黄磷中毒的生物标志物研究进展

黄磷 (P4)是一种高毒类无机物。由于工业、农业、医药以及国防上的需要 ,黄磷被大量开采和广泛使用 ,同时也给从事黄磷生产的职业人群带来很大的健康危害 ,生产性黄磷中毒案例时有报道。近年来 ,为了进一步探索黄磷中毒的作用机制和早期诊断方法 ,有效地保护黄磷作业人员健康 ,许多学者从不同的角度寻找与黄磷中毒有关的敏感而特异的指标———生物标志物。我们知道 ,生物标志物 (Biomaker)泛指生物材料中与接触有关的一切变化 ,包括生理的、生化的、免疫的、细胞的和分子水平的改变。 1987年美国国家生物标志物研究顾问委员会(NRCCBM)…     

苯接触生物标志物研究进展

本文就苯及其代谢产物，以及苯代谢产物与细胞组分及血清蛋白加合物作为苯接触生物标志物的测定方法，应用价值及其特异性做一述评。     

三氯乙烯生物标志物的研究进展

三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene,TCE)是一种挥发性有机溶剂,主要在其制造、使用和弃置过程中释放入人类环境。在空气、水、土壤、食物和动物脏器中都有检出,人群接触量最大的为金属清洗工人,多为呼吸道吸入。检测表明目前93%通过地下水供水的公众饮水系统和9%~34%饮水用水源头均已     

阿尔茨海默病生物标志物应用指南及研究进展

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,预计在未来几十年,AD的发病率将呈指数增长。AD生物标志物的临床应用和相关指南的制定经历了漫长的历程。目前,临床应用的AD临床诊断标准主要包括国际工作组织（IWG）制定的IWG-2标准,美国国立老化研究所-阿尔茨海默病协会（NIA-AA）制定的NIA-AA标准和中国...     

甲苯二异氰酸酯生物标志物的研究进展

甲苯二异氰酸酯(toluene diisocyanate,TDI)是一种重要的化工原料,也是一种具有较高风险的环境污染物质,其接触人群众多,职业危害严重,已引起广泛的关注和研究。本文介绍了TDI的理化性质、毒性、职业接触限值、检测方法、生物标志物以及职业接触生物限值等研究现状,为保护职业接触人群的健康、研究制定生物接触阈限值提供参考。     

甲醛生物标志物研究进展

甲醛是人体内的正常生物化合物,同时也是一种基因毒物质。生物标志物是暴露和疾病的中间产物,对评价暴露与疾病的关系具有重要作用。由于检测技术的不断进步,甲醛生物标志物的种类也日益得到拓展。本文就甲醛生物标志物的种类、效应及其检测方法作一综述。     

生物标志物巯基尿酸的研究进展

巯基尿酸是外源性亲电子化合物与谷胱甘肽 (ＧＳＨ )结合后的分解产物 (终产物 ) [1,2 ] ,作为生物标志物 ,它在遗传毒物的生物转运、生物监测及毒理学研究中得到广泛应用。本文拟对巯基尿酸的合成、分析及其在生物监测研究中的进展进行综述。1　巯基尿酸的合成在巯基尿酸的分析过程中需要使用巯基尿酸的标准品 ,而市场上尚无巯基尿酸的标准品出售 ,故只能通过合成的方法获得。巯基尿酸可通过三种不同途径合成 :①利用Ｎ 乙酰 Ｌ半胱氨酸的硫醇盐阴离子组的亲核性与合适的亲电子化合物在碱性溶液中反应 ;②利用氧硫基卤化物或硫代亚磺酸酯…     

051 甲醛生物标志物研究进展

甲醛是人体内的正常生物化合物，同时也是一种基因毒物质。生物标志物是暴露和疾病的中间产物，对评价暴露与疾病的关系具有重要作用。由于检测技术的不断进步，甲醛生物标志物的种类也日益得到拓展。本文就甲醛生物标志物的种类、效应及其检测方法作一综述。     

镉生物标志物的研究进展

镉是一种古老的有毒重金属。概述了镉的接触、效应及易感生物标志物三方面的研究进展。     

丙烯酰胺生物标志物的研究进展

丙烯酰胺是经职业人群流行病学研究确认的对人类具有神经毒性的毒物,并被国际癌症研究机构列为2A组“可能人类致癌物”,其生物标志物可被用来监测暴露水平、评价损伤效应及预测可能的作用机制.寻找丙烯酰胺的特异性生物标志物有助于准确地评价作业人员的暴露水平,有效地识别丙烯酰胺易感者,预防作业场所工作人员丙烯酰胺急慢性中毒.该文将...     

The role of clinical investigations in biological markers research

As the agenda of the occupational and environmental health community proceeds from the study of the effects of high doses of toxins causing grossly altered disease patterns to examination of the impact of lower doses on prevalent disorders, new scientific approaches have become necessary. The emerging concept of molecular epidemiology, substituting biologically determined markers of dose and early effect for traditional measures of exposure and morbidity, offers a heuristically appealing direction for the field. However, the transition to this evolving approach has been slow and its potential has yet to be validated. In this essay, some of the limitations of this approach are discussed and theoretical modifications developed. The central proposition is that existing modalities of clinical research, widely employed in subspecialty medicine research but heretofore unexploited in the study of environmental diseases, offer great promise. By incorporating clinical investigations centrally, some historically rate-limiting problems such as variability of host responses, multiplicity of environmental risks, and differences between human and animal responses could be transformed from major impediments at present to realistic objects for future study.     

人群锰接触水平的早期生物标志物探索

目的 通过研究工人锰接触水平与生物材料中锰浓度的关系,探索人群接触锰的早期生物标志物.方法 用个体空气采样器采集空气锰,确定时间加权平均暴露剂量,按照不同接触剂量把工人分为对照组、低锰接触组、高锰接触组,测定各组工人发、尿、血清、血细胞及唾液中锰浓度,分析锰接触剂量与生物材料中锰浓度的关系和工龄与生物材料中锰浓度的关系.结果 高锰接触组唾液锰为32.17μg/L,发锰为37.39 mg/kg,尿锰为2.50 μg/L,血清锰为29.61 μg/,血细胞锰为14.49μg/L,均明显高于对照组(分别为10.40μg/L、1.60 mg/kg、0.77μg/L、10.30 μg/L、4.56 μg/L),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).唾液锰水平与工人当前锰接触剂量呈明显的正相关(r=0.649,P<0.01),与工人接触锰的工龄呈明显的正相关(r=0.404,P<0.01),与工人锰总接触量之间呈明显的正相关(r=0.342,P<0.01);唾液锰水平与血细胞锰、血清锰水平呈明显的正相关(r值分别为0.359,0.303,均P<0.01).结论 唾液锰可作为人群锰当前接触和历史接触的生物标志物.     

公共场所工作人员二手烟暴露情况及影响因素分析

目的 了解广州市居民二手烟暴露及影响因素,为有效开展控烟工作提供科学依据。 方法 2016年8 — 12月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取广州市4 063名15～69岁居民进行二手烟暴露情况调查。 结果 广州居民二手烟暴露率为60.1 %（1 928/3 210）,二手烟暴露频率以“1～3天/周”最高,占45.0 %（868/1 928）。不同性别、文化、职业、户籍和年龄组居民二手烟暴露率差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;非二手烟暴露者的烟草危害知晓率/家庭禁烟率均高于二手烟暴露者,但仅“低焦油含量卷烟危害不比一般卷烟小”“某些卷烟对人的健康危害较小是不正确的”及“家庭禁止吸烟”3项差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。非条件logistic回归分析显示,广州户籍及家庭允许吸烟是二手烟暴露的危险因素,对“低焦油卷烟危害不比一般卷烟小”的正确认识、职业为教师和学生是二手烟暴露的保护因素。 结论 广州市居民二手烟暴露率较高,烟草危害知识掌握度相对较低,应逐步完善控烟条例并进一步加强重点人群的控烟知识宣传及教育。     

Female drinking, environment and biological markers

The rate of women involved in alcohol abuse is rapidly increasing and the age of first use tends dramatically to decrease. The health and social costs are high both for the adverse effects on physical and psychological woman health, and for the teratogenic effect of alcohol on fetal development. The review takes in account physiological aspects of alcohol effects according to age and gender differences. Interaction between alcohol habit and environment are discussed together with the risk of co-exposure to alcohol and pollutants. The role of biomarkers may be invaluable for clinical utility, prevention and early intervention above all to avoid prenatal, not reversible damages. The update of alcohol studies shows the greater severity of alcohol damage in female and the need of gender-targeted intervention.     

Contribution of biological markers to occupational health.

Occupational diseases are now being assessed at the cellular and molecular levels; this presents new opportunities for prevention and control [Calleman et al., 1978; Ong et al., 1987; Stejskal et al., 1989; Welch and Cullen, 1988; Garry et al., 1989]. The key to these opportunities is the ability to detect biological markers that reflect exposure, response, and susceptibility. Biological markers are not new, however. Biological markers such as blood lead, urinary phenol levels in benzene exposure, and liver function assays have long been used in occupational and public health research and practice. What distinguishes the current generation of markers from previous markers is a greater degree of analytical sensitivity and the ability to describe events that occur earlier in the progression between exposure and clinical disease. There are now new domains of response that were not known to exist 20 years ago. Accompanying this sensitivity is the increased requirement to consider the numerous factors that can influence the appearance of biological markers. It has been observed that all workers with similar exposures do not develop disease or markers indicative of exposure or disease. Various acquired and hereditary host factors are responsible for this variation in responses. The role of assessing the nature and degree of variation between individuals is of paramount importance. Finally, the use of biological markers in occupational health research and practice also brings new ethical and legal considerations into high profile. This paper presents my personal opinions on how biological markers can contribute to occupational health efforts and the new requirements that they bring to the field. As with any technological change, the more we can anticipate the impact, the better our ability to adjust.     

Genetics and biological markers of risk for alcoholism

Substantial scientific evidence has accumulated that both genetic and environmental factors predispose the development of alcoholism in certain individuals. Evidence has accumulated to indicate that alcoholism is a heterogeneous entity arising from multiple etiologies. The demonstrated role of genetics in increasing the risk of alcoholism has promoted the search for biological markers that could objectively identify individuals who are genetically predisposed to alcoholism. Identifying such markers could allow for early diagnosis, focused prevention, and differential and type-specific treatment of alcoholism. Promising markers have been provided by research in electrophysiology, endocrinology, and biochemistry. Recent advances in molecular genetics are offering prospects for direct analysis of the human genome to determine elements that provide predisposition to, and protection from, alcoholism. Recent advances in research and new knowledge gained by the alcoholism treatment community and the lay public are helping to diminish the societal damage caused by alcohol abuse and alcoholism and to change prevailing attitudes about them.     

胃癌早期诊断的相关分子生物学指标

探讨了增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）、p53、端粒酶、ras蛋白等作为胃癌早期诊断分子生物学指标的可能性。通过对献的分析。发现PCNA、p53是胃癌早期诊断应当首先考虑的分子生物学指标。它们可用简单的免疫组化方法方便地测得,端粒酶也是一个很好的指标。只是由于其检测方法不够方便,价格较贵,故可行性不如前两个指标。此外,ras也可以考虑作为胃癌早期诊断的辅助指标。     

Pooled analysis of epidemiological studies involving biological markers.

Pooled analysis is a method frequently used in epidemiology when individual studies are too small to allow any definite conclusion. Several guidelines have been published on pooling of classical epidemiological studies, but no information is available on pooling of studies involving biological markers. We have used information of two recently started pooled analyses, one on cytogenetic damage, the other on genetic susceptibility to environmental carcinogens, in order to make inferences on the applicability of a pooled analysis to molecular epidemiological studies. Issues in pooling data from epidemiological studies involving molecular markers are described here, including the choice of study design, planning and conducting of the study, data request, collection and storage, and costs. Some practical indications on the conduct of a pooled analysis in molecular epidemiology is given.     

Study of some biological markers of stress in nail industry

The aim of this study was to investigate the different markers of stress in nail industry. Blood and urine biological samples were collected from 30 exposed workers and 30 age and sex matched control subjects from the administrative department of the same factory. The total antioxidant activity (Dmax) and lipid peroxidation was analyzed in blood. The level of catecholamines in the urine was also determined The median level of Dmaxwas significantly lower in the exposed workers (87.12) compared with that of the control (115.85) (p < 0.01). Also the level of lipid peroxidation was significantly lower in the exposed workers (44.5) compared with that of the control (74.0) (p < 0.01). The median level of urinary catecholamines was significantly higher in the exposed workers (295) compared with that of controls (37.5). Attention should be paid to the necessity of the application of the different biological markers of stress in different sectors of industry especially in nail industry.     

Biochemical and biological markers: implications for epidemiologic studies

Given that a major task for environmental epidemiology is to provide clear evidence of immediate and long-term health risks so that appropriate preventive measures can be taken, biochemical and biological markers of potentially hazardous environmental exposures are of great interest and possibly of great value. Such markers fall into two discrete classes: (1) those quantitatively related to the exposure itself, reflecting the magnitude of such exposures or the body burden of the pollutants, and (2) those markers that reflect the biological response to such exposures. In this paper we discuss the use of biochemical and biological markers in epidemiologic studies. Methods are presented for the use of markers to decrease misclassification errors in exposure studies. Relationships are derived that give minimum required values for laboratory sensitivity and specificity. Markers are also discussed in terms of some of the inherent problems in their use (e.g., ethical and legal considerations) and the likelihood of acceptance by participants in epidemiologic studies, researchers, regulators, and health professionals.