天津和沈阳地区末梢水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫调查

目的了解天津市、沈阳市居民生活饮用水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染情况,为确保饮用水水质卫生、安全供水提供科学依据。方法应用GB/T5750.12—2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法微生物指标》标准检测方法中Filta-Max Xpress快速方法,对灭菌水、蒸馏水、菌落总数超标的桶装饮用水三组加标水样进行加标回收率的测定,并对三组数据进行统计学分析。于2008年7月至8月采集天津市、沈阳市7家水厂、9家公共场所共21件出厂水、末梢水水样,对水样进行抽滤、淘洗、磁分离、染色鉴定的处理,检测贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫虫卵的含量。结果三组水样贾第鞭毛虫的平均加标回收率为(37.2±6.1)%,(41.6±5.1)%,(44.4±4.6)%,隐孢子虫的加标回收率为(11.4±3.4)%,(11.8±2.6)%,(17±6.4)%,三组加标水样两种虫卵的回收率的相对标准差均符合GB/T5750.12—2006中<25%的要求。经多因素方差分析,三组加标水样的加标回收率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。所有被检单位的出厂水或末梢水均未检出两虫虫卵。结论污染水样中的微生物因素并不影响两虫加标回收率检测结果;采用Filta-Max X...     

包头市牧区水环境隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫调查

目的了解包头市典型牧区水环境中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的污染状况。方法于2016年2月至2018年9月的春、夏、秋、冬四季分别采集包头市某牧区旗1处集中式供水和2处分散式供水的饮用水、2处典型地表水和当地污水处理厂进水及出水水样各1次,进行隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检测。结果共采集饮用水样品12份,均未检出隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫。地表水各个季节均有不同程度隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检出,检出率分别为50%(4/8)和37.5%(3/8)。污水厂水样在春、夏、秋季检出隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫,检出率分别为42.9%(3/7)和57.1%(4/7)。结论本次调查包头市典型牧区生活饮用水未发现隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染,而地表水和污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染较为普遍。     

水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫检测方法的探讨

本研究参考EPA1623的三个关键步骤:原虫过滤浓缩→分离→染色鉴定,对原虫的检测方法在过滤、浓缩和染色等过程中进行了改进,并用膜过滤-梯度分离-Giem Sa染色、膜过滤-IMS-GiemSa染色及囊过滤-IMS-IFA(EPA1623)三种检测方法对原虫的染色特征,形态结构和回收率的检测进行了方法学的探讨和比较分析。结果显示:三种检测方法G的回收率均在EPA规定的质控范围内,而膜-梯度分离-Giemsa和膜-IMS-Giemsa的C的回收率略低于EPA质控范围。但将EPA方法中的滤囊过滤改成滤膜过滤,免疫荧光染色改成GiemSa染色,能减少成本费用约60%-90%,而且实验条件要求较低,可以用于自来水出厂水和污水(不经膜过滤)中原虫的筛选。     

深圳市村镇级水厂水源水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫调查

目的调查深圳市村镇级水厂水源水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,评价小型供水的生物安全性,并为制订我国饮用水原虫卫生标准提供依据。方法采集深圳市供水规模0.5～5×104t的8家村镇级水厂的水源水,应用美国环保局(EPA)的标准检测方法,水样经抽滤、淘洗、磁分离、染色鉴定等步骤检测其贾第鞭毛虫包囊和隐孢子虫卵囊含量。结果深圳市8家村镇水厂中,有6家水厂的水源水检出贾第鞭毛虫包囊眼0.05～0.65个/L(1～13个/20L)演,1家水厂的水源水检出隐孢子虫卵囊眼0.1个/L(2个/20L)演。结论目前,深圳市村镇级水厂水源水存在原虫污染,在处理工艺不完善的情况下存在介水疾病传播的可能。     

深圳市饮用水污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的调查

目的 调查深圳市水系贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况，从而为制订我国饮用水原虫卫生标准提供依据。方法 采集深圳市3家自来水厂的原水、出厂水以及3家污水处理厂处理后的排出污水，通过对病原虫的抽滤，淘洗，磁分离，染色鉴定，检测其贾第鞭毛虫囊和隐孢子虫卵囊含量。结果 深圳市饮用水源及出厂水均未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫，3家污水处理厂中有2家在处理后的污水中检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫。结论 目前深圳市供水末发现贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染，但污水处理厂处理后的水仍可检出致病原虫，表明存在对地面水污染的危险性。     

饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的数字PCR测定法

目的建立饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的数字PCR定量检测方法。方法过滤水样,收集贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫,提取DNA,分别选择β-Giardin和18S r RNA基因作为靶基因,设计合成特异性引物与探针,使用数字PCR技术进行检测,计算两种靶基因的浓度,进而对贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫个数进行定量。结果数字PCR法的检出限为0.02～0.03个/L,加标回收率20%,RSD为12.81%～15.35%。结论该方法具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,可应用于饮用水中极少数量贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的测定。     

2008年深圳市集中式供水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染现状

目的了解深圳市集中式供水企业水处理工艺情况以及原水、出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫的污染现状,为防治原虫介水传染病提供科学依据。方法于2008年5—7月,对19户供水企业的水源、水处理工艺进行现场卫生学调查。采集每户供水企业原水、出厂水水样各1件,检测水样中贾第鞭毛虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊。结果深圳市19户市、区级集中式供水企业的原水均采用混凝沉淀、石英砂过滤、加氯消毒的常规水处理工艺。2008年深圳市供水企业原水、出厂水中均未检出贾第鞭毛虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊。结论深圳市集中式供水未受贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染。     

牧区生活饮用水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的调查

目的了解牧区生活饮用水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染状况。方法于2014年6—7月,采集随机抽取的赤峰市翁牛特旗8所幼儿园和18户家庭的生活饮用水水样以及辖区内的2条河流和1个水库的环境水样,检测贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫、浑浊度、色度、p H值、总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群。结果幼儿园水样中贾第鞭毛虫的检出率为62.5%,均未超标;隐孢子虫的检出率为62.5%,超标率为12.5%。家庭水样中贾第鞭毛虫的检出率为50%,均未超标;隐孢子虫的检出率为27.8%,均未超标。26份饮用水样中浑浊度、色度和总大肠菌群的超标率分别为23.08%,26.92%和19.23%,耐热大肠菌群无超标。3份环境水样均检出贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫和总大肠菌群。水中贾第鞭毛虫、总大肠菌群均与隐孢子虫呈显著正相关(rs分别为0.682、0.495,均P0.01);水中贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫均与耐热大肠菌呈显著正相关(rs分别为0.441、0.463,均P0.05)。结论本次调查牧区的生活饮用水和环境水体均存在原虫污染,可能与粪便污染有关。     

饮用水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检出率与微生物基础指标相关性

目的了解我国饮用水中隐孢子虫、贾第鞭毛虫(以下简称"两虫")的污染情况,发现"两虫"检验的替代性指标。方法在黑龙江省、北京市和安徽省各选取1个地级市(区)水厂,分别在2014年的丰水期(8月)和枯水期(11月),采集水源水和处理水(出厂水、末梢水)水样,检测"两虫"和微生物基础指标(包括菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希菌和肠球菌)及浊度。结果在控制浊度变量时,隐孢子虫仅在丰水期水源水中与总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群呈正相关(均P0.05)。贾第鞭毛虫在枯水期水源水中与耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希菌、肠球菌呈正相关(均P0.05),在枯水期处理水中仅与肠球菌呈正相关(P0.05)。结论贾第鞭毛虫与微生物基础指标的相关性比隐孢子虫明显,这种相关性受浊度影响较大。本研究发现贾第鞭毛虫与肠球菌在水源水和处理水中均有相关性,可继续深入研究肠球菌是否可作为贾第鞭毛虫的替代性指标。     

某市农村饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染状况调查

目的调查某地区农村水厂水源水与出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,为公共卫生管理提供依据。方法 2013年8—9月,调查该地区12家农村水厂基本情况,采集水厂水源水和出厂水各一份,采用《生活饮用水卫生标准检测方法—免疫磁分离荧光抗体法》(GB/T 5750.12-2006)对水样进行隐孢子虫与贾第鞭毛虫的检测。结果某地区农村饮用水水源水中贾第鞭毛虫检出率25.0%(3/12),隐孢子虫未检出,出厂水均未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫。结论此次调查表明某地区农村饮用水水源受贾第鞭毛虫污染。常规水处理工艺能够去除低浓度两虫污染。     

Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in swimming pool filter backwash water concentrates by flocculation and immunomagnetic separation

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate techniques for detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in swimming pool filter backwash water. Calcium carbonate flocculation was used for water samples concentration of 1 l filter backwash water samples. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) was used for separation of cysts and oocysts from detrital material. Cysts and oocysts were then detected using direct immunofluorescence. ColorSeed C&G was used as an internal standard. Recoveries were examined at several processing points. Highest recoveries (23% Cryptosporidium, 18% Giardia) were obtained using lower filter backwash volumes, greater IMS volumes, and addition of Tween20 to backwash samples prior to processing. The combination of CaCO3 flocculation, IMS and direct immunofluorescence was found to be an effective tool for the detection and quantification of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in filter backwash water samples.     

上海某污水厂出水及其排放水体中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的分析检测

目的：检测上海某污水厂处理出水及其排放水体黄浦汀上游中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫存在水平。方法：微孔滤膜过滤、乙酸乙酯福尔马林分离、Giemsa染色、油镜及相差显微镜观察。结果：对污水厂所取八次水样中，贾第氏虫孢囊检出6次，阳性率为75％，检出贾第氏虫孢囊最高含量为56个／10L；隐孢子虫卵囊共检出4次，阳性率为50％，检出隐孢子虫卵囊的最高含量为63个／10L；贾第氏虫孢囊与隐孢子虫卵囊的共同阳性率为12．5％。从其排放水体黄浦江上游所取的8份水样中，贾第氏虫孢囊共检出2次，阳性率为25％，最高含量为45个／10L；隐孢子虫卵囊只检出过1次，阳性率为12．5％，卵囊含量为30个／10L；同时检测出贾第氏虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊的共同阳性率为0％。结论：上海城市污水处理厂应加强对两虫的去除工艺改进，减少上海城市供水生物安全风险。     

Contamination of water supplies with Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia and diarrheal illness in selected Russian cities

Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia are important agents of waterborne diarrheal illness worldwide. While giardiasis is routinely diagnosed in Russia with a chemical staining technique, data on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis are scarce. Monitoring of the respective parasites in water supplies in Russia is very limited. A health survey conducted in the city of Cherepovets and three other cities in the European part of Russia using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) demonstrated that 6.9% of diarrheal patients tested had C. parvum antigens in their fecal samples; 9.4% had G. lamblia antigens. A survey of occurrence of these parasites in water supplies in Cherepovets and seven other cities demonstrated that source and finished water samples from several of these cities were contaminated with either C. parvum oocysts or G. lamblia cysts. The surveys were not designed to assess associations between presence or concentrations of C. parvum and G. lamblia in water and related gastrointestinal diseases in exposed populations. Rather, the goals were to demonstrate the presence of disinfection-resistant protozoan parasites in untreated and treated waters, and the importance of these pathogens as causative agents of diarrheal illnesses in a number of Russian cities.     

深圳市地表水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染状况的调查

目的:了解深圳市地表水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染状况,为饮用水水质卫生、安全供水提供科学依据。方法:采集以水库水为源水的8家村镇水厂水样及3家污水处理厂排出水,共21份样品,应用美国环保局(EPA)的标准检测方法,对水样作抽滤、淘洗、磁分离、染色鉴定的处理,检测贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫卵囊含量。结果:深圳市8家村镇级水厂有6家源水检出贾第鞭毛虫包囊,1家水厂的源水检出隐孢子虫卵囊,3家污水处理厂中有2家污水处理后排出水检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫卵囊。结论:深圳市地表水可检出致病性原虫,源水受到污染的可能性存在,要保证水质卫生,做到优质安全供水,必须加强卫生管理。     

包头市某牧区小学生隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫感染调查

目的了解内蒙古牧区小学生隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫感染情况,为预防工作提供科学依据。方法选取包头某旗小学牧区学生为对象,利用采样袋采集新鲜粪便,低温保存运至实验室。采用改良抗酸染色检测隐孢子虫,卢戈氏碘液染色检测贾第鞭毛虫。结果共采集小学生粪便样本191份,隐孢子虫总感染率为37.2%(71/191),男生和女生的感染率分别为40.0%(44/110)和33.3%(27/81),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=0.888,P>0.05);贾第鞭毛虫总感染率为14.7%(28/191),男生和女生的感染率分别为14.5%(16/110)和14.8%(12/81),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=0.003,P>0.05);隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫混合感染率为5.8%(11/191),男生和女生的混合感染率分别为7.3%(8/110)和3.7%(3/81),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=1.095,P>0.05)。结论牧区生源小学生中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫感染率较高,当地卫生部门应加强卫生宣传和管理。     

Current status and future trends in Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology in Malaysia

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are major causes of diarrhoeal diseases of humans worldwide, and are included in the World Health Organisation's ‘Neglected Diseases Initiative’. Cryptosporidium and Giardia occur commonly in Malaysian human and non-human populations, but their impact on disease, morbidity and cost of illness is not known. The commonness of contributions from human (STW effluents, indiscriminate defaecation) and non-human (calving, lambing, muck spreading, slurry spraying, pasturing/grazing of domestic animals, infected wild animals) hosts indicate that many Malaysian environments, particularly water and soil, are sufficiently contaminated to act as potential vehicles for the transmission of disease. To gain insight into the morbidity and mortality caused by human cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, they should be included into differential diagnoses, and routine laboratory testing should be performed and (as for many infectious diseases) reported to a centralised public health agency. To understand transmission routes and the significance of environmental contamination better will require further multidisciplinary approaches and shared resources, including raising national perceptions of the parasitological quality of drinking water. Here, the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia should be an integral part of the water quality requirement. A multidisciplinary approach among public health professionals in the water industry and other relevant health- and environment-associated agencies is also required in order to determine the significance of Cryptosporidium and Giardia contamination of Malaysian drinking water. Lastly, adoption of validated methods to determine the species, genotype and subgenotype of Cryptosporidium and Giardia present in Malaysia will assist in developing effective risk assessment, management and communication models.