血管性痴呆的临床诊断和治疗

近年来，血管性痴呆（VaO）的定义和临床诊断标准逐渐建立。已有2个很好的工具可用于VaD的诊断——NINDS—AIREN和ADDTC。尽管NINDS—AIREN和NINCDS—ADRDA标准可用来区分单纯性VaD和单纯性Alzheimer病，但VaD与Alzheimer病的鉴别以及混合性痴呆的诊断仍然具有一定的挑战性。一系列研究已证实乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂治疗VaD的作用，它不但能改善认知功能，而且还对脑功能恢复也有一定的益处。     

血管性痴呆的诊断、危险因素和治疗

虽然现代神经影像学技术和标准化临床评价的应用促进了对脑血管病的识别,但血管性痴呆(VaD)的临床诊断仍然是个难题。神经病理学研究发现,现有的VaD临床标准的特异性高但敏感性低,这表明足够严重到引起认知障碍的脑血管病常常伴有其他疾病过程[如Alzheimer病(AD)]。诊断VaD的关键因素集中在痴呆的定义和血管性疾病的确定这2个问题上。现行的VaD临床标准对痴呆的定义不同,主要以AD样临床表现和伴有或不伴有临床卒中病史的严重血管性疾病为基础。因此,需要一个更准确的VaD定义。这对于更好地理解VaD的危险因素,确定适合进行药物试验的均质性群体都极为重要。     

血管性痴呆的神经保护

在发达国家,血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)是Alzheimer病(Alzheimer disease,AD)之后第二种最常见的痴呆形式以及心理和躯体残疾的主要原因之一。因此,确认和实施防止VaD进展或促进VaD改善的策略是医疗保健的首要目标。目前,人们把VaD视为一组临床-病理综合征而不是一种疾     

血管性痴呆与脑梗死病灶的关系

血管性痴呆（VaD）是老年期痴呆的重要原因，仅次于Alzheimer病。本研究通过分析VaD发生与脑梗死病灶的特点，以探讨二者的关系，提高VaD的诊治水平。     

血管性痴呆的诊断和相关问题

随着人口老龄化和平均寿命延长,老年性痴呆发病率迅速攀升。在老年性痴呆中阿尔茨海默病(AD)占55%,血管性痴呆(VaD)占20%,路易痴呆占15%,额颞叶痴呆占5%,其他痴呆占5%。国内外已发布了很多诊断VaD的标准。但众多医师在临床诊断VaD时,仍遇到不少问题。1VaD诊断标准目前对VaD的界     

卒中相关痴呆危险因素的状况

在世界某些卒中高发地区,血管性痴呆(VaD)的发生率可能高于Alzheimer,病(AD)。虽然研究进展对AD的防治已有新的认识,但是,VaD可能是目前老年人痴呆中唯一可以预防的痴呆。作者就卒中相关痴呆的危险因素状况加以探讨。 VaD这一术语比多发性梗死性痴呆有更为广泛的含义,意指由脑血管疾病引起的任何痴呆。这一术语常被用于描述血栓栓塞性脑血管病引起的痴呆,但不只限于这种类型的卒中。鉴于卒中和痴呆随年龄的增长呈指数增加,VaD与退行性痴呆可能会出现重叠;     

β淀粉样蛋白与血脑屏障的功能障碍在阿尔茨海默病发病中的关系分析

<正>痴呆是一个临床综合征,严重影响日常生活,最常见的痴呆类型是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimers disease,AD)和血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)。AD的典型临床特征是以记忆功能障碍为主逐渐进展的认知功能下降,病理改变以异常的淀粉样蛋白在脑内沉积为主。VaD认知功能损害病程则呈阶段性变化,其病理特征是脑血管病变。传统上大家习惯会把脑血管病和VaD联系起来,但AD患者脑内大都伴     

老年晚发性痴呆与脑血流受损有关

过去认为,血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)和Alzheimer病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是痴呆的2种不同病理生理学类型,VaD由缺血所致,而AD则由老年斑和神经原纤维缠结所致。然而,越来越多的证据表明缺血在AD中也起着重要的作用。据最近出版的Radiology报道,老年晚发性痴呆至少部分是器质性脑损伤和脑血流减少所致。为了探讨缺血在非血管性痴呆中的作用,荷兰莱顿大学医学院放射科的Spilt等进行了一项评价脑容积、器质性脑损伤和脑血流的MRI研究。测试组包括17例晚发性痴呆患者(年龄中位数为83岁),诊断均符合《精神疾病诊断和统计手册…     

老年血管性认知功能损害及其预防

1 概述与概念 世界各地流行病学资料显示,65岁以上者老年痴呆患病率约为8%.根据现行诊断标准和分类方法,阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是最常见的痴呆类型,占所有病例的1/2～2/3,其次为血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD),约占总痴呆病例的30%,VaD旧称"脑动脉硬化性痴呆"或"多发脑梗死性痴呆",诊断VaD的现行标准要求患者有记忆力下降和其他认知功能损害,其严重程度足以符合痴呆的标准,同时有脑血管疾病的临床或颅脑影像学证据,并且脑血管疾病可能是认知功能损害的原因.     

老年晚发性痴呆与脑血流受损有关

过去认为，血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VaD）和Alzheimer病（Alzheimert＇s disease，AD）是痴呆的2种不同病理生理学类型，VaD由缺血所致，而AD则由老年斑和神经原纤维缠结所致。然而，越来越多的证据表明缺血在AD中也起着重要的作用。据最近出版的Radiology报道，老年晚发性痴呆至少部分是器质性脑损伤和脑血流减少所致。     

Coexisting cerebral infarction in Alzheimer's disease is associated with fast dementia progression: applying the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences Neuroimaging Criteria in Alzheimer's Disease with Concomitant Cerebral Infarction

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and coexisting cerebral infarction (CI) that satisfy the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) neuroimaging criteria for vascular dementia (VaD) progress faster than those who do not satisfy the neuroimaging criteria. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Multidisciplinary memory clinic in a tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty consecutive patients with AD, with or without CI, followed up regularly for more than 1 year. MEASUREMENTS: The patients were classified according to the distribution and severity of CI as defined according to the NINDS-AIREN neuroimaging criteria into those with AD and no CI (AD-N), those with AD and CI not fulfilling neuroimaging criteria (AD-I), and those with AD and CI fulfilling neuroimaging criteria (AD-V), and their differences in dementia progression were tested. The loss of independence, indicated by institution admission or a clinical dementia rating (CDR) score of 3, was defined as the endpoint for a poor outcome. RESULTS: The mean age was 75.8, and 68.5% were women. The initial Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 15.3+/-0.4, and the average duration of follow up was 30.4 months. Fifty-four patients had reached study endpoint at the time of analysis. AD-V (hazard ratio (HR)=3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2-8.2), use of psychotropic drugs (HR=2.7, 95% CI=1.1-6.4), and initial MMSE score (HR=0.9, 95% CI=0.8-1.0) were independent predictors of poor outcome in the Cox regression model. CONCLUSION: In AD, co-occurrence of CI with distribution and severity as defined in the NINDS-AIREN neuroimaging criteria for VaD is associated with faster dementia progression.     

上海部分城乡地区血管性痴呆的发病率及危险因素研究

目的　调查上海部分城乡地区血管性痴呆 (VaD)的发病率及相关危险因素。方法　在上海地区基线患病率调查的基础上选择 5个居委会和 4个村委会的居民作为研究对象。通过简易精神状态量表 (MMSE) ,根据文化程度划分的分界值进行初筛 ,在分界值以下的对象和正常人群中随机选择 4 %进入细查。细查项目有体格检查、详细病史记录以及成套的神经心理学测试 ,包括 :Pfeffer功能活动、Fuld物体记忆、快速物体回忆、韦氏儿童智力量表积木测验和韦氏成人智力量表数字广度、日常生活功能量表 (ADL)、HachisKi缺血量表、汉密顿抑郁量表 (HAMD)等。以精神障碍诊断和统计手册作为痴呆的诊断标准。 6个月后对所有进入细查的对象进行复查 ,根据美国神经病学、语言障碍和卒中 老年性痴呆和相关疾病学会的标准诊断阿尔茨海默病 (AD) ;根据美国国立神经病卒中研究所和瑞士神经科学研究国际协会的标准诊断VaD。结果　在实际完成初筛的 35 4 5例中 ,确诊新发痴呆病例 112例 ,其中VaD 2 8例 ,发病率是 2 .5 4 3 千人年 (标化率为 2 .4 0 3 千人年 )。VaD与年龄呈正相关 ,其OR =1.12 7(95 %CI :1.0 76～ 1.179,P =0 .0 0 0 ) ,与教育呈负相关 ,其OR =0 .6 5 4 (95 %CI:0 .4 5 1～ 0 .94 3,P =0 .0 2 3)。结论　上海部分城乡地区     

Quantitative electroencephalography, with serial subtraction and odour detection in the differentiation of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

The diagnosis of dementia can be difficult, yet diagnostic accuracy has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. Nevertheless, conventional electroencephalography (EEG) has always played a secondary role in dementia investigation. More recently quantitative EEG (qEEG) has allowed more detailed and objective analysis of EEG data, but there is still no clearly defined clinical role for qEEG. We have used relative power qEEG measures made during resting and active brain conditions (serial subtraction and odour detection tasks) to differentiate between demented and non-demented subjects, and between subjects with different forms of dementia. Electroencephalograms were obtained from 15 subjects with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD), 16 with a clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia (VaD), and 16 non-demented control subjects. Discriminate function analyses were used to differentiate groups according to task, electrode site, and frequency bandwidth. Correct classification, as demented or non-demented, was made for 93% of cases using qEEG comparisons of resting states with eyes closed and eyes opened. Almost all subjects with AD and VaD were correctly classified with qEEG recorded during odour detection (95%). qEEG for serial subtraction correctly classified AD and VaD in 91% of the dementia group. These results have important implications for future qEEG research, and may be pertinent to the precision of diagnosis in patients with dementia.     

Vascular Dementia: Distinguishing Characteristics, Treatment, and Prevention

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second-most-common cause of dementia in the elderly, after Alzheimer's disease (AD). VaD is defined as loss of cognitive function resulting from ischemic, hypoperfusive, or hemorrhagic brain lesions due to cerebrovascular disease or cardiovascular pathology. Diagnosis requires the following criteria: cognitive loss, often predominantly subcortical; vascular brain lesions demonstrated by imaging; a temporal link between stroke and dementia; and exclusion of other causes of dementia. Poststroke VaD may be caused by large-vessel disease with multiple strokes (multiinfarct dementia) or by a single stroke (strategic stroke VaD). A common form is subcortical ischemic VaD caused by small-vessel occlusions with multiple lacunas and by hypoperfusive lesions resulting from stenosis of medullary arterioles, as in Binswanger's disease. Unlike with AD, in VaD, executive dysfunction is commonly seen, but memory impairment is mild or may not even be present. The cholinesterase inhibitors used for AD are also useful in VaD. Prevention strategies should focus on reduction of stroke and cardiovascular disease, with attention to control of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia.     

Comparison of vascular stiffness in vascular dementia, Alzheimer dementia and cognitive impairment

Abstract Defining the vascular component(s) of the clinical diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and vascular dementia (VaD) continues to be problematic. The goal of this study was to determine whether vascular stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV), is altered in VaD, to study the utility of PWV in differentiating VaD from Alzheimer dementia (AD) and the relationship between PWV and cognitive function. A qualitative and quantitative structured analysis of the literature was conducted until September 2010, using a search strategy based on the key words: dementia, vascular dementia, dementia of vascular origin, cognitive function and arterial stiffness or pulse wave velocity. Seventeen studies assessed large vessel vascular stiff by PWV and related it to cognitive function or dementia. Six of these studies compared PWV in 154 persons with VaD, 207 with AD and 197 controls without dementia. Mean PWV was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in VaD compared with controls. Mean PWV was significantly (p = 0.002) higher in VaD compared with AD. Fourteen studies examined the relationship between PWV and cognitive function. The majority of studies (nine of 14) reported a significant correlation between PWV and cognitive function. Four of eight studies that evaluated the relation using univariate analysis reported a significant correlation of PWV with the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) or Hasegawa Dementia Scale, and the correlation with MMSE between studies showed a close agreement of correlation coefficients (0.206 to 0.27). In multivariate analysis, adjusted for a wide range of possible confounding factors, the majority or 80% (eight out of 10) studies comprising a population of 6,034 individuals found a significant inverse relationship between PWV and cognitive function. In summary, vascular stiffness is inversely related to cognitive function. Vascular stiffness is greater in VaD compared with AD, suggesting PWV may be useful in identifying VaD.     

Mixed dementia: a neuropathologic point od view

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most frequent causes of dementia in the elderly. Although AD can be diagnosed with a very high degree of accuracy, the distinction between pure AD, VaD and mixed dementia (MD), where both pathologies co-exist in the same patient, remains a controversial issue and one of the most difficult diagnostic challenges. MD represents a very frequent pathology, especially in the elderly, as underlined by the neuropathological studies. However, the respective importance of degenerative and vascular lesions, their interaction in the genesis of dementia and the mere existence of mixed dementia are still debated. Accurate diagnosis of MD is of crucial significance for epidemiologic purposes and for preventive and therapeutic strategies. Until recently, pharmacological studies have generally focused on pure diseases, either AD or VaD, and have provided little data on the best therapeutic approach to MD. This review will provide an overview of neuropathological aspects of MD in the elderly, which appears to be one of the most common forms of dementia.     

Methodological issues and therapeutic perspectives in vascular dementia: a review

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is now increasingly recognized that not only is VaD a heterogeneous syndrome but also that VaD and AD are not mutually exclusive. Thus, the currently used criteria may no longer be sufficient for an accurate diagnosis of VaD. In addition, although it is widely assumed that risk factors for vascular disease are also risk factors for VaD, the evidence, in most cases, is circumstantial. For the effective prevention of VaD, therefore, large-scale and long-term clinical trials are required to investigate the validity of these putative risk factors. These trials should also include the VaD subtypes in their outcome measurements and to this end a simplified classification system should be adopted. Additional large-scale trials are required to facilitate the secondary prevention and symptomatic treatment of VaD, in particular to investigate the potential application of several nootropic and neuroprotective drugs. In both cases, these clinical trials should aim to move the field of VaD from opinion-based medicine to evidence-based medicine.     

Incidence of dementia,Alzheimer's disease,and vascular dementia in Italy. The ILSA Study

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) in older Italians and evaluate the relationship of age, gender, and education to developing dementia. DESIGN: Cohort incidence study in the context of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. SETTING: Population sample from eight Italian municipalities. PARTICIPANTS: A dementia-free cohort of 3,208 individuals (aged 65-84), individuated after a baseline evaluation performed in 1992 / 93, aimed at detecting prevalent cases. MEASUREMENTS: The dementia-free cohort was reexamined in 1995 to identify incident cases. The Mini-Mental State Examination (cutoff 23 / 24) was employed to screen for dementia. Trained neurologists evaluated the individuals who screened positive. Final diagnoses had to meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised criteria for dementia, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for AD, and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision criteria for VaD. RESULTS: Before the follow-up examination, 382 individuals had died (232 had reliable information). Of the 2,826 survivors, 2,266 completed the study. Overall, 127 new dementia cases were identified. Average incidence rates per 1,000 person-years were 12.47 (95% confidence interval (CI)=10.23-14.72) for dementia, 6.55 (95% CI=4.92-8.17) for AD, and 3.30 (95% CI=2.14-4.45) for VaD. Both AD and VaD showed age-dependent patterns. Education was protective against dementia and AD. Women carried a significantly higher risk of developing AD (hazard ratio=1.67, 95% CI=1.02-2.75), and men of developing VaD (hazard ratio=2.23, 95% CI=1.06-4.71). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of dementia in Italy paralleled that in most industrialized countries. About 150,000 new cases per year are expected. A significant gender effect was evidenced for major dementia subtypes. The burden of VaD, especially in men, offers opportunities for prevention.     

Mixed dementia: epidemiology,diagnosis, and treatment

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most frequent causes of dementia in older people. Although AD can be diagnosed with a considerable degree of accuracy, the distinction between isolated AD, VaD, and mixed dementia (MD), where both pathologies coexist in the same patient, remains a controversial issue and one of the most difficult diagnostic challenges. Although MD represents a very frequent pathology, especially in older people, as reported in neuropathological studies, the respective importance of degenerative and vascular lesions, their interaction in the genesis of dementia, and the mere existence of MD are still debated. Accurate diagnosis of MD is of crucial significance for epidemiological purposes and for preventive and therapeutic strategies. Until recently, pharmacological studies have generally focused on pure disease, AD or VaD, and have provided little information on the best therapeutic approach to MD. This article provides an overview of MD in older people. A retrospective review of the recent literature on prevalence, incidence, course, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of MD was performed. The article also emphasizes the need for further studies, including neuropsychological and functional evaluations, and neuroimaging and clinicopathological correlations to develop a better understanding of MD, which appears to be one of the most common forms of dementia.     

Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta42/phosphorylated tau ratio discriminates between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

BACKGROUND: The differentiation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from vascular dementia (VaD) is hampered by clinical diagnostic criteria with disappointing sensitivity and specificity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of total tau protein (t-tau), amyloid beta42 protein (Abeta42), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) are useful biomarkers to distinguish AD patients from VaD patients. METHODS: We measured CSF levels of p-tau181, Abeta42, and t-tau in 86 patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD or VaD and in 30 control participants. RESULTS: Optimal differentiation between AD and VaD was achieved by using the ratio of the CSF levels of Abeta42 and p-tau181 (Q Abeta42/p-tau) with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values all > or = 85%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support further efforts to prospectively validate the use of Q Abeta42/p-tau as a biomarker to discriminate between AD and VaD.