full maneuver; FM); and 3) the AGE-39 in combination with AGSM during the initial part of each high-G exposure (reduced maneuver; RM). G-intensity tolerance was established during exposures to rapid onset rate (ROR) profiles with G-plateau levels ranging from +6.0 to +9.0 Gz. G-endurance was studied during simulated aerial combat maneuvers (SACM) consisting of 10 cycles of 5.5 to 7.5 G. RESULTS: All three pilots tolerated 9.0 G with the pneumatic system both in the RM and FM conditions; their tolerances averaged 6.3 G (range 6.0 to 7.0 G) for the L suit. Thus, during the ROR exposures only the 6.0 G profile was completed by all subjects in all three conditions. At this G-load both muscle straining (as indicated by electromyographic activity in thigh and abdomen) and heart rate were higher in the L than in the RM condition. Mean arterial pressure at eye level was higher in the FM than in the L and RM conditions. Only one subject was able to complete the SACM profile in the L condition. In the RM condition all subjects completed the SACM profile and in the FM condition two subjects completed the SACM. CONCLUSIONS: Whether the AGE-39 was used in combination with maximal AGSM throughout the duration of each high-G exposure or with AGSM only during the initial part of the high-G exposure, G-intensity tolerance was 9.0 G. While wearing the L-suit, G-tolerance was 6.3 G. Thus, under the conditions tested, the G-protection afforded by the L-suit is not adequate for use in a 9-G aircraft.     

离心机训练矫治+Gz耐力不良的高性能战斗机飞行员

目的 矫治两名＋Ｇｚ耐力不良的高性能战斗机飞行员。方法在离心机上高＋ＧＺ负荷下训练抗荷动作（ＡＧＳＭ）和加压呼吸（ＰＢＧ）动作。结果 ＡＧＳＭ的抗荷效果提高３．０－３．２５Ｇ,加压呼吸了系统的抗荷效果提高２．７５－３．０Ｇ,综合耐力比基础耐力高４．２５－４．５Ｇ,两人均顺利通过８Ｇ１０Ｓ的ＳＡＣＭ＋ＧＺ曲线,达到训练标准。     

Effect of muscle tensing on cerebral oxygen status during sustained high +Gz

BACKGROUND: Successful monitoring of oxyhemoglobin during +Gz exposure was recently achieved using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). To assess the effects of muscle tensing on sustained +Gz tolerance, we measured muscle activity and cerebral oxygen status (COS) during anti-G straining maneuvers at sustained high +Gz. METHOD: We exposed 21 male pilots wearing CSU-13/P anti-G suit to two different centrifuge profiles: 1) short-term repeated exposure (5 to 20 s) at 4, 5, 6, 5.5, or 7 Gz; 2) sustained exposure to a + 7Gz plateau for 30 s. During the Gz exposures, surface electromyographic (EMG) measurements were taken from the vastus medialis (VM) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles. At the same time, the COS was recorded from the left forehead area using a commercial NIRS system. Mean muscular tensing for each muscle was calculated as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (% MVC). RESULTS: Oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and total hemoglobin (sum of O2Hb and deoxyhemoglobin) were decreased during both short-term and sustained +Gz exposure. RA muscle tensing was positively correlated with changes in the concentration of O2Hb during sustained + 7Gz exposure (r = 0.540, p < 0.05). RA tensing ranged from 6.2 to 36.8%MVC, and O2Hb ranged from -41.3 to -7.28 micromol x L(-1) during the exposures. No significant correlation was observed between VM tensing and O2Hb. CONCLUSION: NIRS measurements confirmed that a muscle straining maneuver increases G tolerance. Higher RA muscle tensing helps preserve brain blood volume during sustained high +Gz.