经胼胝体前部入路的侧脑室和第三脑室显微和内镜解剖研究

目的探讨经胼胝体前部入路侧脑室和第三脑室显微镜和内镜解剖特点,为微创切除侧脑室和第三脑室病变减少并发症、提高手术效果提供解剖学依据。方法应用5具新鲜尸头模拟经胼胝体前部入路,在显微镜及神经内镜下观察侧脑室及第三脑室的重要解剖标志及其毗邻关系,测量重要解剖标志的间距。结果显微镜下侧脑室内可观察到脉络丛、隔静脉、丘纹静脉、室间孔、透明隔,内镜可进一步观察部分额角、枕角及三角区;神经内镜下第三脑室底壁从前向后依次可见视交叉、漏斗隐窝、灰结节、乳头体和中脑导水管。结论经胼胝体前部入路手术,通过颅内自然裂隙进入,直视下操作,解剖标志清楚;神经内镜辅助显微镜,可进一步扩大视野,减少对周围重要结构损伤;熟悉该入路的解剖标志及相关解剖有助于提高手术效果。     

第三脑室底造瘘术的神经内镜解剖学研究

目的 研究侧脑室、第三脑室及脚间池的神经内镜下解剖特点，为临床神经内镜下经皮质一侧脑室前入路行第三脑室底造瘘术提供应用解剖基础。方法 采用15具成人尸头模拟经皮质一侧脑室入路行第三脑室底造瘘术，术中观察侧脑室、第三脑室及脚间池的重要解剖结构特点和毗邻关系，测量重要结构间距。结果 侧脑室内可清晰地观察到全部的额角、体部和部分枕角。第三脑室底壁从前向后依次可见：视交叉、漏斗隐窝、灰结节、乳头体、中脑导水管。脚间池呈倒置的圆锥形，脚间池顶部有liliequist膜间脑叶封闭。脚间池的后壁基底沟上见基底动脉上行．基底动脉末端的主要分支有大脑后动脉和小脑上动脉；脚间池两侧壁可见后交通动脉和动眼神经．两者近似平行走向颅中窝。结论 脑室及脚间池的天然解剖间隙为第三脑室底造瘘术提供了足够的操作空间，熟悉手术入路的解剖定位标志及相关解剖数据可确保手术操作的准确性和安全性。     

脑内窥镜下手术清除铸型脑室内出血

脑室出血脑室铸型是脑出血的常见类型，既往多采取脑室外引流加尿激酶冲洗或采川经侧脑室额角、三角区或枕角入路清除血肿。但我们发现穿刺引流患者死亡率高、病程长、疗效差，而外科开颅手术的致残率高，因此脑室出血尤其恼室铸型在临床治疗上是比较具有挑战性的一类脑室出血。神经内窥镜手术是近年发展起来的微侵袭神经外科重要领域，我们尝试采用神经内窥镜于术治疗16名重型脑室出血脑室铸型患者，取得了良好效果。     

神经内镜脑室应用解剖学研究与临床应用

目的研究脑室的神经内镜解剖学特点,探讨其临床应用价值.方法在15例尸颅标本及20例脑积水患者术中用神经内镜观察侧脑室、第三脑室的解剖结构.采用神经内镜治疗脑积水20例,其中行ETV 16例,1例行透明隔造瘘术,3例行脑室-腹腔分流术,并分析其临床和影像学结果.结果脉络丛、室间孔、乳头体及导水管开口等是内镜经额角人路观察侧脑室和第三脑室的重要＂路标＂.20例脑积水患者治疗后,19例症状好转,影像学复查脑室缩小的14例;1例脑转移瘤引起的脑积水患者,术后3月死亡.并发脑膜炎1例,发热2例,1例切口愈合不良,4例ETV术后并发头皮下少量积聚液,出血2例.结论经额角入路观察范围最大,是脑室内神经内镜手术的最常用入路.对于多种原因引起的梗阻性脑积水患者ETV有很好的效果.慎重选择造瘘部位和器械对于避免出血等严重并发症有重要意义.     

经后颞下人路暴露岩斜区及小脑桥脑角的神经内镜解剖学研究

目的研究经后颞下入路一经天幕暴露岩斜区及小脑桥脑角的神经内镜下血管神经解剖结构，探索岩斜区及小脑桥脑角可利用的间隙。方法成年新鲜尸头9例（18侧），交替使用0°、30°角神经内镜经后颞下入路一经小脑幕探查岩斜区及小脑桥脑角，并用摄像系统对相关的解剖结构及解剖标志纪录。结果小脑桥脑角在神经内镜下分为结构清晰的上、中、下三个间隙，三个间隙均有充分的操作空间，分别经三个间隙推进神经内镜后岩斜区得以暴露。结论神经内镜下经后颞下入路-经天幕能充分的暴露岩斜区、小脑桥脑角及周边解剖结构。     

侧脑室额角加枕角穿刺联合脑脊液置换治疗重型脑室出血31例临床报道

目的 探讨重型脑室出血行侧脑室额角加枕角穿刺引流联合脑脊液置换的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析31例重型脑室出血患者经侧脑室额角加枕角穿刺引流联合腑脊液置换的治疗经验.结果 显效16例,好转10例,有效率83.87%.结论 重型脑室出血患者经侧脑室额角加枕角穿刺引流联合脑脊液置换治疗效果良好,能有效改善预后,提高抢救成功率.     

侧脑室颞角显微解剖与相关手术入路的研究

目的 研究侧脑室颞角显微手术解剖.方法 结合侧脑室颞角手术入路对13个成人尸头进行侧脑审颞角及脉络膜裂显微镜下解剖,获取图像资料.结果 打开侧脑室颞角后海马及侧副隆起为主要标志.颞角脑室壁与丘脑、尾状核、胼胝体及穹窿等神经结构相关,进一步打开颞角脉络膜裂可暴露环池和大脑脚池内的脉络膜前动脉及脉络膜后外侧动脉.结论 组成颢角的神经结构重要,暴露颢角时应注意保护神经功能区,打开脉络膜裂可治疗累及颢叶内侧及环池的病变.     

侧脑室后角入路脉络丛神经内镜手术的相关解剖学研究

目的 通过解剖学研究为神经内镜下侧脑室脉络丛手术提供解剖学依据.方法 观察8例(16侧)固定成人尸头标本上的脉络丛形态及其供血动脉的走形,测量各部位脉络丛的宽度、到中线的距离及其供血动脉的管径,并确定侧脑室后角入路脉络丛手术的最佳穿刺点.结果 侧脑室内的大部分脉络丛集中在三角部和颞角;其脉络点、颞凸点和三角部至中线距离分别是(25.6±2.0)mm,(32.2±1.1)mm,(29.1±1.3)mm;脉络丛颞部、球部、体部宽度不同[(6.40+0.64)mm、(13.53±1.03)mm、(3.70±0.59)mm],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);侧脑室脉络丛由根部血管供血,突出的脉络球由脉络丛前动脉外侧干供血:神经内镜下双侧脑室后角入路脉络丛手术的最佳穿刺点是枕外粗隆上5 cm、旁开3 cm,穿刺方向指向同侧眼球.结论 神经内镜下双侧脑事后角最佳穿刺点入路行脉络从手术有利于最大面积的烧灼脉络丛组织,手术中可烧灼或离断脉络丛前动脉外侧干以阻断颞部脉络丛外侧份及脉络丛球部供血,不会影响丘脑、室管膜下及颞叶等重要功能区域的血液供应.     

三脑室肿瘤及其显微外科手术

分析了77例三脑室肿瘤部位、治疗方法及结果。为提高直接切除率,进行了三脑室显微解剖,观察了深部静脉、丘纹静脉类型,静脉角与室间孔的关系,测量了5种进入三脑室手术入路的距离。为选择手术入路及扩大室间孔时的参考。介绍经侧脑室前角室间孔入路,切除三脑室内及三脑室前部肿瘤21例显微手术方法,使全切率提高,死亡率下降。     

经后颞下入路暴露岩斜区及小脑桥脑角的神经内镜解剖学研究

目的研究经后颞下入路-经天幕暴露岩斜区及小脑桥脑角的神经内镜下血管神经解剖结构,探索岩斜区及小脑桥脑角可利用的间隙。方法成年新鲜尸头9例(18侧),交替使用0°、30°角神经内镜经后颞下入路-经小脑幕探查岩斜区及小脑桥脑角,并用摄像系统对相关的解剖结构及解剖标志纪录。结果小脑桥脑角在神经内镜下分为结构清晰的上、中、下三个间隙,三个间隙均有充分的操作空间,分别经三个间隙推进神经内镜后岩斜区得以暴露。结论神经内镜下经后颞下入路-经天幕能充分的暴露岩斜区、小脑桥脑角及周边解剖结构。     

Three-dimensional mapping of the lateral ventricles in autism

In this study, a computational mapping technique was used to examine the three-dimensional profile of the lateral ventricles in autism. T1-weighted three-dimensional magnetic resonance images of the brain were acquired from 20 males with autism (age: 10.1+/-3.5 years) and 22 male control subjects (age: 10.7+/-2.5 years). The lateral ventricles were delineated manually and ventricular volumes were compared between the two groups. Ventricular traces were also converted into statistical three-dimensional maps, based on anatomical surface meshes. These maps were used to visualize regional morphological differences in the thickness of the lateral ventricles between patients and controls. Although ventricular volumes measured using traditional methods did not differ significantly between groups, statistical surface maps revealed subtle, highly localized reductions in ventricular size in patients with autism in the left frontal and occipital horns. These localized reductions in the lateral ventricles may result from exaggerated brain growth early in life.     

Endoscopic evacuation of hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage guided by the 3D reconstructed CT scan: A preliminary report

Objective

The minimally invasive procedure is the trend in nowadays neurosurgical techniques. We designed a new targeting method using three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed CT images combining neuroendoscope for hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage (HPH).

Methods

Eleven consecutive unconscious patients with a significant volume of HPH were treated with neuroendoscope via a selected frontal or temporal trephination. All the CT images were operated and reconstructed by an independent neuroradiologist for measuring the selected frontal or temporal entry point, depth of penetrating path, and surgical trajectory on the basis of the plane formed by bilateral orbitomeatal lines. The nasion and the external auditory meatus were the reference points for the selected frontal and temporal trephinations respectively. All the surgical trajectories were designed as perpendicular to the underground for minimizing the possibility of human errors after aseptic surgical draping. The intra-operatively sonography was routinely used after trephination for confirmation of the planned surgical path and early detection of possible enlarged hematoma.

Results

Ten of the 11 patients regained consciousness postoperatively without complications. All the patients had an accurate trajectory of penetrating path and the average hematoma evacuation rate was 82% (83% for frontal approach and 81% for temporal approach).

Conclusion

Use of the 3D reconstructed CT imaging technique combining neuroendoscope may add as a minimally invasive, economic, and timesaving way for targeting HPH. It also serves as a reliable and useful alternative for hospitals without stereotactic or navigating modalities. However, further prospective studies were needed to clarify its efficacy and safety compared to conventional surgeries.     

侧脑室内肿瘤显微手术治疗(附65例报告)

目的 总结侧脑室内肿瘤显微手术治疗的方法特点和所遇到的问题。方法 回顾分析近7年收治的65例侧脑室内肿瘤的病变特征、显微手术方法与问题、辅助治疗和结果等。结果 全切除52例，次全切除9例，部分切除4例。术后手术相关并发症：视野缺损8例、丘脑与基底节区水肿5例、暂时性不全偏瘫3例、失联系症状2例、平衡障碍2例、注意力缺损1例、暂时语言障碍1例。术后非手术入路相关并发症：脑积水11例，脑室内血肿6例，短暂意识障碍6例，脑室内感染3例，硬膜下血肿2例。手术死亡2例，长期昏迷1例。辅助治疗：放疗12例、化疗10例，放疗 化疗14例。随访6个月～8年，失访7例。术后6个月采用Kamofsky评分，80～90分42例，60～70分13例，40～50分2例，10～20分1例。结论 侧脑室内肿瘤以室管膜瘤、脑膜瘤、中枢神经细胞瘤、脉络丛乳头状瘤和星形细胞瘤多见，但各有好发的具体部位。多数起源位于脑室内，也可为脑室周围的结构向脑室突入所致。生长缓慢且发现时体积较大。显微手术为主要治疗方法，各手术入路都有手术难点和内在的并发症，其选择应根据病变的特征做决定。手术中争取全切，但不可强行全切，残留部分可接受放疗和／或化疗。     

双侧脑室内巨大中枢神经细胞瘤的临床治疗策略(附6例报告)

目的 分析双侧脑室内巨大中枢神经细胞瘤的影像学特征和临床治疗经过。探讨其治疗策略。方法 报告6例双侧脑室内巨大中枢神经细胞瘤的临床治疗情况，并复习相关献。结果 男性3例，女性3例，年龄为2l~35岁。均因头痛数月就诊。MRI特征：肿瘤直径≥4．5cm，位于双侧脑室体部前2/3，多以一侧为主；与双侧脑室体各壁接触，阻塞室间孔伴梗阻性脑积水；Tl、T2像为大体上等信号或略高信号，有钙化和囊变所致的散在异常信号区；增强明显，边界尚清楚：在肿瘤周边有较多的血管流空影，肿瘤中间部分有血管流空影从基底节和丘脑延伸而来。手术治疗：5例从额中回经皮质一侧脑室前角入路，l例经纵裂胼胝体入路；2例全切除，其中l例因丘脑和基底节区水肿和出血死亡，另l例因同样原因致严重意识障碍17d；4例大部分切除。术后均有3-7d的轻度意识障碍。其它治疗：5例存活患接受放疗和／或化疗。随访l-4年，4例部分切除患的残存肿瘤迅速缩小至消失。结论 巨大中枢神经细胞瘤与丘脑和基底节区常有明显粘连，常有血供来自于穿动脉，且肿瘤周围有重要的深部静脉，因此不宜手术全切除，以免伤及重要结构致死致残。手术的目的是次全切除肿瘤，重建和保持脑室系统畅通，不损害脑室周围神经和血管结构。残存肿瘤对放疗和／或化疗有效。     

Age-related changes of VIP, NPY and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of aged rats

Recent studies have explored certain changes with aging of neurons containing neuropeptides. The degree of loss of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and somatostatin-containing neurons in the aged CNS has not yet been established with certainty however, and available data is often contradictory. Changes with aging of VIP- and NPY-containing neurons were demonstrated by immunocytochemistry in this study. A major loss of VIP-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in aged rat brain was observed in the frontal cortex area 3, parietal cortex area 1, hindlimb area, temporal cortex area 1 and 2, monocular part of occipital cortex area 1, occipital cortex area 2, and retrosplenial cortex. VIP-ir cells in the frontal cortex areas 1 and 2, parietal cortex area 2, forelimb area, binocular part of the occipital cortex area 1, and the dentate gyrus were moderately decreased. The axis of VIP neurons in the aged group showed an irregular orientation tendency, especially in layers II and III. Major loss of NPY-ir neurons in aged rat brain were observed in the retrosplenial cortex, frontal cortex areas 1 and 2, parietal cortex areas 1 and 2, occipital cortex areas 1 and 2, the temporal cortex, hippocampus proper and cingulate cortex. Loss of NPY-ir neurons was observed mostly in layers V and VI. The number and length of dendritic branches also appeared to have decreased and shortened in the aged group. There were only slight decreases of somatostatin-ir cell numbers in the parietal and occipital cortex of the aged group. These results indicate the involvement of VIP and NPY-ir neurons in the aging process of cerebral cortex, and provide the morphological evidence for the decreased number of VIP and NPY neurons by immunocytochemistry in each area of cerebral cortex of aged rats. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.     

Surgical approaches to meningiomas of the lateral ventricles

Background

Intraventricular meningiomas account for 0.5–3% of all intracranial meningiomas. The majority occur in the atrium of the lateral ventricle. Surgical experience with intraventricular meningiomas is rare in the literature, and several surgical approaches exist.

Methods

Between 1987 and 2007, 13 patients underwent resection of intraventricular meningiomas. All patients had tumors of the lateral ventricles. These patients were retrospectively identified and their records reviewed.

Results

Eleven tumors were found in the atrium, one in the frontal horn, and one in the body of the lateral ventricle. In 9 of 13 cases, the tumor occurred in the left lateral ventricle. Patients commonly presented with headache and cognitive difficulties. A visual field deficit was noted preoperatively in one patient. Four patients underwent preoperative angiography, but no patients underwent embolization. Gross total resection was achieved in all cases: 6 via a middle temporal gyrus approach, 5 via a superior parietal lobule approach, and 2 via a transcallosal approach. Image-guided stereotaxis was used in 6 cases. Pathology was benign in 12 of 13 cases; atypical features were identified in one case. There was no operative mortality, and no patients showed evidence of recurrence. Postoperatively, 3 patients developed new cognitive-linguistic deficits that subsequently resolved. One of these patients developed a new visual field deficit after surgery.

Conclusions

Several approaches are available for the surgical treatment of intraventricular meningiomas. Tumor location, extension, and laterality drive the selection algorithm for these approaches. Preoperative angiography is rarely useful, and surgical cure is the rule.     

Rapidly growing giant suprasellar tumor in a high-risk child: treatment strategy and role of neuroendoscopic surgery in slit-like ventricles

RATIONALE: Suprasellar tumors are common in the pediatric population and exhibit a wide range of pathological appearance and behavior. Although rare, pure suprasellar germinomas carry worse prognosis than other locations. METHODS: We present a case of a 10-year-old girl treated with therapeutic anticoagulation for previous cardiac valvular replacement, who presented with rapidly growing giant (>4 cm) suprasellar germinoma. Neoadjuvant chemotheraphy was effective and the dilated ventricles became slit-like. The fine free-hand maneuver using a fine rigid-rod neuroendoscope. "Oi-Samii Handy Pro" made it possible to obtain the tissue diagnosis. RESULTS: Complete remission was achieved using neoadjuvant chemotherapy, minimally invasive neuroendoscopic surgery, then followed by specific chemoradiotherapy. CONCLUSION: The role of neuroendoscopic procedure, performed in a difficult situation with normalized size of the ventricles, was emphasized.     

Ventricular catheter placement accuracy in non-stereotactic shunt surgery for hydrocephalus

We aimed to compare the accuracy of different shunt catheter approaches to the lateral ventricle in adults with hydrocephalus. We conducted a retrospective review of 138 consecutive patients with hydrocephalus undergoing freehand initial shunt surgery. Of these, 79 had a post-operative brain scan and therefore the results were available for analysis. Scans were graded for successful catheter tip placement in the ventricular target zones: the frontal horn for frontal and occipital approaches, and the atrium for the parietal approach. Ventricular target zones were successfully catheterized in 85% of parietal and 64% of frontal shunts (this difference is not statistically significant). In contrast, only 42% of occipital shunts were correctly placed (p < 0.01). Therefore, parietal and frontal catheters are more likely to be placed successfully in the target ventricle. This may be due to the smaller range of successful trajectories open to the occipital approach. Solutions to this problem may include using the theoretically favourable frontal approach for freehand surgery or using stereotactic guidance.