肺炎支原体肺炎患儿细胞免疫的研究

采用ＡＰＡＡＰ法和ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３５例肺炎支原体肺炎（ＭＰＰ）患儿急性期和恢复期外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群（ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８）及血清可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）进行测定。ＭＰＰ患儿急性期和恢复期ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值均明显低于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）；ＣＤ８明显高于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；ＣＤ３与对照组无显著性差异。在ＭＰＰ的急性期和恢复期，ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。急性期ＣＤ８、ＣＤ４与ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平呈高度正、负相关。提示Ｔ淋巴细胞功能的紊乱及ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平的改变与ＭＰＰ的发生密切相关。     

小儿再生障碍性贫血细胞免疫功能的观察

本文测定２８例小儿再生障碍性贫血外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群以及血清可溶性白细胞介素α受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）。结果显示ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４以及ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８显著低于正常对照（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＣＤ８与对照组比较无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。提示小儿再生障碍性贫血患儿细胞免疫功能紊乱，为临床应用免疫疗法提供论据。     

反复呼吸道感染患儿细胞及体液免疫功能及血清 sIL-2R 水平监测的临床研究

为了解反复呼吸道感染（ＲＲＩ）患儿机体免疫功能状态,探测ＲＲＩ发病机制,用免疫比浊法、双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法及免疫酶法分别测定５１例ＲＲＩ患儿发作期,缓解期及治疗后血清Ｉｇ、ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平及Ｔ细胞亚群,并与非ＲＲＩ的急性道感染组及健康组对比。结果：ＲＲＩ组血清ＩｇＧ水平低于健康组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;治疗后仍低于健康组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ＲＲＩ发作期及对照组急性期Ｔ细胞亚群均低于健康组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平均较健康组明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０５,Ｐ〈０．０１）;ＲＲＩ缓解期该异常仍然继续存在（Ｐ〈０．０５）。且与发作期无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。而对照组恢复期Ｔ细胞亚群及血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与健康组无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：ＲＲＩ患儿存在体液免疫功能异常,但它并不占主导地位。细胞免疫功能的持续异常是ＲＲＩ     

哮喘患儿细胞内IL-4 IFN-γ和血清IgE 测定及临床意义

目的 研究哮喘患儿细胞内ＩＬ－４，ＩＦＮ－γ表达率，ＩＬ－４ ／ＩＦＮ－γ比值及血清ＩｇＥ水平的变化。方法 用流式细胞术分别对哮喘发作期和缓解期患儿进行ＩＬ－４，ＩＦＮ－γ检测，同时用酶联免疫法测定血清中ＩｇＥ含量。结果 细胞内ＩＬ－４表达率，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值在发作期明显高于缓解期。两组比较分别为ｔ＝２．１２，５．１６。Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１。而发作期ＩＮＦ－γ表达率则低于缓解期，两组比较ｔ＝５．１６，Ｐ＜０．０１。经直线相关分析显示发作期哮喘患儿ＩＬ－４，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值与ＩｇＥ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９０６４，０．８９５０，均Ｐ＜０．０１）。而ＩＦＮ－γ与ＩｇＥ呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．７８５，ｔ＝６．０７７，Ｐ＜０．０１＝。结论 ＩＬ－４升高，ＩＦＮ－γ降低，ＩＬ－４／ＩＦＮ－γ比值失衡是哮喘发病的重要因素，ＩｇＥ水平与哮喘的发作密切相关。     

柯萨奇B组病毒感染与小儿哮喘发作关系的探讨

目的　探讨柯萨奇 Ｂ 组病毒（ Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ） 感染与哮喘发作的关系。方法　观察急性发作期哮喘患儿１０２ 例、上呼吸道感染１８２ 例、非感染性疾病患儿７１ 例、健康儿童３０ 例。采用 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ 法测定静脉血 Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ 抗原（ Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ－ Ａｇ）和 Ｉｇ Ｍ 抗体（ Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ－ Ｉｇ Ｍ） 、免疫组化法测定 Ｔ 细胞亚群和［３ Ｈ］ － Ｔｄ Ｒ 标记法测定 Ｎ Ｋ 细胞活性。结果　①哮喘患儿 Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ 感染率为５７８ ％ （５９／１０２） ;②哮喘患儿 Ｃ Ｄ８ 显著升高; Ｃ Ｄ３ 、 Ｃ Ｄ４／ Ｃ Ｄ８ 及 Ｎ Ｋ 细胞活性均明显下降（ Ｐ ＜００１） ;而 Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ 阳性哮喘患儿 Ｎ Ｋ 细胞活性又低于非 Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ 阳性哮喘儿（ Ｐ ＜ ００５） , Ｃ Ｄ８ 明显高于非 Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ 阳性哮喘儿（ Ｐ ＜ ００１） 。结论　 Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ 感染与哮喘发作有密切关系。     

哮喘患儿血浆降。钙素基因相关肽与内皮素水平相关研究

用放免分析法，对１８例婴幼儿哮喘患儿血浆降钙素基因相关肽（ｃａｌｃｉｔｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｅ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ，ＣＧＲＰ）及内皮素（ＥＴ）水平做了同期动态测定。结果哮喘急性发作期血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量较其临床缓解期、轻型肺炎组及正常对照组均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而同期测定血浆ＥＴ含量的变化规律则与之相反，即哮喘急性发作期ＥＴ含量明显高于其临床缓解期、轻型肺炎组和正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），统计学处理显示血浆ＣＧＲＰ与ＥＴ间呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量降低和ＥＴ含量增高对婴幼儿哮喘的发生发展可能有一定的促进作用。还对其可能的作用机理进行了探讨。     

婴幼儿哮喘与T辅助细胞亚群功能失衡研究

目的探讨Ｔ辅助细胞（Ｔｈ）亚群功能失衡在婴幼儿哮喘发病中的作用及其影响因素。方法酶联免疫吸附试验方法，对２０例哮喘患儿和１５例健康对照者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）分别经植物血凝素（ＰＨＡ）和脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）刺激后，培养上清液中各细胞因子含量进行测定。结果经ＰＨＡ刺激后哮喘组Ｔｈ产生ＩＦＮγ、ＩＬ２水平明显低于正常对照组（ｔ′＝４．１５，４．０７；Ｐ均＜０．０１），而ＩＬ４、ＩＬ６、ＩＬ１０水平则显著升高（ｔ′＝４．７３，５．９１，３１８，Ｐ均＜０．０１）。经ＬＰＳ刺激后，哮喘组单核巨噬细胞产生ＩＬ１０水平明显高于正常对照组（ｔ′＝５．６０，Ｐ＜０．０１）而ＩＬ１２水平则降低（ｔ′＝３．３４，Ｐ＜０．０１）。相关分析发现ＩＦＮγ与血清ＩｇＥ水平呈高度负相关（ｒ＝－０．６６４，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＩＬ４、ＩＬ１０与ＩｇＥ呈高度正相关（ｒ＝０．７７６，０７４０；Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论哮喘患儿生成Ｔｈ１类细胞因子不足，Ｔｈ２类因子增多；单核巨噬细胞产生ＩＬ１０增多，ＩＬ１２减少，导致Ｔｈ１／Ｔｈ２功能失衡     

反复呼吸道感染患儿外周血淋巴细胞凋亡及其与免疫功能的相关性探讨

目的探讨反复呼吸道感染（ＲＲＩ）患儿外周血成熟淋巴细胞的免疫功能与细胞凋亡的相关性。方法测定３０例ＲＲＩ患儿的Ｔ细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白及细胞凋亡,并测定２８例正常儿童作为对照。结果ＲＲＩ患儿ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜００１）,ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ亦低于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）,外周血淋巴细胞凋亡极显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００１）。结论ＲＲＩ患儿的整体免疫功能降低,其原因是由于淋巴细胞凋亡过度所致。     

重症肌无力患儿外周血可溶性白细胞介素2受体和T细胞亚群的变化

目的 探讨重症肌无力（ＭＧ）上周血可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）和Ｔ细胞亚群的变化及其临床意义。方法 采用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ,单克隆抗体间接免疫荧光法测定Ｔ细胞亚群。结果 发病组ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ、ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋均显著高于对照组,而ＣＤ８＾＋明显低于对照组（Ｐ分别为〈０．０１、〈０．０５、〈０．０５）。缓解组ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ、ＣＤ８＾＋、ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋趋向正常（     

新生儿窒息外周血T细胞亚群及SIL—2R变化

为探讨新生儿窒息与免疫的关系，我们对２５例窒息新生儿测定了外周血Ｔ细胞亚群，１７例测定了血清可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）。结果新生儿窒息后ＣＤ４＾＋细胞减少（Ｐ〈０．０１）、ＣＤ８＾＋细胞增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值降低（Ｐ〈０．００２５）。而且，重度窒息患儿ＣＤ３＾＋细胞亦明显减少（Ｐ〈０．０５）；血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平显著升高。提示窒息缺氧可导致新生儿免疫功能下降，复苏后     

不同气体条件对腹膜形态影响的实验研究

目的 在体实验研究提示,CO2气腹后,腹膜结构出现改变.本实验研究不同气体条件对腹膜形态的影响,探讨CO2气腹对腹腔肿瘤细胞影响的潜在机制.方法 在体实验:乳猪14头,年龄7～14 d,体重2～4 kg.随机分为两组:CO2气腹组(CO2组,n=7),N2O气腹组(N2O组,n=7).分别行100%CO2及100%N2O气腹,气腹时间为4 h,气腹压力为12 mm Hg.实验结束,采集腹膜标本.离体实验:C57BL/6小鼠10只,年龄4周左右,经0.125%胰酶预处理后,通过腹腔灌洗分离培养小鼠腹膜间皮细胞.离体细胞随机分为三组:对照组(5%CO2组).100%CO2组,8 cm H2O压力100%CO2组.细胞培养至连续单层后,将细胞分别暴露于5%CO2、100%CO2及8cmH2O压力100%CO2中4 h.不同气体条件下腹膜及分离培养的间皮细胞行电镜观察.结果 在体实验腹膜电镜结果提示压力12 mm Hg的100%CO2气腹维持4 h,导致腹膜间皮细胞层破坏,基底膜暴露,仅存细胞骨架;相同条件的100%N2O气腹使间皮细胞间隙增大,部分区域基底膜暴露.离体实验观察100%CO2破坏间皮细胞微绒毛,压力下的100%CO2对问皮细胞影响更加明显.结论 100%CO2使在体腹膜及离体间皮细胞超微结构发生明显改变,因此,小鼠模型中发现的CO2气腹后神经母细胞瘤转移增加可能与间皮细胞屏障削弱有关.

Abstract：

Objective Electron microscopic studies have shown significant morphologic changes of peritoneum after CO2 pneumoperitoneum in vivo. This experiment was to assess the effect of different gas on the morphology of peritoneum and the underlying mechanism of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on tumor cells. Methods In vivo, fourteen piglets (2-4 kilogram in weight, 7-14 days of age) were equally divided into the CO2 group(n = 7) and N2O group(n = 7). 100% CO2 or 100% N2O pneumoperitoneum was infused for 4 hours. Pneumoperitoneum pressure was 12 mmHg. At the end of the experiment, the samples of peritoneum were collected. In vitro, primary murine peritoneal mesothelial cells were36 collected by peritoneal lavage from ten C57BL/6 mice (4 weeks of age) after 0. 125% trypsin pretreatment. Isolated cells were divided into three groups: control group (5% CO2),100% CO2 group and 8 cm H2O pressure &. 100% CO2 group. After monolayers of mesothelial cells were established, cells were cultured with 5%CO2, 100% CO2 and 100% CO2 with 8 cm H2O pressure for 4 hours. Peritoneum and isolated mesothelial cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results Scanning electron microscopy investigation suggested in vivo, 12 mmHg 100% CO2 pneumoperitoneum for 4 hours destroyed mesothelial cells layer of peritoneum, exposing the basal lamina. In contrast, 100% N2O pneumoperitoneum leaded to an increase of intercellular gaps and the basal lamina was exposed in part areas under same pressure and duration. In vitro, 100% CO2 exposition was associated with a significant destruction of the microvilli formation of isolated mesothelial cells. 100% CO2 with 8 cm H2O pressure had more significant impact on mesothelial cells. Conclusions The peritoneal mesothelial cells lose their typical cell morphology when exposed to 100% CO2. Thus, the increased neuroblastoma metastasis observed after CO2 pneumoperitoneum in mice might be related to an impaired mesothelial barrier function.     

Update on Cochrane data on paediatric respiratory diseases

INTRODUCTION: Systematic reviews seek to describe and summarise the best evidence for a given intervention by pooling data from relevant quality clinical trials. The Cochrane Collaboration has fostered the development and dissemination of systematic reviews throughout the world. We have identified and summarised The Cochrane systematic reviews of relevance to the paediatric pulmonologist. METHODS: We performed an expert search of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using a combination of medical subject headings and free text terms relating to paediatric respiratory disease. RESULTS: The search identified 120 systematic reviews with interventions specific to children with some relevance to pulmonary disease, and 327 reviews with interventions relating to pulmonary disease in adults and children. After pragmatic exclusions, 81 reviews were sorted by disease and 59 of these are discussed in detail. CONCLUSIONS: There are now many systematic reviews that make a positive contribution to paediatric pulmonology. The majority of reviews (69%) found evidence that either confirmed or refuted an accepted practice. The remaining reviews concluded that the evidence for an accepted practice is poor and sometimes wholly absent. Clinicians must be aware that lack of evidence of effect is not the same as evidence of lack of effect. Caution must be exercised before applying the conclusions of systematic reviews based upon adult data to childhood disease.     

Passive smoking by asthmatics: its greater effect on boys than on girls and on older than on younger children

In 415 nonsmoking asthmatic children who were seen consecutively, asthma symptoms were more severe if the mother was a smoker than if she was a nonsmoker. This applied to both sexes but was more marked in boys than in girls. There were also other indications that sons were the more severely affected: the forced expiratory volume at 1 second, the forced expiratory flow rate during the middle half of the forced vital capacity, and the provocation concentration of histamine needed to result in a 20% decrease in the forced expiratory volume at 1 second were significantly decreased only in the sons, and lung function test results were significantly less in sons than in daughters of mothers who smoked. When the 415 children were stratified according to age, lung function improved significantly with increasing age in the children of nonsmokers; in children of smokers, by contrast, symptoms and lung function test results became progressively worse. As well, there was a correlation between these indications of asthma severity and the number of years the child had been exposed to the mother's smoke. It appeared that, compared with girls, boys were more sensitive to passive smoking, and that its adverse effect increased with age and with duration of exposure.     

Perspectives on dyslexia

Dyslexia, or a reading disability, occurs when an individual has significant difficulty with speed and accuracy of word decoding. Comprehension of text and spelling are also affected. The diagnosis of dyslexia involves the use of reading tests, but the continuum of reading performance means that any cutoff point is arbitrary. The IQ score does not play a role in the diagnosis of dyslexia. The cognitive difficulties of dyslexics include problems with speech perception, recognizing and manipulating the basic sounds in a language, language memory, and learning the sounds of letters. Dyslexia is a neurological condition with a genetic basis. There are abnormalities in the brains of dyslexic individuals. There are also differences in the electrophysiological and structural characteristics of the brains of dyslexics. Physicians play a particularly important role in recognizing children who are at risk for dyslexia and helping their parents obtain the proper assessment.