肝脏及肺部泡状棘球蚴病CT表现（附11例肝肺病例报告）

目的分析肝脏及肺部泡状棘球蚴病的CT表现，探讨肝脏及肺部泡状棘球蚴痛的CT诊断及鉴别方法分析临床及手术病理证实的9例肝脏及2例肺脏泡状棘球蚴病螺旋CT表现。结果2例肺泡状棘球蚴病CT均表现为实性病灶，边缘清楚，未见钙化影。9例肝脏泡状棘球蚴病中5例表现为中心以实性为主周围伴有多发性小空泡征的圆形、椭圆形阴影，边缘光滑，其中3例囊肿壁有不同程度环形钙化。2例为实性病灶，部分囊壁环形钙化，囊内无小空泡征（小囊肿）。2例CT表现为斑块状低密度影，分界不清，中间散在分布斑点钙化影。结论螺旋CT可以很好显示肝肺泡状包虫病病灶，对肝肺泡状包虫病具有较高的诊断率。     

肝包虫病的螺旋CT诊断

目的:提高对肝包虫病的螺旋CT表现的认识。方法:回顾分析经本院螺旋CT检查及手术病理证实的21例肝包虫病螺旋CT表现。结果:囊型包虫病18例,其中单纯囊肿8例,表现为圆形水样密度区。多子囊型10例,表现为在一个大囊内可见数量不等的更低密度小圆形低密度区,边界清晰。钙化14例,为囊壁壳状钙化囊内不定形条片状钙化。包虫囊肿合并感染4例,表现为囊壁增厚,强化明显。泡型包虫病3例,呈不规则及不均匀密度影,所有病灶内均有钙化灶,其中1例病灶边缘有晕样改变区。所有病例CT均诊断正确。结论:螺旋CT可以很好显示肝包虫病病灶,对肝包虫病具有较高的诊断率。     

肾包虫囊肿的CT诊断(附3例报告)

本文报告经手术证实的3例肾包虫囊肿的CT表现。其特征性表现是:(1)卵圆形或圆形水样密度囊肿。(2)母囊内有子囊。(3)囊膜剥离征象。(4)囊壁钙化。并讨论了本病的破裂感染和与先天性肾囊肿的鉴别诊断。     

Clinical Experience in Treating Intracranial Hydatid Cysts: Report of 97 Cases

Background: Echinococcosis is still endemic in many countries, including China, especially in its north-west part, but the world literature which describes the Chinese experience in treating the cerebral hydatid cyst is still lacking. In this report, clinical manifestations, radiological features and surgical outcomes of 97 patients with intracranial hydatid cysts were analyzed and the transmission pattern, preoperative diagnosis, treatment methods and long-term outcome were discussed. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features ( neurological symptoms and signs), radiological manifestations( X-ray, CT, MRI) and surgical outcome of 97 patients with intracranial hydatid cysts whom received surgical treatment at the neurosurgical department of Xinjiang Medical University between the year 1985 to 2010.We have followed up the patients via sending questionnaire or telephone contact. Clinical outcome was evaluated by using Karnofsky Performance Scale Index (KPSI). Results: Headache and vomiting were the most common initial symptoms in our patients. Neurological deficits caused by the mass effect of the cysts were seen in 82 cases, which include hemiparesis, visual deficit, diplopia and aphasia. Epilepsy was occurred in five patients with hemispheric hydatid cysts. On X-Ray, significant bone erosion was seen in only two cases with epidural hydatid cysts. Round shaped and thin walled homogeneous low-density cystic lesion without surrounding edema and enhancement were the main findings on CT in 95 patients with intraparenchymal hydatid cysts, while two cases with epidural hydatid cysts were manifested as a heterodensity lesions. On MRI, Hydatid cyst was manifested as a round low signal lesion in T1-Weighted images and high signal lesion in T2-weighted images, without enhancement after contrast media injection, while the two cases with epidural cysts were manifested as mixed signal masses. Surgical removal of cyst was performed in all cases. Total removal was achieved in 93 cases without rupturing the cyst wall. Only two cysts ruptured during the dissection, resulted in two surgery related mortality. There was no other additional neurological deficit caused directly by surgery. Patient outcome was 97.2% with Karnofsky Performance Scale score 80 to 90. Conclusion: Intracranial hydatid cyst is still a main cause of increased intracranial pressure among the patients in endemic areas. CT and MRI have been proven to be the best diagnostic modality for diagnosing intracranial hydatid cyst. Surgery is the treatment of choice for intracranial hydatid cyst whenever possible.     

Echinococcosis (Hydatid Disease): Review and Report of a Case of Secondary Echinococcosis

Echinococcosis is a disease caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus. The adult worm lives parasitically in the intestine of the definitive host, the dog, wolf and other wild carnivores. The ova, which are passed in the feces, are ingested by grazing animals. The intestinal juices free the ovum from its cuticle and, having entered a capillary, it is carried by the blood stream to the liver or lung, where it develops into a hydatid cyst. Man becomes infected by ingesting contaminated vegetables or drinking contaminated water.

In a mature hydatid cyst there may be thousands of scolices and each one of these, if released from the hydatid cyst, may form a new cyst if it is planted in a suitable environment. Hydatid cysts are most commonly found in the liver and the lung, but may occur in other organs.

A hepatic cyst may rupture into the peritoneal cavity and produce a hydatidoperitoneum. A pulmonary cyst frequently ruptures into a bronchus and is thus evacuated.

The disease is of world-wide distribution. In Canada most of the cases of this disease have occurred among Indians and Eskimos. It is now known that a sylvatic cycle has been established in North America and that it serves as a source of infection of the dog and man.

The patient reported herein had spontaneous rupture of a hepatic hydatid cyst, with subsequent development of secondary peritoneal echinococcosis. Repeated laparotomies had to be performed to relieve pressure on or obstruction of various organs. The patient made an uneventful recovery and is again usefully employed. No effective medical treatment for this disease is available.

     

CT引导下介入治疗在边远、高寒地区的应用价值

目的讨论CT引导下介入治疗在边远、高寒地区的临床应用价值，使此项技术广泛开展。方法应用CT引导下介入技术，对囊肿性病变，包括肾囊肿138例、肝囊肿6例、肝包虫性囊肿3例，进行入CT引导下介入治疗，经3～6个月后复查随访；对186例脑出血进行CT引导下碎吸治疗与内科保守治疗对比，观察疗效、愈后及死亡率。结果肾囊肿硬化剂治疗的有效率达100％。76例脑出血进行碎吸术，平均住院治疗时间、愈后不良及死亡率等均低于内科保守治疗。结论CT引导下介入治疗，具有安全、准确、治愈率高、微创、经济实用等优点。     

Diagnosis and management of hepatic hydatidosis complicated with biliary fistula.

A total of 1,204 patients with liver hydatidosis were treated by operations in our hospital from 1953 to 1990. Of these 74 had biliary fistulae. Growth of echinococcus cyst causes displacement, distortion and stenosis of the hepatic ductules with impaired bile drainage. Biliary effusion may occur between the endo- and ecto-cyst walls. Long term compression renders the hepatic ductule atrophic, and liable to rupture, forming a hydatid cyst-biliary fistula. The hydatid cyst can rupture into the biliary tract, and cyst fluid escapes into the biliary tract with daughter cysts discharged into the common bile duct, causing biliary colic, obstructive jaundice and possibly liver abscess. For acute obstructive and suppurative cholangitis, drainage of purulent bile and daughter cysts and management of the infected hydatid cyst are indicated. After removal of the echinococcus cyst, the fistulous opening on the hepatic duct must be sutured, but a small biliary fistula may be left alone. According to the thickness of the ectocyst wall, size of the cavity, severity of the infection, and degree of bile leakage, one of the following operative procedures for obliteration of the residual cavity can be selected: (1) closure by inversion suture of ectocyst; (2) omental or muscle flap obliteration; (3) closed catheter drainage.

     

肺包虫囊肿的影像学诊断

本文总结了４５８例肺包虫囊肿影像学诊断经验。典型Ｘ线征除罕见的环形囊壁鲈化外,只有破裂后形成液平面,上有漂浮膜或内囊周围有液体及气体形成双液平面。ＣＴ扫描包虫囊肿密度均匀,ＣＴ值２０Ｈｕ以下,偶见囊中之囊。Ｂ超声囊肿呈圆形或椭圆形无回声区。     

肝包虫声象图特征与手术所见对照分析

对宁夏区人民医院自１９８４年４月至１９９２年６月超声诊断并经手术及病检证实的５４例肝包虫病进行分析和分型。作者同意，肝包虫病有不少声象图结构特征，如囊肿壁厚在０．３ｃｍ以上，部分呈现双边征，囊肿内有带状强回声分隔或有点状强回声漂浮；有的包虫囊肿呈现为类实型肿物等等。参照有关资料，作者将本病分为各有其独特声象图特征的五个型，即１）单囊型，２）多发囊肿型，３）内囊分离型，４）子囊孙囊型，５）类实型；其中的３）内囊分离型共１６例。     

Pericyst may be a new pharmacological and therapeutic target for hydatid disease

Background  Most hydatid cysts with calcified walls are biologically and clinically silent and inactive. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays a critical role in the calcification process of cells. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of modulating TGF-β1 signaling on the calcification of hydatid cysts.

Methods  Pericyst cells isolated from hepatic hydatid cysts were cultured with osteogenic media. These cells were assessed for alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization capacity using Alizarin Red staining. Cells were also treated with recombinant human TGF-β1 and TGF-β inhibitor, and the expression profiles of osteoblast markers (RUNX2, osterix, and osteocalcin) were analyzed using Western blotting. The effects of inhibiting TGF-β1 signaling on calcification of pericyst walls were assessed using different doses of TGF-β inhibitor for 7 weeks in a preclinical disease model of liver cystic echinococcosis.

Results  Cells within the pericyst displayed high levels of alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation, as induced by osteogenic media. These activities, as well as expression profiles of osteoblast markers (RUNX2, osterix, and osteocalcin) could be inhibited by addition of recombinant human TGF-β1 (rhTGF-β1) and enhanced by TGF-β inhibitor. In the animal model of cystic echinococcosis, inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling increased calcification of the pericyst wall, which was associated with decreased cyst load index and lower viability of protoscoleces.

Conclusions  Cells within the pericysts adopt an osteoblast-like phenotype and have osteogenic potential. Inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling increases hydatid cyst calcification. Pharmacological modulation of calcification in pericysts may be a new therapeutic target in the treatment of hydatid disease.

     

CT导引下肝肾囊肿硬化剂治疗的临床应用分析

目的评价肝、肾囊肿CT导引下经皮硬化剂治疗的疗效。方法先行CT扫描定位。41例41个囊肿用24G、21G穿刺抽吸针抽吸或引流管,一次或多次抽吸囊液并注入硬化剂无水酒精到囊腔内。囊肿直径为4～19cm,抽出囊液30～2700mL。其中肝囊肿30例30个囊肿,5例5个肝大囊肿分3次抽吸;肾囊肿11例11个囊肿。结果有5例大肝囊肿3次抽吸,但是2例不能完全抽尽,复查CT见囊肿仍较大,行外科手术治疗。其中1例肝大囊肿穿刺术中囊肿破裂,有囊液溢出,造成腹膜炎,急行普外手术。随访38例囊肿3个月～2年,疗效明显,其中37例中、小囊肿消失或仅留不规则小囊腔,其中1例术前18cm×14cm×11cm的大囊肿囊腔仍有6cm×8cm×5cm大小。结论CT导引下经皮硬化剂治疗肝、肾囊肿是一种危险性小、并发症少而疗效好的方法,但大囊肿疗效差。     

Current management of liver hydatid cysts: results of a 10-year study

During the 10-year period July 1977 to June 1987, 23 patients were referred to one surgical department with hepatic hydatid cysts. Accurate diagnosis in all but one case was possible by hydatid serology (hydatid immunoelectrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and ultrasonography or computed tomography which showed the presence of daughter cysts. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography demonstrated the presence of hepatic-duct hydatid cysts in one case. The probable source of the hydatid infection was identified in all 23 cases. The surgical management was standardized and included the use of a suction cone to prevent spillage; the closure of biliary communications under vision; 0.5% silver nitrate solution as the scolicidal agent; primary closure of the residual cavity without drainage; omentoplasty for infected cysts; and bile-duct exploration and operative choledochoscopy for choledochal hydatid cysts. Two hepatic wedge resections were performed for hydatid cysts in a Riedel's lobe, but formal liver resection, in which normal liver tissue was sacrificed, was not necessary. There was no mortality and there were no postsurgical hepatobiliary complications such as biliary fistulas, biliary sepsis or jaundice. Three (13%) recurrences were recognized; all three recurrences occurred about five years after the removal of hydatid cysts with numerous daughter cysts, which were located in multiple cavities in both lobes of the liver. Postsurgical surveillance for several years by annual clinical review, hydatid immunoelectrophoresis testing and ultrasonography is recommended.     

Treatment of intracranial hydatid cysts

Background  Echinococcosis is still endemic in many countries, including China, where it is especially prevalent in the northwest. The aim of this study was to enrich the international literature about the treatment of intracranial hydatid cysts.

Methods  We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features, radiological manifestations, and surgical outcome of 97 patients with intracranial hydatid cysts, who received surgical treatment at the Neurosurgical Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 1985 to 2010 and followed up the patient via sending a questionnaire or telephone contact. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the Karnofsky Performance Scale Index.

Results  Headache and vomiting were the most common initial symptoms in our patients. Neurological deficits caused by the mass effect of the cysts were seen in 82 cases. On the X-ray, significant bone erosion was seen in only two cases with epidural hydatid cysts. Round-shaped and thin-walled homogeneous low-density cystic lesions without surrounding edema and enhancement were the main findings on computerized tomography (CT) in 95 patients with intraparenchymal hydatid cysts, while two cases with epidural hydatid cysts presented as a heterodensity lesions. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hydatid cyst presented as a round-shaped low signal lesion in T1-weighted images and high signal lesion in T2-weighted images, without enhancement after contrast media injection, while the two cases with epidural cysts presented as mixed signal masses. Surgical removal of cyst was performed in all cases. Total removal was achieved in 93 cases without rupturing the cyst wall. Only two cysts ruptured during the dissection, resulting in two surgery-related mortalities. There was no other additional neurological deficit caused directly by surgery. In 97.2% of the patients, the Karnofsky Performance Scale score was 80 to 90 at the last follow-up.

Conclusions  Intracranial hydatid cyst is still a main cause of increased intracranial pressure among the patients in endemic areas for echinococcosis. CT and MRI are the best diagnostic methods and surgery is the treatment of choice for intracranial hydatid cysts.

     

应用腹腔镜治疗肝包虫病临床经验与体会（附120例报告）

目的 总结腹腔镜治疗肝包虫病的临床经验。方法 对120例腹腔镜肝包虫内囊摘除术患者进行回顾性的分析。结果 手术均获成功，未发生肝包虫囊液溢出、过敏性休克，无手术死亡，4例术后复发(非原发部位)，8例术后胆漏，8例残腔积液，1例术后出血，均获治愈。结论 腹腔镜肝包虫内囊摘除术是治疗肝包虫病安全、有效的微创方法。     

Primary pelvic hydatid cyst presenting with obstructive uropathy and renal failure.

Primary pelvic hydatid cyst is a rare entity. Pelvic hydatid cysts usually present with pressure symptoms involving adjacent organs (bladder and rectum usually). A case of primary pelvic hydatid cyst presenting with obstructive uropathy leading to chronic renal failure is presented. A combination of preoperative albendazole therapy of 1.2 g/day for 8-12 weeks and surgical excision were effective in alleviating the symptoms and improving the renal function.     

肝包虫术后残腔并发症的防治(附173例报告)

目的讨论肝包虫内囊摘除术后残腔并发症的防治方法。方法回顾分析我院1960年1月至2004年1月肝包虫内囊摘除术后外囊残腔并发症173例,占同期肝包虫手术的17．49％(173／989)。其中残腔感染104例(60．12％),残腔出血2例(1．16％),残腔胆汁漏51例(29．48％),钙化残腔不闭合13例(7．51％),残腔消化道瘘3例(1．73％)。87例(50．29％)经再次手术治疗。结果术后腹腔感染7例(8．05％),伤口感染11例(12．64％),肺部感染4例(4．6％),死亡3例(1．73％)。本组治愈率为98．27％。结论肝包虫内囊摘除术后残腔并发症发生率较高,其中以残腔感染及胆汁漏最为常见,部分病例治疗甚为困难,严重影响病人的生活质量甚至生命。包虫囊肿完整切除可有效地预防术后残腔并发症。近来有人提出包虫外囊与肝组织之间有一层疏松的结缔组织称为“外科膜”,该膜有利于包虫囊肿完整切除。作者认为包虫囊肿完整切除应根据病人的全身及局部情况和术者的经验而定,不可盲目从事。     

肝囊性包虫病的影像学诊断与分型

目的：探讨肝囊性包虫病在不同影像学检查中的图像特征和影像学诊断分型。方法：收集1984年1月至2000年12月经手术治疗的2039例肝囊性包虫病患者术前B超,CT（909例）和磁共振成像（MR1,24例）检查资料,对照手术病理所见进行分析。结果：影像学检查不仅可检测出包虫寄生部位,类型,大小及性状,并能显示出各种并发症病理形态改变的典型图像,影像学诊断可划分为7型,即单发型（1625例,79．70％）,多发型（414例,20．30％）,子囊型（1114例,54．63％）,钙化型（186例,9．12％）,实变型（28例,1．37％）,感染型（391例,19．18％）和破裂型（298例,14．62％）,结论：首次提出与临床相结合的肝囊性包虫病影像学诊断的分型名称,分型的确定有助于选择手术方案,提高手术治愈率。     

Primary orbital hydatid cyst: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings

Orbital hydatid cyst is a rare form of hydatidosis, comprising less than 1% of all hydatid cysts reported. The first choice of treatment for orbital hydatid cyst is surgery. Preoperative diagnosis is important, so as to avoid rupture of the cyst and prevent the spread of the parasitic disease. Herein, we present the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a case of primary orbital hydatid cyst.     

腹腔镜行肝脏边缘性包虫囊肿切除术的疗效观察

目的总结腹腔镜肝包虫囊肿切除的经验。方法回顾分析12例腹腔镜下肝边缘包虫囊肿完整切除的资料。结果12例肝边缘性包虫囊肿中,2例多发,10例单发。本组病例均在腹腔镜下完成包虫囊肿切除,无中转开腹,平均手术时间40分钟,平均出血量少于100m l,术后当天下地活动,平均住院时间5天,术后无复发及腹腔种植。结论腹腔镜行肝边缘性包虫囊肿切除术完全可行。     

Surgical management of splenic echinococcal disease

Background

Infection of the spleen with echinococcus is a rare clinical entity. Because the diagnosis of a splenic infestation with echinococcus is sometimes delayed, large hydatid cysts or pseudotumors may develop, demanding a differential surgical approach to cure the disease.

Methods

In a retrospective study 10 patients out of 250 with abdominal echinococcosis (4%) were identified to have splenic infestation, either limited to the spleen (n = 4) or with synchronous involvement of the liver (n = 4), major omentum (n = 1), or the liver and lung (n = 1). Only one patient had alveolar echinococcosis whereas the others showed hydatid cysts of the spleen. Surgical therapy included splenectomy in 7 patients or partial cyst excision combined with omentoplasty in 3 patients. In case of liver involvement, pericystectomy was carried out simultaneously.

Results

There was no mortality. Postoperative complications were observed in 4 patients. Hospital stay and morbidity were not influenced when splenic procedures were combined with pericystectomies of the liver. Mean follow- up was 8.8 years and all of the patients are free of recurrence at this time.

Conclusions

Splenectomy should be the preferred treatment of hydatid cysts but partial cystectomy is suitable when the cysts are located at the margins of the spleen. Due to low morbidity rates, simultaneous treatment of splenic and liver hydatid cysts is recom mended.