Evaluation of mobile smartphones app as a screening tool for environmental noise monitoring

Noise is a global occupational and environmental health hazard with considerable social and physiological impact and, therefore, there is a need for regular measurements to boost monitoring and regulations of environmental noise levels in our communities. This necessitates a readily available, inexpensive, and easy to use noise measuring device. We aimed to test the sensitivity and validity of mobile “smart” phones for this purpose.

This was a comparative analysis of a cross sectional study done between January 2014 and February 2015. Noise levels were measured simultaneously at different locations within Abuja Nigeria at day and night hours in real time environments. A sound level meter (SLM) (Extech407730 Digital Soundmeter, serial no.: 2310135, calibration no: 91037) and three smartphones (Samsung Galaxy note3, Nokia S, and Techno Phantom Z running on Android “Apps” Androidboy1) were used. Statistical calculations were done with Pearson correlation, T-test and Consistency within American National Standards Institute acceptable standard errors.

Noise level readings for both daytime and night with the SLM and the mobile phones showed equivalent values. All noise level meters measured were <100dB. The daytime readings were nearly identical in six locations and the maximum difference in values between the SLM and Smartphone instruments was 3db, noted in two locations. Readings in dBA showed strong correlation (r = 0.9) within acceptable error limits for Type 2 SLM devices and no significant difference in the values (p = 0.12 & 0.58) for both day and night. Sensitivity of the instrument yielded 92.9%.

The androidboy1 “app” performance in this study showed a good correlation and comparative high sensitivity to the Standard SLM (type 2 SLM device). However there is the need for further studies.     

噪声的瞬间采样与连续采样比较分析

目的 比较分析瞬间采样和连续采样的噪声测定结果。方法 造反机械加工过程中危害较大的空压工、木材下料工、清理钳工、铆工、钣金工、锻工等工种，用ＨＳ５６６０型声级计和ＮＬ－２记录式声级计分别进行噪声的瞬间采样及个体的连续采样。结果 两种方法同时测定，空压工、下料工的结果基本一致，其它工种的瞬间采样较连续采样高６．３～１２．５ｄＢＡ；同一工种，工作量相当的不同工作日ＮＬ－２测定结果一致，否则有差异；同一     

两类噪声作业工人个体噪声暴露特点的观察

[目的]观察和比较接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声工人个体之间、工作日之间个体噪声暴露的特点和规律。[方法]应用噪声个体计量仪分别测量了4名细纱车间挡车工(稳态噪声)和4名机械加工车间工人(非稳态噪声)3个工作日(班次)的个体噪声暴露,用工作期间的8h等效声级(LAeq.8h)作为评价指标。[结果]两组工人个体噪声暴露的时间图显示其工作环境噪声性质分别为典型的稳态噪声和非稳态噪声。稳态噪声组12人次个体噪声暴露的LAeq.8h最大、最小值和差值分别为99.2、92.8和6.4dB(A);非稳态噪声组相应数值为89.9、83.1和6.8dB(A)。稳态噪声组每名工人3个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(98.0±1.1)、(94.3±1.5)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.9±1.0)、(85.1±1.5)dB(A)。稳态噪声组4名工人每个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(96.6±1.9)、(95.8±2.0)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.1±3.0)、(86.1±2.1)dB(A)。[结论]在接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声的两组人群中,1名工人1次或多次个体噪声暴露测量结果不能准确评估该工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平,多名工人1次个体噪声暴露测量的平均值可以作为评估该组工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平的依据。     

工业企业噪声危害的综合评价方法

目的 研究工业企业生产性噪声危害的综合评价方法。方法 选择某市7个工业行业的22个工业企业方研究对象,测定生产性噪声强度和噪声作业人员的听力,按照平均声压级的计算方法求得平均等效声级,并与噪声作业人员的听力损失检出率进行方差分析、相关分析和曲线拟合。结果 听损检出率随平均等效声级的增加而呈明显的增加趋势,平均等效声级与噪声作业人员的听损检出率呈密切的指数正相关关系（相关关系r为0．81245）。结论 平均等效声级可以作为评价和比较工业企业的噪声危害程度的综合指标。     

两种噪声强度测定法用于噪声作业岗位卫生学评价的比较

目的　探讨两种不同方法对工作场所的噪声强度进行测定的效果 ,为噪声作业岗位的卫生学评价提供科学依据。方法　选择有噪声作业的 3个场所 ,且噪声是不连续、非稳态噪声 ,分别用瞬时测定方法和等效连续A声级测定方法对噪声强度进行测定。结果　用瞬时测定方法测得 3个工作场所A、B、C的噪声强度分别是 89 6dB(A)、95 3dB(A)和 92 7dB(A) ,3个工作场所的噪声强度都超过国家职业卫生标准。用等效连续A声级方法测得 3个工作场所的噪声强度分别是 83 8dB(A)、92 5dB(A)和 88 7dB(A) ,根据国家职业卫生标准 ,工作场所A噪声强度未超标 ,工作场所B、C噪声强度超标。结论　对于不连续、非稳态噪声 ,用等效连续A声级方法测定噪声强度比瞬时测定方法更科学合理 ,更客观反映劳动者接触噪声的实际情况     

Effect of chronic and acute exposure to noise on physiological functions in man

Summary Physiological parameters have been compared in 75 normal healthy individuals exposed to occupational noise of 88–107 dB (A) (6–8h/day) for 10–15 years and in 36 normal non-exposed subjects. Blood pressure, both systolic (P<0.01) and diastolic (P<0.001), and heart rate (P<0.05) were found to be significantly higher in the exposed subjects. Irregularity in cardiac rhythm, both in amplitude and duration, was found in 18% of the exposed subjects as against 6% in the non-exposed group.Variation in the heart rate during acute noise exposure of 90 dB (A) has been shown to be related with the preponderance of tonicity of sympathetics and parasympathetics. Measurement of hand blood flow during the same exposure showed a lesser degree of vasoconstriction and a slower recovery rate in the exposed group. Altered observations in the exposed group could be attributed to changes in the mechanical property of blood vessels.     

Compressed air noise reductions from using advanced air gun nozzles in research and development environments

The aims of this study were to evaluate sound levels produced by compressed air guns in research and development (R&D) environments, replace conventional air gun models with advanced noise-reducing air nozzles, and measure changes in sound levels to assess the effectiveness of the advanced nozzles as engineering controls for noise. Ten different R&D manufacturing areas that used compressed air guns were identified and included in the study. A-weighted sound level and Z-weighted octave band measurements were taken simultaneously using a single instrument. In each area, three sets of measurements, each lasting for 20 sec, were taken 1 m away and perpendicular to the air stream of the conventional air gun while a worker simulated typical air gun work use. Two different advanced noise-reducing air nozzles were then installed. Sound level and octave band data were collected for each of these nozzles using the same methods as for the original air guns. Both of the advanced nozzles provided sound level reductions of about 7 dBA, on average. The highest noise reductions measured were 17.2 dBA for one model and 17.7 dBA for the other. In two areas, the advanced nozzles yielded no sound level reduction, or they produced small increases in sound level. The octave band data showed strong similarities in sound level among all air gun nozzles within the 10–1,000 Hz frequency range. However, the advanced air nozzles generally had lower noise contributions in the 1,000–20,000 Hz range. The observed decreases at these higher frequencies caused the overall sound level reductions that were measured. Installing new advanced noise-reducing air nozzles can provide large sound level reductions in comparison to existing conventional nozzles, which has direct benefit for hearing conservation efforts.     

重庆市主要交通干道交通噪声级37年间变迁及其治理效果评价

在1960～1997 年的37 年内,定点不定期监测重庆市主要交通干道噪声的变化,结果显示车流量逐年增多,最多增加17 倍,而交通噪声呈下降的趋势:Leq 除1997 年比1960 年增多4.0dB,比1983 年降低7.8dB外,其余的L10和L50,1997 年比1983 年分别降低13.9dB和4.16dB。而L90比1983 年增加2.86dB。1997 年各监测点噪声超标率比1993 年减少,但仍有88% 的监测点超标,夜间最低声级为Leq62dB(A)(凌晨4h),比1993 年有所下降,但仍超过夜间噪声Leq55dB(A)的规定。特别是近10 多年来治理交通噪声方面已取得一定效果。目前的交通噪声水平对人群健康仍有所影响,特别是对交通警察的听力已造成损伤。因此应继续加强综合治理措施,降低交通噪声使其达到或接近环境噪声的标准     

中低剂量噪声暴露与工人高频听力损伤的剂量－反应关系

本文在１２０名接触中低剂量噪声、未出现语频听损的工人中发现高频听力损伤４２人（经年龄性别校正，患病率３５．０％），累积噪声暴露量由＜７５ｄＢ（Ａ）增加至＞９５ｄＢ（Ａ）时，高频听力损伤患病率由６．３％上升至５３．３％。用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型进一步观察到累积噪声暴露量增加１ｄＢ（Ａ）时，调整后的ＯｄｄｓＲａｔｉｏ为１．１３６（Ｐ＝０．００１），证实中低剂量噪声暴露与高频听力损伤之间存在剂量－反应关系，长期接触中低剂量噪声可在一定程度上引起高频听力损伤。     

稳态噪声暴露与高血压剂量-反应关系的人群研究

本文分三个阶段对稳态噪声暴露人群的高血压调查资料进行多因素分析。发现声压级与高血压患病率之间存在剂量一反应关系。用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型校正多个危险因素的影响后，声压仍是一个高血压病的独立的危险因素，其ＯＲ（ＯｄｄｓＲａｔｉｏ）值为１．０３１，Ｐ＜０．０５。在校正年龄与工龄高度相关（ｒ＝０．９６６）在此模型中产生多元共线性的缺点后，ＯＲ值为１．０３３，年龄ＯＲ值由１．１０１增大至１．１５７，其对高血压病的危险性约为累积噪声暴露量的３倍。在两个模型中父母高血压史和吃菜咸淡对高血压病的危险性约分别为噪声暴露的２倍左右。发现公式ＣＮＥ＝声压级＋ｋ×［Ｉｎ（工龄）Ｉｎ（２）］中，多危险因素同时进入模型，以ｋ＝２．９时模型的最大似然值最大，该数值非常接近于３，支持噪声暴露与健康危害关系的等能量学说。     

Cardiovascular effects of impulse noise,road traffic noise,and intermittent pink noise at LAeq = 75 dB,as a function of sex,age, and level of anxiety: a comparative study

Summary In a previous paper, in which the experimental conditions of the present research are fully described (Parrot et al., this issue), heart rate (HR) was studied in 60 male and in 60 female subjects in response to a pile-driver noise (P), a gunfire noise (G), a road traffic noise (T), and an intermittend pink noise (R), all noises being emitted at the same LAeq = 75 dB for 15 min. Digital pulse level (PL) responses were concomitantly surveyed by the use of pulse oxymetry, allowing continuous arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) readings. An index of pulse reactivity (PRI) could be calculated. Arterial blood pressure was measured 7 times from the beginning to the end of each trial. At rest, within the last minutes preceding each exposure to any of the 4 noises, no difference for conditions or for age in prestimulus PL was observed. In all cases, sex is a highly significant source of variation: Mean resting SaO₂ values are higher in women than in men. Mean SaO₂ at rest was also found to be significantly higher in anxious (Am) than in anxiety-free (Nm) men. When the noise was on for 15 min, ancrease in PL prevailed to be in most cases in men. In contrast, decrease or near-zero changes prevailed in 1 case out of 2 in the female subgroups. In all groups, the mean PRIs are significantly higher in men. In no case did the age factor prove to be a significant source of PRI variation. In AM and NM, amplitudes of PRI proved to be significantly different for the different noises: They are higher during exposure to T than during exposure to P, G and R ranking in third and fourth position, respectively. The same ranking of noises as regards pulse response induced is also met in women of the same age range. In YM and OM, too, T ranks first and before P for inducing the most important PR. In no case did anxiety prove to be a significant source of variation as regards the vasomotor responses. In all the cases, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) levels at rest were found to be significantly higher in men than in women. Under noise exposure a systematic decrease of SBP and DBP was observed as an overall tendency, but this change never achieved statistical significance and was without any significant after-effect. No significant role of anxiety was observed, but incidentally age was found to be a significant factor in DBP changes.     

呼吸机微型呼吸压力传感器的研制及应用

该微型呼吸压力传感器采用ＥＩ型梁膜结构的弹性敏感元素。应用三便携式呼吸机上，使呼吸具备了多种供气方式、自动同步呼吸和自动监测报警等功能。     

噪声对降钙素基因相关肽的效应的实验研究

接触噪声１、４、８周（Ｗ）后,敏感型大鼠（Ａ类）下丘脑ＣＧＲＰ含量明显低于Ａ类对照组。暴露８Ｗ后,不敏感型大鼠（Ｂ类）接触组下丘脑ＣＧＲＰ含量也明显低于Ｂ类大鼠对照组。本研究还观察到噪声接触４、８Ｗ类反应大鼠接触组大脑皮层中ＣＧＲＰ含量均明显低于各自对照组。接触８Ｗ后,Ａ类反应大鼠接触组血浆中ＣＧＲＰ浓度明显低于Ａ类反应对照组。以下丘脑为主的ＣＧＲＰ含量降低早于血压升高（８Ｗ后升高）,所以它有可能     

压力感应式传感器输液报警系统的设计与实现

目的:设计一种压力感应式传感器输液报警系统.方法:结合一种成本低廉的硅橡胶/炭黑压力传感器,运用简单电路与报警系统或者控制系统,设计并实现输液袋液面过低后报警甚至自行停止输液的报警控制系统,并进行实验验证.结果:该报警系统在8组实验中,平均报警液面高度为3.5 cm,报警成功率高达87.5％.结论:在保证输液正常进行的前提下,该报警系统具有有效性以及良好的稳定性,但在传感器的敏感性方面还有待改进.     

美军单兵生命体征监测系统中的无线传感网络

单兵生命体征监测（WPSM）系统是一套基于采集、传输、存储、分析士兵生理数据的无线传感网络，它可以收集和监测包括人体的体温、脉搏、血压、呼吸、承受压力的情况、睡眠情况、身体的姿势、所能承受的工作强度等生命体征信号。同时，当士兵受伤或者极度疲劳时，它还能将士兵的状况报告给指挥官和医务兵。于是，着重讨论了WPSM无线传感网的结构及其数据管理。     

个体噪声的测量结果与相应工作场所8h等效声级计算结果比较

目的比较个体噪声测量结果和其相应工作场所8 h等效声级计算结果,分析两种测量方法的结果差异是否存在统计学意义。方法依据GBZ/T 189.1-2007《工作场所物理因素测量第8部分:噪声》,对各作业点噪声进行测量并计算出各工种的8 h等效声级,同时对各工种的作业工人佩戴个体噪声计进行个体噪声测量。对两种测量结果进行t检验,分析两种测量方法是否存在统计学差异。结果两组统计数据均为76个,共152个。个体噪声测量结果平均值为83.2 dB(A),标准偏差为5.53;相应工作场所8 h等效声级计算结果平均值为83.9 dB(A),标准偏差为4.27。两组数据的平均标准偏差为4.94,计算两组数据的t值为0.94。当υ值为150,t=1.98,P0.05,表明两种测量方法测量结果差异无统计学意义。结论在实际工作中只要严格按照标准要求进行测量,并做好现场调查准确记录工人在每一个噪声点的接噪时间,进行8 h等效声级计算,就可选择其中一种方法对作业工人的接噪情况进行评价。     

某船厂工业性噪声危害程度分级调查

１９９３年８－１２月，我们对某船厂３９个噪声作业岗位，按船舶工业工业性噪声危害程度分级标准进行测试分级，结果是８７．２％噪声岗位评有级别，０级１１．７６％、Ⅰ级５０．００％、Ⅱ级２９．４１％、Ⅲ级５．８８％、Ⅳ级２．９４％。这对工业噪声岗位的科学分级管理具有一定应用价值并为正式制定其有标准提供参考建议。     

Third International Symposium on Toxicology of Carbon Disulphide

An outbreak of cadmium intoxication in a jewelry factory provided an opportunity for evaluating the usefulness of diagnostic procedures used to evaluate human cadmium toxicity. Blood cadmium levels in workers exposed to cadmium were higher (.93 μg/100ml vs .38 μg/100 ml) than in unexposed workers. A dose-response relationship was noted between blood cadmium level and symptom prevalence in four symptoms (dyspnea, chest pain, dysuria, and dizziness). Segmental hair analysis revealed highest cadmium levels (up to 19 μg/gm) in segments formed prior to cadmium exposure, suggesting that extrinsic contamination was the primary source of cadmium in the hair. β₂-microglobulin levels were within normal limits. No significant renal or pulmonary dysfunction was noted. Symptoms ceased after a cadmium-containing brazing alloy used in jewelry production was replaced, yet urine cadmium levels remained persistently elevated in four workers. Blood cadmium determinations were found to be useful in evaluating symptoms potentially related to cadmium intoxication.