广西农村寄宿学校饮水微生物污染与介水传染病关系分析

[目的]掌握农村寄宿中小学校饮水微生物污染现状及其与肠道传染病发生和流行的密切程度，为预防和控制肠道传染病在农村寄宿学校的发生和流行提供科学依据。[方法]按照卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》（2001）对209所农村寄宿学校饮用水末梢水进行采样，并对3项微生物指标细菌总数、总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群进行检验和评价；收集、汇总2000年01月～2005年11月的肠道传染病疫情资料，现场调查核实由于饮水引起暴发性传染病的种类、次数和患病人数等，并对典型介水传播肠道传染病暴发疫情进行相关描述和分析。[结果]农村寄宿学校饮用水微生物指标合格率仅为35．89％，其中以乡镇水厂和无设施自备水源供水合格率最低，分别为26．92％和33．54％；乡镇供水水质总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为69．23％、57．69％和42．31％；无消毒设施自备水源供水水质总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为67．07％、63．41％和43．29％；有消毒设施自备水源供水水质合格率为68．42％，其总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为31．58％、31．58％和15．79％；2000年以来发生在209所寄宿学校肠道传染病暴发疫情49起，81．63％为经水传播，疫情暴发和流行主要由于水源被生活污水污染以及未对饮水进行有效消毒引起。[结论]广西农村地区寄宿学校饮水受微生物严重污染，是导致多年来伤寒副伤寒等肠道传染病疫情在农村寄宿学校发生的根本原因；必须采取有效消毒措施以保证农村寄宿学校师生饮水安全。     

广西城乡部分中小学寄宿学校饮用水污染状况及其影响因素分析

目的掌握广西城乡中小学寄宿学校生活饮用水污染状况,探讨学校内水型传播肠道传染病疫情暴发频繁的环境危险因素。方法选择南宁、柳州、桂林3个地级市,按随机整群抽样方法抽9县1市,统一收集、分析其所属范围内寄宿中小学校饮用水水源类型、供水方式以及饮用人口数等基本情况;随机抽取100所学校开展生活饮用水卫生学调查和以水型传播的肠道传染病疫情流行特征分析,采集饮用水水样进行细菌学指标以及氨氮、亚硝酸盐指标检验和评价。结果9县1市有寄宿学校321所,师生人数349730人,饮用地下水源为主(占65.73%);市政供水占26.79%,自备水源占55.76%,乡镇供水占17.45%,后两者主要分布在农村地区。100所学校近6年来共发生肠道传染病疫情29起,其中24起为水型传播。本次调查水质抽检总合格率为27.00%,其中市政供水为100.00%,有简易消毒设施的自备水为47.37%,无消毒设施的自备水和乡镇供水分别为16.95%和17.65%;不合格指标为总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、细菌总数,超标率依次为65.00%、58.00%、28.00%。结论广西以自备水源、乡镇供水为主的农村寄宿学校,周边环境卫生条件恶劣,对水源防护、饮水消毒等基础卫生设施建设严重滞后,导致水源遭受人畜粪便和生活污水等污染,是多年来广西伤寒副伤寒等肠道传染病疫情在学校频繁发生的环境危险因素,需加大对农村寄宿学校饮水安全工程建设和饮水卫生监测力度。     

龙胜县中小学校饮用水卫生状况调查

目的 掌握广西龙胜县中小学校生活饮用水水质状况.方法 由调查人员使用统一的调查表格进行调查.按照卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》(2001年)进行水样品的采集、检测和评价.结果 该县中小学校饮用水供水类型以自备水源为主,占91.76%(78/85),市政供水学校占4.71%(4/85),乡镇供水学校占3.53%(3/85);水源类型则以地下水为主,占96.47%(82/85),以地表水为饮水水源的仅占3.53%(3/85).水质合格率仅为5.48%(4/73);超标率高达94.52%(69/73).检测28个项目指标,超标项目有总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、细菌总数、肉眼可见物、锌、pH、铁和锰等8项,超标率以总大肠菌群为最高,高达90.41%;其次为粪大肠菌群和细菌总数,超标率分别为89.04%和39.73%,其它5项指标超标率在1.37%～6.85%之间.结论 细菌学指标是影响龙胜中小学校水质合格率的重要因素,存在介水性肠道传染病暴发或流行的风险,需采取必要措施提高水质合格率.     

桂林市农村寄宿学校饮水与厕所卫生设施现状调查

目的了解桂林市农村寄宿学校饮水与环境卫生设施现状,为促进农村学校环境卫生工作、预防和控制介水传染病发生和流行提供依据。方法由受到技术培训的各有关疾病预防控制机构专业人员,按照统一规定的调查内容、方法和表格对辖区内农村寄宿学校饮水与厕所卫生设施现状进行调查。结果共调查桂林市辖农村寄宿学校320所,饮水水源类型以地下水为主,占74.93%(254/339);而供水类型以自备水源供水为主,占59.37%(190/320),其次为乡村级供水占32.19%(103/320);仅有35.94%(115/320)的学校能够提供安全饮水。学校卫生厕所普及率为42.81%(137/320),57.19%为深坑旱厕或浅坑旱厕,卫生厕所粪便无害化水平较低,仅为11.83%。结论桂林市农村寄宿学校以缺乏水处理卫生设施的自备水源供水为主要供水类型,而厕所粪便则成为学校饮水污染物的重要来源。加强对农村寄宿学校饮水和厕所卫生设施建设是预防和控制介水性肠道传染病在该地区发生和流行的重要措施。     

塔城地区乡村学校饮用水卫生状况

了解新疆塔城地区乡村学校学生生活饮用水卫生状况,为保障中小学生饮水安全提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对新疆塔城地区54所乡村中小学校的饮水卫生情况进行调查,同时现场抽检学校饮用水水样,对其进行监测分析.结果 新疆塔城地区乡村中小学校学生饮用水水质总合格率仅为38.9% (21/54).31.5% (17/54)的学校由乡镇水厂统一供水,35.2% (19/54)的学校为二次供水,33.3% (18/54)的学校为自备水源供水.水质监测指标单项分析结果显示,大肠菌群合格率最低,仅为72.9%,其次为臭和味(74.1%)、菌落总数(91.7%)、硫酸盐(92.6%)、浑浊度(94.4%)、肉眼可见物(94.4%)等指标.塔城地区乡镇水厂消毒效果(61.9%)优于学校自备水源供水和二次供水(18.2%),差异有统计学意义(x2=51.31,P<0.01).结论 新疆塔城地区乡村学校应进一步健全饮用水卫生管理制度,加大对乡村学校供水设施的改造投入.     

全州县校区饮用水微生物学监测及消毒效果分析

目的掌握全州县中小学校生活饮用水微生物学卫生状况及消毒效果,为探索控制肠道传染病在学校的流行提供科学依据。方法抽调全州县以往肠道传染病发病率较高且有自备式集中供水水源的36所农村寄宿学校,按发病率高低随机均分到消毒组和不消毒组进行水源微生物学监测。结果未对水质消毒前,未开展消毒干预组与对照组的合格率分别为20.0%、27.78%,投药法消毒的对照组的水质合格率37.14%,持续给药消毒的对照组的水质合格率34.78%;持续给药消毒的水质合格率76.92%高于投药法消毒的41.86%,干预组学校学生的肠道传染发病率(295/10万)明显低于对照组学校学生肠道传染发病率(1469/10万)。结论持续给药消毒法消毒效果比投药法消毒效果好,水质消毒后可以降低肠道传染病发病率。     

广西农村学校自备供水卫生学风险因素分析

目的了解广西农村学校自备供水风险因素,为寻求针对性控制对策与措施提供依据。方法应用《WHO饮水水质准则》(2004)中"饮水安全计划"方法,对广西50个县(市、区)的153所学校供水水质进行风险评估,对140所学校自备供水各环节风险因素进行识别和评价。结果农村学校供水从水源到用户的各环节均存在风险因素,高风险达81.82%,中度风险占9.09%,低风险占9.09%。水质感官性状、一般化学指标和毒理学指标处于零风险或者低风险状况。而微生物指标中的总大肠菌群指标在枯、丰水期均为高风险,超标率分别达69.93%和56.21%。耐热大肠菌群在丰水期为高风险,超标率为64.71%;枯水期为中度风险,超标率为46.41%。菌落总数丰水期为中度风险,超标率为26.80%;而枯水期为低风险,超标率为17.65%。结论农村学校自备供水风险因素存在于从水源到师生最终用水点的各个环节,共同导致水质总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群的高风险。     

北海市农村寄宿学校饮用水卫生状况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解北海市农村寄宿学校生活饮用水的水质状况及其影响因素,为保障学校饮用水卫生安全提供依据.方法 对北海市53所农村寄宿学校饮用水质进行监测调查,并对水质状况的影响因素进行分析.结果 北海市农村寄宿学校生活饮用水质总合格率为15.09%,其中市辖区学校水质合格率为6.25%,合浦县学校水质合格率为18.92%;乡镇或农场集中式供水水质合格率为3.33%,学校自备水源供水水质合格率为11.36%;影响水质的主要指标是pH值,其次是总大肠菌群和细菌总数等微生物指标.水质影响因素和水池清洗与否及水井卫生防护距离符合与否有较大关系.结论 北海市农村寄宿学校生活饮用水水质合格率较低,存在较为严重的介水疾病传播风险.     

2007-2008年广西农村学校自备供水水质现状分析

目的 了解和掌握广西农村学校自备供水水质现状及其影响因素,为政府有关部门制定预防和控制水性疾病传播的决策提供科学依据.方法 分别于2007、2008年,按比例分层(经济水平、地理地貌等)随机抽取广西43、50个县(市、区),每县再按不同水源类型和取水方式比例抽取不少于3所有自备供水的农村学校设立水质监测点,现场调查取水方式、水源类型及其覆盖人口.于丰水期、枯水期分别对监测点进行了水质监测,依据GB 5749-2006<生活饮用水卫生标准>对水质检测结果进行评价.结果 2007年共调查130所学校,覆盖人口为149 536人;2008年共调查153所学校,覆盖人口为174 521人.农村学校自备供水的水源类型以地下水为主,2007、2008年覆盖人口分别占84.03%和90.75%;2007、2008年饮用未经处理自备供水的人口分别占75.86%和64.22%.2008年农村学校自备供水水样合格率(24.51%)与2007年(25.38%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);丰水期水样合格率(18.02%)低于枯水期(31.80%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).在各项检测指标中,感官性状和化学指标合格率较高,为90.00%～100.00%,而微生物指标合格率较低,菌落总数合格率为66.92%～82.35%,总大肠菌群合格率为28.46%～43.79%.结论 广西农村学校自备供水水质合格率较低,主要是微生物污染所致.     

浏阳市2016年学校生活饮用水卫生现况及影响因素分析

目的 了解2016年浏阳市学校生活饮用水卫生状况及其影响因素,为制定学校生活饮用水卫生政策提供参考。 方法 2016年10月对浏阳市全市学校地域分布、供水方式、饮水方式和生活饮用水卫生防护情况进行调查,与实验检测水中菌落总数、大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群相结合,分析该市学校生活饮用水卫生现状及其影响因素。 结果 该市学校生活饮用水合格率为44.1%;不同学校类别之间水质合格率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同供水方式中,全市学校自备水源供水覆盖率为60.36%,市政供水13.17%,农村集中式供水40.94%,市政供水(72.09%)和农村集中式供水的合格率(61.37%)均高于自备水源供水(35.74%)的合格率(χ²=67.40,P=0.000);不同饮水方式中,直饮水采用率15.86%,桶装水13.11%,免费开水65.70%,免费开水合格率(7.55%)低于桶装水(49.25%)和直饮水(41.49%)的合格率(χ²=25.09,P=0.000);不同水样类型中,井水(41.8%)和二次供水合格率(100%)高于山泉水(13.68%)的合格率(χ²=32.24,P=0.000);就卫生防护而言,该市学校生活饮用水卫生管理制度完善(93.04%),但流于形式,井水水源、二次供水、直饮水和桶装水卫生防护均存在不足。 结论 2016年浏阳市学校生活饮用水合格率较低,供水环节,自备水源供水特别是山泉水供水卫生防护不足,饮水环节,免费开水卫生防护缺陷是水质合格率低的重要影响因素。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.