广州地区多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因的研究

目的探讨广州地区临床分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因。方法采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,聚合酶链反应（PCR）对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌进行β-内酰胺酶相关基因和氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因检测,并对耐药基因进行测序。结果38株铜绿假单胞菌对多黏菌素B耐药率是0%,对其余抗菌药物耐药率均〉50%,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因ant（2″）-Ⅰ、ant（3″）-Ⅰ、aac（6′）-Ⅰ、aac（6′）-Ⅱ和aac（3）-Ⅱ基因阳性率分别为21.1%、39.5%、28.9%、31.6%和21.1%,未检出aac（3）-Ⅰ基因;β-内酰胺酶基因OXA-10、TEM-1、DHA-1、PER-1和IMP-1基因阳性率分别为42.1%、18.4%、10.5%、7.9%和31.6%,未检出CTX-M-9基因和VIM基因;另外OprD2基因缺失率达60.5%。结论广州地区多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌携带多种β-内酰胺酶和氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,应引起高度重视。     

多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子与其多重耐药基因的相关性分析

目的 调查本院多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药基因的存在状况,Ⅰ类整合子的分布情况以及其与多重耐药基因相关性分析.方法 采用K-B法测定临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对15种药物的耐药性,筛选出35株多重耐药菌株,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测β-内酰胺酶编码基因、OPrD2基因、氨基糖苷类修饰基因和Ⅰ类整合子基因.结果 35株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中β-内酰胺酶编码基因CTX-M-1、TEM、SHV的检出率分别为51.4%、31.4%、14.0%;OPrD2基因的阳性率为28.6%;氨基糖苷类修饰基因aac(6′)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ和ant(3″)-Ⅱ的阳性率分别为20%、2.86%、14.3%和17.1%;Ⅰ类整合子阳性的菌株中,CTX-M-1、TEM、SHV、aac(6′)-Ⅱ和ant(3″)-Ⅰ的检出率为45.4%、9.1%、27.3%、36.4%和27.3%,未检出aac(6″)-Ⅰ和ant(2″)-Ⅰ基因.结论 本院多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌存在多种耐药基因,常见的有β-内酰胺酶编码基因、OPrD2基因和氨基糖苷类基因.Ⅰ类整合子广泛存在于多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌中,并携带多种耐药基因参与形成铜绿假单胞菌的多重耐药.     

呼吸内科多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因检测分析

目的 了解该院呼吸内科分离多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因和β-内酰胺酶基因携带情况.方法 用聚合酶链反应技术检测14株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药相关基因.结果 除GIM、SPM、VIM-1、VIM-2、CTX-M、aac(3′)-Ⅰ、aac(3′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ基因全部为阴性外,其余耐药基因有不同程度的阳性.结论 携带多种耐药基因是呼吸内科多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类和β-内酰胺类抗菌剂耐药的重要机制.     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的检测及分析

目的 探讨多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的氨基糖苷类药物的耐药机制.方法 分离出50株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌,PCR法检测4种氨基糖苷类修饰酶(AMEs)基因,即aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ的表达情况.并用MLVA基因分型的方法对菌株进行聚类分析.结果 50株铜绿假单胞菌中,4种AMEs基因的总检出率为70%.aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ的检出率分别为60%、40%、24%、32%.MLVA基因分析聚类结果显示,没有多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的暴发流行.结论 多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的AMEs基因携带率较高,没有发现其爆发流行.     

ICU多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌产氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的研究

目的探讨重症监护室多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌产氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的表达。方法采用PCR检测60株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的4种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因ant(2″)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、anc(6′)-Ⅰ和anc(6′)-Ⅱ。结果 60株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中检测到含有氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的菌株共16株,检出率为26.67%(16/60);8株含ant(2″)-Ⅰ基因,检出率为13.33%(8/60);10株含有anc(6′)-Ⅱ基因,检出率为16.67%(10/60);其中两株同时含ant(2″)-Ⅰ基因和anc(6′)-Ⅱ基因,未检测出ant(3″)-Ⅰ和anc(6′)-Ⅰ基因。结论重症监护室多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的表达率较高,氨基糖苷类修饰酶介导的耐药在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制中占有重要的地位。     

云浮地区多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因的研究

目的研究云浮地区临床分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因。方法采用K-B法进行药敏实验,聚合酶链反应（PCR）对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌进行β-内酰胺酶相关基因和氨基糖苷类修饰酶（AMEs）基因检测,并进行测序。结果 25株铜绿假单胞菌未发现对多黏菌素B耐药,其余抗生素耐药率均大于50%,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因ant（2″）-Ⅰ、ant（3″）-Ⅰ、aac（6′）-Ⅰ、aac（6′）-Ⅱ和aac（3）-Ⅱ基因阳性率分别为20%、32%、24%、28%和24%,未检出aac（3）-Ⅰ基因;β-内酰胺酶基因OXA-10、TEM-1、SHV、DHA-1、PER和IMP-9基因阳性率分别为32%、12%、8%、12%、12%和12%,未检出CTX-M-9基因和VIM基因;另外OprD2基因缺失率达60%。结论本地区多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌携带多种β-内酰胺酶和氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,应引起高度重视。     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类药物耐药研究

目的探讨宜兴市第二人民医院临床分离多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌与氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的表型与基因型的关系,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法采用琼脂纸片扩散(K-B)法对临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌进行药敏试验,选出34株多重耐药菌株,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因。结果氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(3)-Ⅱ、ant(2′)-Ⅰ、ant(3′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ检出阳性率分别为85.3%、44.1%、17.6%、11.8%、5.9%。对庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、奈替米星的耐药率分别为91.18%、44.12%、88.24%、85.29%。结论多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药程度不同,临床应根据药敏结果选择用药,以减少耐药菌株的产生,控制院内感染。     

铜绿假单胞菌16S rRNA甲基化酶基因和氨基糖苷修饰酶基因的研究

目的了解氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药的铜绿假单胞菌16S r RNA甲基化酶基因和氨基糖苷修饰酶基因的携带情况,探讨铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类药物的耐药机制。方法收集临床分离的氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药的铜绿假单胞菌35株,采用VITEK 2 Compact全自动微生物分析系统进行鉴定及体外药物敏感性试验,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测arm-A、rmt-A、rmt-B、rmt-C、rmt-D 5种16S r RNA甲基化酶基因和aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰb、aac(6')-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ6种氨基糖苷修饰酶基因。结果对氨基糖苷类药物耐药的铜绿假单胞菌同时对多种其他抗菌药物耐药,仅碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南耐药率较低,为5.7%。21株检出rmt-B 16S r RNA甲基化酶基因,占60.0%;30株检出氨基糖苷修饰酶基因,占85.7%,其中28株检出aac(3)-Ⅱ基因,占80.0%,18株检出ant(3″)-Ⅰ基因,占51.4%,其余8种基因未检出。结论在铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药的菌株中,检测出rmt-B 16S r RNA甲基化酶基因和aac(3)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ氨基糖苷修饰酶基因,铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药现象严重。     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因探讨

目的了解浙江省丽水地区铜绿假单胞菌(PA)临床分离株中氨基糖苷类修饰酶(AMEs)基因存在状况。方法从分离的40株PA中,测定其对3种氨基糖苷类抗生素的敏感性,采用PCR及序列分析的方法分析AMEs基因{aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ与ant(2″)-Ⅰ}类型。结果40株PA分离株中ant(2″)-Ⅰ和aac(6′)-Ⅱ基因阳性率分别为52.5%和45.0%,未检出aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)基因类型。结论浙江丽水地区耐氨基糖苷类抗生素的铜绿假单胞菌存在ant(2″)-Ⅰ和aac(6′)-Ⅱ基因,且PA对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药严重,应注意对其进行临床监测和监控。     

淮北地区多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药相关基因研究

目的 调查淮北地区临床分离多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA)的氨基糖昔类、β-内酰胺类耐药相关基因流行状况.方法 采用K-B法和MIC法检测36株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌对14种临床常用抗生素的耐药性:聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、β-内酰胺酶编码基因和外膜通道蛋白OprD2基因.结果 36株铜绿假单胞菌对14种抗菌药物的耐药率为38.9%～100.0%;氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因ant(3")-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(6')-I、aac(3)-Ⅱ、ant(2")-Ⅰ检出率分别为63.9%、58.3%、50.0%、38.9%和36.1%,未检出aac(3)-Ⅰ基因;β-内酰胺酶编码基因TEM、DHA、CTX-Ge和CARB的检出率分别为77.8%、69.2%、27.8%和25.0%,OXA-1、OXA-10的检出率均为16.7%,VIM-2的检出率为13.9%,IMP-1的检出率为2.8%.未检出VEB、SHV、GES、PER、GIM和SPM-2基冈,有58.3%的菌株存在外膜通道蛋白OprD2基因缺失.结论 淮北地区多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药主要与氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因ant(3")-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、龃c(6')-Ⅰ有关;对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药主要与TEM、DHA、CTX-Ge、CARB及外膜通道蛋白OprD2基因缺失有关.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.