固定剂、封片剂、温度及除菌方式对量子点标记细胞的影响

目的:观察不同固定剂、封片剂、温度及除菌方式对3种量子点标记小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞和正常皮肤的影响.方法:利用发射波长为610、 523和576 nm的3种量子点,以具有吞噬能力的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞及正常皮肤为载体,观察不同的固定剂、封片剂、温度及除菌方式对量子点标记细胞及组织的影响.结果:3种量子点对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞和皮肤组织没有明显的毒性,并且在6～72 h内保持荧光不衰减.高于56℃的温度会使量子点失去发射荧光的特性.较好的除菌方式为 60Co照射和微孔滤膜过滤.最稳定的封片剂为水溶性的ClearmountTM.吞噬了量子点523的巨噬细胞,可使用多种固定液固定.结论:不同波长量子点标记小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞和皮肤组织的效能受固定剂、封片剂、温度和除灭菌方式的影响.     

量子点在生物标记中的应用

无机纳米荧光材料的量子点(Qdots)具有的光稳定性好、较宽的激发光谱与较窄的发射光谱、激发光谱与发射光谱分离、以及可调谐发射光谱的波长等光学特性,解决了有机荧光基团标记物易被光漂白、发射光谱较宽以及不同荧光基团需不同激发光源的诸多缺陷。量子点具有的独特的光学特性和生物兼容性,使其成为生物科学和医学研究领域中极具特色的荧光标记探针。     

量子点荧光标记应用于生物学的研究进展

量子点标记作为一种新型的荧光标记方法,应用于生物学领域的研究有其不可比拟的优势,短短数年在生物化学、细胞生物学、免疫化学等学科的研究中显示了它的巨大发展潜力。本文就量子点优于传统有机荧光染料的性质、量子点标记近年来在生物领域中的研究进展和应用前景作一阐述。     

从诊断到治疗:展望量子点在生物医学方面的研究进展

量子点因其具有独特的物理和化学性质(如激发光谱宽、发射光谱窄,而且可通过改变量子点内核心材料的尺寸大小对其发射光波长进行调频等)被作为一种新型的荧光标记物在生物医学中获得广泛使用.就量子点的光学特性及其在生物、医学等方面的最新研究进展及应用前景进行简要综述,同时讨论了量子点存在的细胞毒性等主要问题.     

从诊断到治疗:展望量子点在生物医学方面的研究进展

量子点因其具有独特的物理和化学性质(如激发光谱宽、发射光谱窄,而且可通过改变量子点内核心材料的尺寸大小对其发射光波长进行调频等)被作为一种新型的荧光标记物在生物医学中获得广泛使用.就量子点的光学特性及其在生物、医学等方面的最新研究进展及应用前景进行简要综述,同时讨论了量子点存在的细胞毒性等主要问题.     

量子点荧光标记应用于生物学的研究进展

量子点标记作为一种新型的荧光标记方法，应用于生物学领域的研究有其不可比拟的优势，短短数年在生物化学、细胞生物学、免疫化学等学科的研究中显示了它的巨大发展潜力。本就量子点优于传统有机荧光染料的性质、量子点标记近年来在生物领域中的研究进展和应用前景作一阐述。     

量子点标记技术在动物体内的研究进展

量子点本质上是一种半导体纳米微晶体，是近年来出现的一种新型荧光标记物。与传统的有机荧光标记物比较，量子点亮度大、稳定性好及发射光波长较长并易于调控，作为一种荧光探针不仅为单个细胞的研究及成像提供了新的手段，更为在动物活体内开展研究提供了新的标记方法。重点概述量子点的生物特性及其在动物体内研究的有关进展。     

巯基丙酸修饰CdTe量子点光学性能及其生物相容性研究

目的:研究水相合成巯基丙酸(MPA)修饰的CdTe量子点(CdTe QDs)用于对细胞的标记,探讨其与活细胞的生物相容性.方法:水相中合成MPA CdTe QDs;透射电子显微镜、荧光分光光度计及紫外分光光度计表征MPA CdTe QDs;将MPA CdTe QDs与亲和素连接、纯化、制备成MPA CdTeQDs荧光探针;应用激光扫描共聚焦显微术观察MPA CdTeQDs荧光探针标记小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(PM@)MHC Ⅱ抗原的表达;以黑色素瘤B-16细胞为靶细胞,应用细胞培养和MTT法观察MPA CdTe QDs的生物相容性.结果:水相中合成MPACdTe量子点粒径均匀,具备良好的光学性能,稳定性强;以量子点标记亲和素(QDs-Avidin)作为荧光探针标记小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞MHCⅡ抗原,在荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下可见标记细胞具有较强的荧光表达;MPA CdTe QDs在高浓度时有一定的细胞毒性,但是,在用于对细胞进行荧光标记成像的浓度范围内,量子点对细胞活性的影响很小.结论:MPA CdTe QDs大小比较均匀且具有较好的光学性能,不易漂白淬灭,稳定性好,是一种新的良好的荧光标记物;MPACdTe QDs具有较好的生物相容性.     

量子点对人外周血T淋巴细胞CD4的标记

目的:运用三种量子点标记方法对人外周血T淋巴细胞膜上的CD4分子进行标记,分析三种标记方法之间的差异,并比较量子点与FITC的荧光标记效果.方法:分别采用Abl/QDs-IgG法、Biotin Abl/QDs-SA法、Abl/Biotin Ab2/QDs-SA法标记经多聚甲醛固定后的人外周血T淋巴细胞膜上的CD4分子;采用Abl/QDs-IgG法标记人外周血中活态T淋巴细胞膜上的CD4分子;用FITC直接荧光标记法标记CD4分子.结果:发现采用Biotin Abl/QDs-SA法,量子点会在细胞膜上出现较明显的团聚,采用Abl/QDs-IgG法、Abl/Biotin Ab2/QDs-SA法,量子点在细胞膜上分布较均匀;采用Abl/QDs-IgG法、Abl/Biotin Ab2/QDs-SA法的标记效果较接近活态细胞量子点的分布状态,且Abl/Biotin Ab2/QDs-SA法荧光强度最强;Abl/QDs-IgG法、Biotin Abl/QDs-SA法荧光强度相差不大(P>0.05),但较Abl/Biotin Ab2/QDs-SA法稍弱.结论:Abl/QDs-IgG法较适合用于标记人外周血淋巴细胞上的CD4,且标记出来的效果很接近活细胞状态.     

从诊断到治疗：展望量子点在生物医学方面的研究进展

量子点因其具有独特的物理和化学性质（如激发光谱宽、发射光谱窄,而且可通过改变量子点内核心材料的尺寸大小对其发射光波长进行调频等）被作为一种新型的荧光标记物在生物医学中获得广泛使用。就量子点的光学特性及其在生物、医学等方面的最新研究进展及应用前景进行简要综述,同时讨论了量子点存在的细胞毒性等主要问题。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.