血液透析非常规内瘘的穿刺应用及护理

1资料和方法 1.1临床资料 选择中国人民解放军第455医院血液净化中心2000年3月～2008年12月维持性血液透析患者855例,其中男性546例、女性309例;年龄16～86岁.855例患者均为非常规动静脉内瘘,其中人造血管移植内瘘256例、人尸血管移植内瘘78例、上臂头静脉内瘘185例、上臂贵要静脉浅置移位内瘘96例、前臂血管转位动静脉内瘘240例.     

穿刺颈前静脉留置长期中心静脉导管1例

1临床资料 患者男性,56岁,入院诊断为慢性肾脏病5期、肾性贫血、双前臂动静脉内瘘术后闭塞。患者6年前开始维持性血液透析治疗,曾多次行双前臂动静脉内瘘手术及中心静脉插管手术,1年前在我科行左前臂贵要静脉一桡动脉J型转位术,术后2月拔除股静脉长期导管应用内瘘透析。入院前3日,发现患者内瘘闭塞,患者拒绝取栓治疗,为建立血液透析通路入院。     

前臂血管转位建立自体动静脉内瘘的应用及护理

血管通路是尿毒症患者血液透析的生命线。对血管条件较差的患者,当无法制作标准内瘘时,采用贵要静脉转位术建立自体血管内瘘是一个很好的选择,它增加了建立自体血管内瘘的机会,如果加上恰当的护理,将有较好的长期通畅率、较低感染率,减少手术修复。我科自2000年以来已进行转位内瘘     

血液透析患者前臂动静脉内瘘的临床应用

目的探讨前臂自体动静脉内瘘在血液透析中的临床应用。方法对采用前臂自体动静脉内瘘术建立血管通路的128例慢胜肾衰竭血液透析患者,进行回顾性分析探讨,包括术前准备、具体显微手术方式、术后管理及并发症处理等。结果术毕内瘘通畅率100％,术后1周内瘘闭塞1例（0．78％）;术后3周首次穿刺血流量〉200ml／min 112例,150—200ml／min 11例,〈150ml／min5例;术后6周全组血流量均〉200ml／min;术后3年内内瘘闭塞9例（7．03％）。结论前臂自体动静脉内瘘术制作简便,远期通畅率高,且最大限度地保留了上肢的血管储备,是血液透析血管通路的首选。充分术前准备,运用改良显微外科缝合技术及严格术后管理,是保证内瘘成功和长期通畅的关键因素。     

静脉造影评估上肢动静脉内瘘成形术前静脉血管的价值

目的 探讨上肢静脉造影在评估拟行上肢动静脉内瘘患者静脉的价值. 方法 对中山大学附属中山医院血管外科2012年6月～2014年1月行动静脉内瘘术的89例尿毒症患者中21例行上肢静脉造影,根据术前上肢静脉造影结果选择目标血管后,行动静内瘘成形术,术后常规予以扩血管、抗血小板治疗.结果 所有21例患者均顺利完成检查,共发现36条适合建立内瘘的静脉.4例行前臂动静脉内瘘成形术,手术成功率100％,1期内瘘通畅率100％,8例行肘窝动静脉内瘘成形术,手术成功率100％,1期内瘘通畅率100％,9例行人工血管动静脉内瘘,手术成功率100％,1期内瘘通畅率100％.结论 上肢静脉造影在术前评估行动静内瘘成形术的静脉是非常有价值的方法,可发现临床上比较隐蔽的可适合的静脉,值得临床应用.     

老年患者不同手术部位对自体动静脉内瘘通畅率的影响

目的 探讨老年维持性血液透析患者不同手术部位对自体动静脉内瘘通畅率的影响.方法 回顾性研究老年与非老年患者首次于前臂远端或近端建立自体动静脉内瘘的通畅率;比较老年糖尿病与非糖尿病患者建立自体动静脉内瘘的通畅率.结果 老年与非老年组患者不同部位建立内瘘后3月到48月的通畅率无统计学差异.老年组于前臂远端建立内瘘后3～24月通畅率均高于前臂近端(x2=7.699,P=0.022;x2=6.460,P=0.026;x2=8.271,P=0.009;x2=4.643,P=0.031).老年糖尿病组内瘘术后36～48月通畅率低于非糖尿病组(x2=5.963,P=0.015;x2=27.388,P=0.000).结论 老年维持性血液透析患者于前臂远端部位建立自体动静脉内瘘具有良好的通畅率,认可作为首选部位,糖尿病影响老年维持性血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘的远期通畅率.     

鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘在血液透析中应用的临床研究

目的：探讨建立自体动静脉内瘘的手术部位选择与临床疗效的关系。方法：比较在鼻烟窝与前臂部位建立自体动静脉内瘘应 用于血液透析的临床疗效。结果：本组354例自体动静脉内瘘中，鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘192例(54． 2%)，前臂动静脉内瘘162例 (45． 8%)；鼻烟窝和前臂内瘘患者的平均血管吻合口内径，透析时的平均血流量，内瘘的平均成熟时间，内瘘用于透析的平均时间，内 瘘4周、1年、2年和3年通畅率，血栓形成和窃血综合征发生率均无显著差异；前臂内瘘患者动脉瘤的发生率和肿胀手综合征的发生 率较鼻烟窝内瘘显著增加。结论：自体动静脉内瘘为血液透析的最佳选择；鼻烟窝内瘘较前臂内瘘有更多优点，值得推广。     

改良法前臂远端贵要静脉转位术11例临床观察

自体动静脉内瘘是维持性血液透析患者的“生命线”.由于高龄、糖尿病、再次手术等因素,越来越多血液透析患者无法建立标准内瘘,贵要静脉转位术就是其中一种替代通路.我们收集武汉市第一医院血液净化中心自2008年3月至2011年5月行前臂远端贵要静脉转位术患者11例,报道如下.     

前臂静脉转位肱动脉内瘘术在糖尿病肾病血液透析患者中的应用

<正>自体动静脉内瘘(AVF)是维持血液透析的首选血管通路,由于糖尿病血管并发症,建立血管通路成为糖尿病肾病透析患者严峻的问题。笔者对12例糖尿病肾病血液透析患者采用前臂静脉转位肱动脉内瘘成形术,取得良好临床效果。1对象与方法1.1研究对象2006年11月至2014年6月我科患者12例,男性5例,女性7例。贵要静脉转位4例,头静脉转位8例,左侧7例,右侧5例。     

不同术式动静脉内瘘术的疗效比较

[目的]探讨动静脉内瘘术的手术方式及不同术式的疗效。[方法]选择慢性肾功能衰竭动静脉内瘘成形手术患者85例,其中前臂自体动静脉内瘘术71例、肘窝部自体动静脉内瘘术9例和下肢自体动静脉内瘘术5例,随访1年,比较三种术式的疗效、吻合口径、内瘘血流量、透析血流量。[结果]动静脉内瘘术总体成功率89．4％,前臂自体动静脉内瘘术组成功率为94．4％（67/71）、肘部自体动静脉内瘘术组成功率77．8％（7/9）均显著高于下肢自体动静脉内瘘术组40．0％（2/5）,前臂自体动静脉内瘘术组显著高于肘部自体动静脉内瘘术组,其差异均有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。[结论]动静脉内瘘术首选前臂自体动静脉内瘘术,其成功率高,肘窝部自体动静脉内瘘术虽然成功率也高,但手术较复杂。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.