某部队生活饮用水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染初步调查

目的 了解某部队生活饮用水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染状况,为指导部队改善饮用水水质提供参考.方法 现场采集水样,依据《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.12)对隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫进行现场富集,然后低温保存送至实验室,通过淘洗、离心、免疫磁分离、荧光染色和镜检等检测隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫.结果 采集某部队生活...     

生活饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫定量检测的质量控制

[目的]对定量检测生活饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的方法进行质量控制,分析其关键控制点,评估方法的可用性.[方法]测定"滤囊过滤→免疫磁分离→荧光染色法"实验各阶段的加标回收率和不同类型水样的加标总回收率,应用危害因素分析及关键控制点HACCP分析实验过程中影响定量检测的关键因素.[结果]实验各阶段"富集浓缩→免疫磁分离→染色计数"的平均加标回收率为:贾第鞭毛虫50%→80%→97%:隐孢子虫52%→88%→95%.不同类型水样平均加标回收率为:蒸馏水加标贾第鞭毛虫39%,隐孢子虫43%;水源水加标贾第鞭毛虫38%,隐孢子虫42%;管网水加标贾第鞭毛虫50%,隐孢子虫50%.方法总计贾第鞭毛虫加标回收率为42%,隐孢子虫加标回收率为45%.[结论]滤囊过滤/免疫磁分离/荧光染色法定量检测水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫,在采取质量控制措施以避免实验各环节的危险源后,其回收率满足美国EPA1623和我国GB/T5750方法的要求,可用于各类水样的检测.     

北京市饮用水中隐孢子虫、贾第鞭毛虫的监测结果分析

目的了解本市饮用水隐孢子虫、贾第鞭毛虫污染状况,建立合理的管理机制。方法于2010年-2016年对北京市部分水源、出厂及末梢水的隐孢子虫、贾第鞭毛虫进行检测及结果分析。结果水源水、出厂水及末梢水共222份,均未检出隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫。上述3种水质908份样品理化指标和微生物指标合格率分别为93. 8%和79. 5%。结论 2010年-2016年检测的部分北京市生活饮用水隐孢子虫、贾第鞭毛虫卫生状况良好,但均有不同程度的微生物污染,应进一步加强监督监测。     

水中隐孢子虫和贾第虫检测方法的比较

目的分析比较水中隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium)和贾第虫(Giardia)的检测方法。方法采用FiltaMax xpress快速法、美国环保局(EPA)标准检测方法1623中的两种方法(即IDEXX的Filta-Max系统和Pall Gelman的EnvirochekTM HV浓缩器)对不同环境水样加标样品的回收率和精密度进行比较。结果Filta-Max xpress快速法对隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的回收率符合美国环保局IPR/OPR样品检测标准。就环境水样加标样品来说,Filta-Max xpress快速法的检测性能等同于目前认可的标准方法。     

包头市牧区水环境隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫调查

目的了解包头市典型牧区水环境中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的污染状况。方法于2016年2月至2018年9月的春、夏、秋、冬四季分别采集包头市某牧区旗1处集中式供水和2处分散式供水的饮用水、2处典型地表水和当地污水处理厂进水及出水水样各1次,进行隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检测。结果共采集饮用水样品12份,均未检出隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫。地表水各个季节均有不同程度隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检出,检出率分别为50%(4/8)和37.5%(3/8)。污水厂水样在春、夏、秋季检出隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫,检出率分别为42.9%(3/7)和57.1%(4/7)。结论本次调查包头市典型牧区生活饮用水未发现隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染,而地表水和污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染较为普遍。     

深圳市地表水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染状况的调查

目的:了解深圳市地表水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染状况,为饮用水水质卫生、安全供水提供科学依据。方法:采集以水库水为源水的8家村镇水厂水样及3家污水处理厂排出水,共21份样品,应用美国环保局(EPA)的标准检测方法,对水样作抽滤、淘洗、磁分离、染色鉴定的处理,检测贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫卵囊含量。结果:深圳市8家村镇级水厂有6家源水检出贾第鞭毛虫包囊,1家水厂的源水检出隐孢子虫卵囊,3家污水处理厂中有2家污水处理后排出水检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫卵囊。结论:深圳市地表水可检出致病性原虫,源水受到污染的可能性存在,要保证水质卫生,做到优质安全供水,必须加强卫生管理。     

南方农村集中式供水出厂水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染调查

目的了解南方农村集中式供水出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染状况。方法于2013年8—9月对南方3省以地表水为水源的30座农村集中式供水水厂的出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫及其水质相关指标进行检测,对水厂基本情况开展卫生学调查。结果 30座水厂中60%的水厂采用完全处理,消毒方式主要以使用含氯消毒剂为主。30件出厂水水样中,贾第鞭毛虫孢囊密度为0~20.6个/10 L,检出率为36.67%,超标率为23.33%;隐孢子虫卵囊密度为0~0.9个/10L,检出率为28.33%。贾第鞭毛虫与隐孢子虫、浑浊度、耐热大肠菌群呈正相关(P0.05);隐孢子虫与浑浊度、总大肠菌、耐热大肠菌群呈正相关(P0.05)。水处理方式为完全处理、设备经常定期保养和检查、经常使用消毒设施以及消毒方式可有效降低出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫孢囊的检出率(P0.01);未发现厂水处理工艺、管理、运行维护等因素对隐孢子虫卵囊的检出率有影响(P0.05)。结论本次调查的以地表水为饮用水水源的农村集中式供水存在贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,优化处理工艺并加强水厂管理有助于控制贾第鞭毛虫的污染。     

异硫氰酸荧光素-滤膜法染色贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫效果比较

目的探讨贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫染色方法异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)-滤膜法,并将其与现行的国家标准方法FITC法进行比较。方法用FITC-滤膜法和FITC法分别染色贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫标准体,对其染色所需时间、染色效果、检出率等逐一进行对比。结果 FITC-滤膜法的样品固定时间为5 min,远远少于FITC法的60 min,FITC-滤膜法的综合染色时间为42 min,也远少于FITC法的97 min。FITC-滤膜法对贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的检出率分别为(96.33±1.08)%和(96.67±1.70)%,高于FITC法的(94.00±2.16)%和(92.67±2.05)%,FITC-滤膜法染色可清晰看到贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的细胞核,优于FITC法。结论 FITC-滤膜法缩短了染色时间,且便于之后的分子生物学分析,可作为贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫染色的替代方法使用。     

某市农村饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染状况调查

目的调查某地区农村水厂水源水与出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,为公共卫生管理提供依据。方法 2013年8—9月,调查该地区12家农村水厂基本情况,采集水厂水源水和出厂水各一份,采用《生活饮用水卫生标准检测方法—免疫磁分离荧光抗体法》(GB/T 5750.12-2006)对水样进行隐孢子虫与贾第鞭毛虫的检测。结果某地区农村饮用水水源水中贾第鞭毛虫检出率25.0%(3/12),隐孢子虫未检出,出厂水均未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫。结论此次调查表明某地区农村饮用水水源受贾第鞭毛虫污染。常规水处理工艺能够去除低浓度两虫污染。     

某市农村饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染状况调查

目的调查某地区农村水厂水源水与出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,为公共卫生管理提供依据。方法 2013年8—9月,调查该地区12家农村水厂基本情况,采集水厂水源水和出厂水各一份,采用《生活饮用水卫生标准检测方法—免疫磁分离荧光抗体法》(GB/T 5750.12-2006)对水样进行隐孢子虫与贾第鞭毛虫的检测。结果某地区农村饮用水水源水中贾第鞭毛虫检出率25.0%(3/12),隐孢子虫未检出,出厂水均未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫。结论此次调查表明某地区农村饮用水水源受贾第鞭毛虫污染。常规水处理工艺能够去除低浓度两虫污染。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.