十全大补汤加减方对顺铂肾毒性防治作用的观察

以十全大补汤加减方对顺铂肾毒性的防治效果进行观察。结果表明：给十全大补汤加减方的小鼠对腹腔注射顺铂５ｍｇ／ｋｇ连续５ｄ所致的血清尿素氮、血清肌酐含量的升高和乳酸脱氢酶活性的升高有显著的降低作用，对尿素氮和肌酐的降低效果以每只小鼠每天０．８ｍｌ（１ｇ生药／ｍｌ）为最好，而对乳酸脱氢酶的降低则以１．０ｍｌ为最佳。顺铂对甘油三酯有显著的降低作用，但对胆固醇的降低作用不明显。实验还发现，一次极量给小鼠腹腔注射顺铂１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ后２４ｈ和４８ｈ，肾皮质中的乳过氧化物酶（ＬＰＯ）含量降低。结果提示：十全大补汤加减方对顺铂所致的肾损伤有明显的防治作用     

硒对顺铂肾毒性的防护作用

大鼠亚硒酸钠2mg·kg~1·d~1 ip,连续2d,d 2给药后4 h ip顺铂5 mg/kg,能明显降低由ip顺铂引起的尿量、尿NAG活性及血尿素氮和血浆肌酐的升高,使尿渗透浓度维持正常水平,并使顺铂引起的大鼠肾脏近曲小管上皮细胞变性坏死明显减轻。亚硒酸钠在减少顺铂肾毒性的同时并不影响其抗癌效应。     

Carnosic acid attenuates renal injury in an experimental model of rat cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity is one of the serious dose limiting side effects of cisplatin when used in the treatment of various malignant conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress caused by free radicals and apoptosis of renal cells contributes to the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Present study was aimed to explore the effect of carnosic acid, a potent antioxidant, against cisplatin induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats. A single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) caused marked renal damage, characterized by a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and relative weight of kidney with higher kidney MDA (malondialdehyde), tROS (total reactive oxygen species), caspase 3, GSH (reduced glutathione) levels and lowered tissue nitrite, SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), GR (glutathione reductase) and GST (glutathione S-transferase) levels compared to normal control. Carnosic acid treatment significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the increase in lipid peroxidation, caspase-3 and ROS generation and enhanced the levels of reduced glutathione, tissue nitrite level and activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR and GST compared to cisplatin control. The present study demonstrates that carnosic acid has a protective effect on cisplatin induced experimental nephrotoxicity and is attributed to its potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.     

Hyperbilirubinemia's protective effect against cisplatin nephrotoxicity in the Gunn rat

Gunn rats, deficient in the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase, were used to investigate the effects of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The effect of bilirubin on the antineoplastic activity of cisplatin in osteosarcoma cell lines was also determined. The in vivo model involved three groups of rats (n=6 rats/group): homozygous Gunn rats (j/j), heterozygous Gunn rats (j/+), and congenic Wistar rats. On day 0, all rats were given 4 mg/kg cisplatin intraperitoneally. Blood was sampled on days 0, 3, and 5 for bilirubin, BUN, and creatinine and kidneys were taken on day 5. Cell culture was performed in four canine osteosarcoma cell lines using the average concentrations of bilirubin for homozygous Gunn rats at day 0 and 3. Bilirubin was added to cell lines alone and with cisplatin. Cell viability was assessed using the CellTiter Blue assay. Serum bilirubin levels were highly elevated in Gunn j/j, moderately elevated in Gunn j/+, and undetectable in Wistar rats at day 0. Bilirubin provided a nephroprotective effect, with significantly lower BUN and creatinine in Gunn j/j when compared with Wistar rats at day 5. Histological grading demonstrated preservation of the S3 segment in Gunn j/j when compared with Wistar rats (P<0.05). Bilirubin had no significant effect on the antineoplastic effect of cisplatin at either concentration in the four cell lines (P<0.001). Hyperbilirubinemia in the Gunn rat provided marked preservation of renal function and histology in a cisplatin nephrotoxicity model. Exogenous bilirubin did not interfere with the antineoplastic activity of cisplatin in vitro.     

Studies on the protective effect of green tea against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity

Cisplatin (CP) an anticancer drug is known to induce nephrotoxicity, which limits its long-term clinical use. Green tea (GT), consumed since ancient times is known for its numerous health benefits. It has been shown to improve kidney functions in animal models of acute renal failure. The present study was undertaken to see whether GT can prevent CP-induced nephrotoxic and other deleterious effects. A nephrotoxic dose of CP was co-administered to control and GT-fed male Wistar rats every fifth day for 25 days. The effect of GT was determined on CP-induced alterations in various serum parameters and on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane, and antioxidant defense system in renal cortex and medulla. CP nephrotoxicity was recorded by increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. CP increased the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase whereas, the activities of malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ³²Pi transport significantly decreased. GT consumption increased the activities of the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane, oxidative stress, and ³²Pi transport. GT ameliorated CP-induced nephrotoxic and other deleterious effects due to its intrinsic biochemical/antioxidant properties.     

Protective effect of ferulic acid on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats

This study aims to determine the potential protective effects of ferulic acid against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and to compare its effect with curcumin, a well-known protective agent against cisplatin- induced toxicity in rats. Administration of cisplatin resulted in high BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), creatinine, MDA (Malondialdehyde), MPO (Myeloperoxidase), TOS (Total Oxidative Status), PtNT (Protein Nitrotyrosine) levels (p < 0.05). Histological observations showed abnormal morphology of kidney; in addition with appearance of TUNEL positive cells indicating apoptosis in cisplatin administered group. HO-1 (Heme Oxygenase-1) levels measured by RT-PCR (Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction), and TAS (Total Antioxidative Status) revealed antioxidant depletion due to cisplatin toxicity in animals (p < 0.05). All parameters showed improvement in groups treated with ferulic acid (p < 0.05). Ferulic acid treatment was found significant in preventing oxidative stress, increasing antioxidative status and regaining histological parameters to normal, indicating nephroprotective and antioxidant effects of this phenolic compound.     

The protective effect of acetylsalicylic acid on laser-induced venous thrombosis in the rat

Summary The intrinsic and extrinsic acetylcholine receptors were studied by analysing the effects of -bungarotoxin and desipramine on the contractile response elicited by nerve stimulation (single shocks) and that by application of acetylcholine. In the absence of anticholinesterases, -bungarotoxin as well as desipramine blocked the response to exogenous acetylcholine with a time-course much faster than that of the inhibition of the response to nerve stimulation. After complete blockade of neuromuscular transmission by -bungarotoxin, washout of the toxin gradually resulted in recovery of the response to acetylcholine, whereas the response to nerve stimulation was not appreciably restored. (+)-Tubocurarine, on the other hand, blocked both types of responses to a parallel extent. (+)-Tubocurarine as well as acetylcholine at high concentration protected both responses from blockade by -bungarotoxin. In the presence of anticholinesterases, the inhibition by -bungarotoxin of responses to nerve stimulation and to acetylcholine was parallel. The recovery of acetylcholine-induced responses after washout of the toxin, however, was smaller than in the absence of anticholinesterases.It is concluded that the extrinsic and intrinsic acetylcholine receptors belong to different populations and also have different properties. In the absence of anticholinesterases, exogenous acetylcholine acts upon the extrinsic receptors only, while in the presence of anticholinesterases, the intrinsic receptors are affected.     

Studies on the protective effect of dietary fish oil on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Cisplatin (CP) is a major antineoplastic drug for the treatment of solid tumors, however, dose dependent nephrotoxicity remains the major concern for its long term use. Several agents/strategies were attempted to prevent CP nephrotoxicity but were not found suitable for clinical practice. Dietary fish oil (FO) enriched in ω-3 fatty acids has been shown to prevent/reduce the progression of certain types of cancers, cardiovascular and renal disorders. The present study was undertaken to see whether FO can prevent CP-induced nephrotoxic and other deleterious effects. Rats were prefed experimental diets for 10days and then received a single dose of CP (6mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally while still on diet. Serum/urine parameters, enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane (BBM) and oxidative stress in rat kidney were analyzed. CP nephrotoxicity was recorded by increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. CP decreased the activities of metabolic enzymes, antioxidant defense system and BBM enzymes. In contrast, FO alone increased enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism and brush border membrane (BBM). FO feeding to CP treated rats markedly enhanced resistance to CP-elicited deleterious effects. Dietary FO supplementation ameliorated CP induced specific metabolic alterations and oxidative damage due to its intrinsic biochemical antioxidant properties.     

山楂酸对顺铂所致大鼠肾毒性的保护作用

目的探讨山楂酸对顺铂急性肾毒性的保护作用及作用机制。方法 40只SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组(予等剂量生理盐水)、顺铂组(顺铂5 mg·kg^(-1))、山楂酸组(山楂酸40 mg·kg(-1))、山楂酸组(山楂酸40 mg·kg^(-1))、顺铂(5 mg·kg(-1))、顺铂(5 mg·kg^(-1))+低剂量山楂酸(10 mg·kg(-1))+低剂量山楂酸(10 mg·kg^(-1))组、顺铂(5 mg·kg(-1))组、顺铂(5 mg·kg^(-1))+高剂量山楂酸(40 mg·kg(-1))+高剂量山楂酸(40 mg·kg^(-1))组,每组8只。顺铂给药方式为腹腔注射,山楂酸给药方式为经口灌胃,干预组腹腔注射顺铂前1 h经口灌胃给予山楂酸。均每日一次,连续两周。给药两周后,检测尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、血清肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(BUN)、肾组织丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。结果与对照组相比,顺铂组大鼠血清BUN和Scr、尿NAG酶、肾脏组织MDA含量显著升高,肾组织GSH含量显著下降(均P<0.01)。采用山楂酸干预后,大鼠血清BUN和Scr、尿NAG酶、肾脏组织MDA含量较顺铂组显著下降,GSH含量明显上升(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论山楂酸对顺铂所致大鼠肾毒性有保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化有关。     

Sildenafil attenuates renal injury in an experimental model of rat cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Sildenafil is the first commercially available selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) and is widely used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In recent years, investigations of the role of sildenafil in cardioprotection in animal models have received considerable interest. We evaluated whether sildenafil can attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat experimental model. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control rats, sildenafil-control rats, cisplatin-injected rats (5 mg kg⁻¹ IP, single dose), sildenafil-treated cisplatin-injected rats (0.4 mg kg⁻¹, daily), and sildenafil + NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME)-treated rats. The molecular, functional, and structural parameters of the kidney were measured. At 96 h after cisplatin injection, serum levels of creatinine were lower in rats treated with both sildenafil + cisplatin compared with rats treated with cisplatin alone, and renal iNOS and eNOS expression was significantly higher in sildenafil + cisplatin-treated rats compared with rats treated with cisplatin alone (all P < 0.05). Renal Bax gene and protein expression was significantly higher in cisplatin-treated rats compared with control rats, and sildenafil treatment significantly reduced the levels of Bax and increased the renal Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (P < 0.05). Sildenafil treatment also reduced renal caspase-3 activation and TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. These data suggest that sildenafil attenuates experimental cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by preventing apoptosis.     

多种药物联合应用对小鼠顺铂肾毒性的拮抗作用

目的探讨硫酸锌(Zn)、亚硒酸钠(Se)、磷霉素钠(Fos)、乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)、硫代硫酸钠(STS)、蛋氨酸(Met)和牛磺酸(Tau)等对顺铂肾毒性的联合拮抗作用。方法采用7因素(7个药物)2水平(给药或不给药)的正交设计,共8个实验组。各组小鼠ig给予不同组合的拮抗药物,每日1次,连续9d。从第3天起,ig给予拮抗药后6h,ip顺铂3.5mg.kg-1,连续5d,分别于给予顺铂前和实验结束前测量小鼠体重。给药结束次日,摘小鼠眼球取血,然后处死。快速取肾组织,并分别测定血清尿素氮(BUN)、肾还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果Zn,Fos和Met可显著改善顺铂引起的体重减轻;Fos和Met可显著降低顺铂引起的肾脏系数升高;Fos,STS和Met可显著抑制顺铂引起的血清BUN和肾GSH含量升高;Met可显著抑制顺铂引起的肾GSH-Px活性升高。单独给予Se,NAC和Tau对以上指标未见明显改善作用。结论多种药物联合应用可协同拮抗顺铂的肾毒性作用,以Zn(或Se),Fos(或STS)和Met联合应用的拮抗效果最好。     

The effects of rutin on cisplatin induced oxidative retinal and optic nerve injury: an experimental study

Aim: To determine the role of rutin in prevention of cisplatin induced retinal and optic nerve injury in an experimental study.

Materials and methods: Totally 18 albino Wistar male rats were assigned into three groups, as follows: healthy controls (HC group), only cisplatin administered group for 14?days (CIS group), and rutin?+?cisplatin administered group for 14?days (RC group). Blood samples were obtained from animals just before the scarification. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were investigated. The eyes were enucleated for histopathological evaluations of retina and optic nerve.

Results: MDA, MPO, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were statistically significantly higher (p?p?p?Conclusions: Concomitant rutin administration may prevent the detrimental effects of cisplatin on lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and inflammation markers and may also avert the histopathological damage on retina and optic nerve. Further studies are warranted to determine the effects of cisplatin and rutin on eye.     

Erythropoietin enhances angiogenesis in an experimental cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity model in the rat

1. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone regulating the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid precursor cells. The hypothesis that haematopoietic and endothelial cells share a common haemanglioblast progenitor among others is based on the finding that both cell lineages express cell surface antigens, such as CD31 and CD34. 2. In the present study, we investigated the angiogenic potential of recombinant human erythropoietin on cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat kidney and compared it with the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a well-known angiogenic factor. 3. Rats were divided into five groups: A (control), B (EPO treated), C (CsA treated), D (CsA + EPO treated) and E (CsA + bFGF treated). Mouse anti-human CD31 and CD34 antibodies were used to evaluate the kidney vessels present in histological preparations. 4. Glomerular and peritubular capillaries in Group B (EPO) were increased compared with the control (Group A; P < 0.05). Reduction of the same kidney vessels (glomerular and peritubular capillaries) in Group C (CsA; P < 0.05) compared with controls was observed, whereas in Groups D (CsA + EPO treated) and E (CsA + bFGF treated), capillaries were increased compared with Group C (CsA; P < 0.05). 5. Erythropoietin has a significant angiogenic effect in rat kidney with CsA-induced nephrotoxicity, similar to the effect of the other angiogenic factor bFGF.     

Protective effects of Vitamin C on cisplatin nephrotoxicity

Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)(cisplatin) is one of the most effective antitumor agents currently available for cancer therapy. However, its clinical use has been limited by its severe side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. To evaluate the effect of radical scavengers on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats, cisplatin and Vitamin C were given intraperitoneally. Remarkable protective effects of Vitamin C against nephrotoxicity of cisplatin were observed when Vitamin C was administered to rats 1hr before cisplatin injection. Hepatotoxicity induced by combination treatment of cisplatin and Vitamin C was evaluated by measuring serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase(sGPT) and serum glutamic oxalate transaminase(sGOT). Combination treatment did not affect the levels of sGPT and sGOT, and any combination treatment did not induce metallothionein biosynthesis in kidney. Vitamin C which has radical scavenging effect directly reduced nephrotoxicity of cisplatinin vivo. Thus, it seems that free radical is the cause of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Also, combination treatment did not reduce anticancer activity of cisplatin. The present results indicate that Vitamin C, when it is given with cisplatin, may provide protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity without reducing anticancer activity.     

人参皂苷Rg1通过抗氧化应激保护冈田酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤

目的体外细胞水平研究人参皂苷Rg1在冈田酸(Okadaic Acid,OKA)诱导的阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)样神经毒性模型中的保护作用,并初步探索其作用机制。方法选用PC12细胞模拟神经元,采用OKA造模的同时给予Rg1(1、5、10μmol·L~(-1)-),选用褪黑素(Melatonin,Melat)10μmol·L~(-1)-作为阳性对照。分别采用MTT、LDH法检测细胞存活率及死亡率,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,用DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测胞内ROS的堆积,并用试剂盒检测细胞内一系列抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果与对照组相比,OKA组细胞存活率明显降低、死亡率明显增加,细胞早期凋亡数量明显增多(P<0.01);氧化应激相关指标检测发现,OKA组胞内ROS堆积明显增多(P<0.01),总抗氧化能力(ABTS)明显降低(P<0.01),过氧化物酶(Catalase,CAT)(P<0.01),超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性都明显降低(P<0.05),GSSG/GSH比率明显升高(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,Rg1不同剂量组均能显著提高OKA模型中PC12细胞的存活率,降低细胞死亡率,并抑制胞内ROS水平、提高抗氧化酶活力增强抗氧化能力。结论人参皂苷Rg1在OKA诱导的AD样病理模型中可以通过抗氧化应激作用发挥抗细胞死亡、保护神经细胞的作用。     

Role of free radical scavengers on phenylhydrazine induced hemolysis in rat

The mechanism of the phenylhydrazine induced oxidative hemolysis was studied on the point of role of the free radical scavengers in rats. Phenylhydrazine resulted in the degradation of hemoglobin and the lipid peroxidation of the erythrocyte membrane. Otherwise, the elevation of coenzyme Q9, endogenous CoQ in rats, levels in plasma was observed against the phenylhydrazine induced oxidative stress. Supplementation of coenzyme Q10, exogenous CoQ in rats, inhibited the phenylhydrazine induced hemolysis according to the suppression of both the degradation of hemoglobin and the lipid peroxidation of the erythrocyte membrane. These results suggest that free radical scavengers such as coenzyme Q9 and coenzyme Q10 have important roles on the phenylhydrazine induced hemolysis in rats.     

Effect of aminophylline on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in the rat.

1. The effect of the methylxanthine aminophylline on cisplatin (5 mg kg-1 i.v.)-induced acute renal failure was investigated in the rat. Renal function was measured 5 days after cisplatin administration. 2. Cisplatin caused a polyuric acute renal failure. The creatinine clearance was significantly reduced. 3. Aminophylline (24 mg kg-1 12h-1) ameliorated the cisplatin nephrotoxicity when administered during the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis. However, it had no effect when only administered prophylactically before the cisplatin application. 4. Enprofylline (20 mg kg-1 4h-1 with dose adjustment), a methylxanthine lacking adenosine receptor antagonism in comparison to aminophylline, had no protective effect on cisplatin nephrotoxicity. 5. Adenosine is a renal vasoconstrictor and decreases glomerular filtration rate. Endogenous adenosine in the kidney is formed by degradation of ATP and is thought to be involved in various forms of acute renal failure. The results suggest that adenosine may be involved in the haemodynamic changes in the kidney induced by cisplatin.     

A study of the protective effect of chloride salts on cisplatin nephrotoxicity

In rats NaCl and NH4Cl (25 mmoles/kg, p.o.) were found to be equally effective at preventing nephrotoxicity when administered to rats 90 min before cisplatin (5 mg/kg i.p.) but (NH4)2SO4 did not protect. The severity of nephrotoxicity, taken as the maximum elevation in blood urea concentration, showed a high degree of correlation with urinary chloride concentration, but not with urinary pH or volume. Sodium chloride did not protect against nephrotoxicity when administered 3 or 24 hr after cisplatin. Sodium chloride showed protection against nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin metabolites only at low doses of platinum. For animals pretreated with NaCl (25 mmoles/kg) or water p.o. the urinary excretion of total platinum, cisplatin and six of the seven metabolites separated by hplc was not significantly different between the two treatments during the 0-5-hr period post dosing. However, one metabolite, possibly a nephrotoxic hydrolysis product, was excreted in significantly smaller amounts in the urine of animals pretreated with NaCl (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, in all cisplatin treated animals the amount of this species excreted correlated with the severity of nephrotoxicity. Whilst this suggests that chloride ions may protect against the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin by inhibiting its rate of metabolism this metabolite accounts for only 2.5% of the platinum excreted. Furthermore, the data do not exclude the possibility that NaCl prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by preventing renal ischaemia, which may normally follow cisplatin treatment, or that the renal uptake or transport of platinum may be inhibited by NaCl.