Contents of heavy metals, nitrate (V), and nitrate (III) in fruits of elderberry and black chokeberry depending on harvest site and vegetation period

Lead, cadmium, nitrate V and nitrate III contents were determined in elderberry and black chokeberry fruits harvested in Lublin region. Samples were taken from areas that were potentially exposed and not exposed to pollution. Fruits analyzed in 2003 and 2004 harvested from area exposed to pollution were characterized by higher lead concentration (0.043-0.098 mg kg(-1) fresh mass and 0.048-0.081 mg kg(-1) fresh mass, respectively) than those collected from potentially not polluted area. Levels of tested metals in fruits harvested from both areas in 2004 were fairly similar to those from 2003. However, cadmium content in all collected fruits from both areas (in both vegetation periods) appeared to be high and much exceeded its permissible value (0.03 mg kg(-1) fresh mass). Levels of nitrate V was low and similar in fruits harvested in both seasons from both areas not exceeding 3.4 mg kg(-1) fresh mass. Content of nitrate III was also low and oscillated within the range 0.68-0.89 mg kg(-1) fresh mass.     

海南省245份甲壳类海产品中四种重金属污染分析

目的 了解海南部分沿海区域甲壳类海产品中重金属的污染状况.方法 分别在2015、2017和2019年从昌江县、文昌市、儋州市和万宁市农贸市场和超市等随机采集6种甲壳类样本共245份,选择电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对样本中镉、铅、砷、汞的含量进行分析,采用单因子污染指数(Pi)和内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)法来评价重金属的污染...     

济南市蔬菜中硝酸盐及重金属污染

目的 了解济南市蔬菜中硝酸盐和重金属含量。方法 于2003年在济南市主要蔬菜基地采集17种蔬菜样品采用紫外分光光度法测定硝酸盐含量,同时采集8种蔬菜样品采用原子吸收光谱法测定重金属(铅、镉、铜、锌)含量,并根据GB18406—2001进行评价。结果 17种蔬菜中硝酸盐含量最高的为芹菜(4895mg／kg),最低的为西红柿(23mg／kg),平均为1074mg／kg。8种蔬菜中铅、镉、铜、锌的含量分别为：0．007-0．037、0．002-0．033、0．28-2．00、0．39-3．80mg／kg。叶菜类中芹菜和小白菜硝酸盐含量超标率分别为100％和22％,其余均未超标;根茎类中萝卜硝酸盐含量超标33％,藕未超标;瓜果类中芸豆、菜花、茄子、豆角硝酸盐含量超标率分别为100％,40％,33％,8％,其余均未超标。绿叶菜类和根茎类重金属含量普遍高于瓜果类,8种蔬菜中重金属含量均未超出无公害蔬菜限量标准。结论 济南市蔬菜中硝酸盐污染应引起重视。     

Heavy metal concentrations in sediments from the coast of Bahrain

The concentration of lead, zinc, cadmium, nickel, copper and vanadium in the sediments of nineteen coastal stations in Bahrain were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed widespread occurrence of anomalously high levels of heavy metals owing to pollution, especially, zinc and lead, and the overall mean value in sediments for Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu and V of 111, 104, 1.17, 40.5, 15.1 and 21.9 mg/kg, respectively. In certain areas, the concentrations of some of these heavy metals, especially lead, were much higher. This could be the result of pollution from land-based industrial and urban sources, namely automobiles, which contribute to the overall pollution in the coastal areas. Refineries and other industries, as well as sewage effluents, discharge their liquid wastes in the shallow coastal areas and are sometimes untreated or partially treated. Heavy metal concentrations in areas located near industries were generally higher than in the other regions of the island. The trend that has been noted in this study suggests that this pollution, if left unchecked, could pose a threat to mankind and to marine life. This study represents a limited number of sampling stations in Bahrain. To assess metal pollution in Bahrain and within the Arabian Gulf, and to establish a more realistic baseline, it is suggested that a more detailed study of metal concentrations in the sediments from the coastal areas of Bahrain be conducted.     

Inter- and Intraclutch Variability in Heavy Metals in Feathers of Great Tit Nestlings (Parus major) Along a Pollution Gradient

Heavy metal (silver, arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc) concentrations were analyzed in feathers of nestling great tits (Parus major) collected along a pollution gradient. Differences in metal concentrations along the gradient and inter- and intraclutch variability were investigated. In the immediate vicinity of the pollution source, feathers of nestling great tits contained significantly higher concentrations of silver, arsenic, mercury, and lead than at the sites further along the gradient. The concentrations of copper and zinc, two essential metals, were significantly lower at the second most polluted site. There was no significant difference in cadmium concentrations among sites. Most metals, except cadmium, were significantly positively correlated with each other. There was a significant amount of interclutch variability in feather metal concentrations, and they differed significantly among sites. The amount of inter- and intraclutch variability did not differ significantly, although intraclutch variability of most metals was markedly high. Our study indicates that feathers of great tit nestlings could be used as bioindicators of metal pollution, but attention should be paid in designing representative sampling procedures. Received: 2 July 2001/Accepted: 25 March 2002     

Inter- and intraclutch variability in heavy metals in feathers of great tit nestlings ( Parus major) along a pollution gradient

Heavy metal (silver, arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc) concentrations were analyzed in feathers of nestling great tits ( Parus major) collected along a pollution gradient. Differences in metal concentrations along the gradient and inter- and intraclutch variability were investigated. In the immediate vicinity of the pollution source, feathers of nestling great tits contained significantly higher concentrations of silver, arsenic, mercury, and lead than at the sites further along the gradient. The concentrations of copper and zinc, two essential metals, were significantly lower at the second most polluted site. There was no significant difference in cadmium concentrations among sites. Most metals, except cadmium, were significantly positively correlated with each other. There was a significant amount of interclutch variability in feather metal concentrations, and they differed significantly among sites. The amount of inter- and intraclutch variability did not differ significantly, although intraclutch variability of most metals was markedly high. Our study indicates that feathers of great tit nestlings could be used as bioindicators of metal pollution, but attention should be paid in designing representative sampling procedures.     

Heavy metal concentrations in Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in the Niepołomice Forest

Enchytraeidae were investigated as a part of a broad study of Niepolomice Forest ecosystem functioning. Animals were collected in oak-hornbeam (Tilio-Carpinetum) and in mixed oak-pine (Pino-Quercetum) stands. The highest cadmium concentration was observed in oak-hornbeam from the northern part of the forest (32.33+/-23.22 mg kg(-1) dry mass), with lower ones in mixed oak-pine (13.60+/-21.42 mg kg(-1) dry mass) and southern oak-hornbeam stands (11.84+/-7.52 mg kg(-1) dry mass). Lead concentrations were higher in mixed oak-pine (47.73+/-23.36 mg kg(-1) dry mass) and southern oak-hornbeam (52.20+/-45.19 mg kg(-1) dry mass) stands than in northern, oak-hornbeam (9.20+/-6.46 mg kg(-1) dry mass). The copper concentration was similar in animals from all forest types studied (147.94+/-106.38 mg kg(-1) dry mass in mixed oak-pine, 138.35+/-64.76 mg kg(-1) dry mass in northern oak-hornbeam, and 138.27+/-80.08 mg kg(-1) dry mass in southern oak-hornbeam). The lowest concentration of zinc in animals was found in northern oak-hornbeam (1015.27+/-300.28 mg kg(-1) dry mass) and higher concentrations, in mixed oak-pine (2233.81+/-1825.41 mg kg(-1) dry mass) and southern oak-hornbeam (2366.60+/-1987.52 mg kg(-1) dry mass). The concentrations of available metals in litter trended with those in the animals, but only the relation between lead concentration in animals and available lead in litter was significant. The spatial distribution of metal concentrations in the whole forest suggests a relationship between forest type and the content of cadmium, lead, and zinc in animals. The spatial distribution of heavy metal content in enchytraeids was investigated in selected plots as well. The coefficients of variation indicated that lead had the most diverse distribution and zinc the most homogeneous.     

Adaptation to soil pollution by cadmium excretion in natural populations of Orchesella cincta (L.) (Collembola)

Population differentiation in Orchesella cincta (L.) (Collembola) populations, from various heavy metal contaminated sites, was studied by comparing cadmium excretion efficiency in first generation (F₁) laboratory individuals. Animals from sites with high metal concentrations in the litter and with a long history of contamination showed significantly higher excretion efficiencies than animals from low pollution, or reference sites. Differences found in the F₁ laboratory animals suggest evidence for genetic differences between the populations.Beneficial and detrimental effects of cadmium excretion were studied in relation to body growth and cadmium concentrations. In chronically exposed animals from an unpolluted site, no physiological acclimation was observed. Excretion efficiency was negatively correlated with body concentrations of cadmium. No detrimental effects were found.Whole-body equilibrium concentrations of cadmium and lead were similar in F₁ animals from the reference site and polluted sites. Significant differences in excretion efficiencies imply that the distribution of toxic metals over body compartments differs, tolerant populations having a higher proportion deposited in the gut. Body concentrations of zinc were consistently higher in animals from the polluted site, during both cadmium and zinc exposure. No detrimental effects of increased cadmium excretion on body concentrations of zinc were observed. Population comparisons of cadmium excretion efficiency data and growth reduction in F₁ laboratory animals showed that both parameters were inversely related. Cadmium and lead contamination were not the sole factors determining tolerance differentiation.     

Metal Contamination and Infiltration into the Soil at Refuse Dump Sites in Awka,Nigeria

Awka has been the site of increased human activities since it became a state capital in 1991. Because refuse dumps have hitherto been a disregarded environmental menace in Nigeria, the authors sought to find out how much of the current environmental metal pollutant load comes from refuse dumps. They investigated the metal contamination of the refuse dumps in Awka. The authors collected four soil samples (from the surface and from depths of 0.45 m, 0.90 m, and 1.35 m) from 5 dumpsites digested with nitric acid and perchloric acid, and they analyzed iron, sodium, arsenic, lead, magnesium, potassium, cobalt, zinc, nickel, copper, chromium, and cadmium by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Sites A and C showed the highest levels of arsenic (2300 mg/kg) and lead (2467 mg/kg), respectively. Site D had highest level of both iron (72,200 mg/kg) and sodium (3561 mg/kg), whereas Site E had the lowest level of lead (572 mg/kg). The metal levels exceed the limits set forth by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This study suggests that the refuse dumps in Awka may increase the level of environmental heavy metals in Nigeria.     

Metal contamination and infiltration into the soil at refuse dump sites in Awka, Nigeria

Awka has been the site of increased human activities since it became a state capital in 1991. Because refuse dumps have hitherto been a disregarded environmental menace in Nigeria, the authors sought to find out how much of the current environmental metal pollutant load comes from refuse dumps. They investigated the metal contamination of the refuse dumps in Awka. The authors collected four soil samples (from the surface and from depths of 0.45 m, 0.90 m, and 1.35 m) from 5 dumpsites digested with nitric acid and perchloric acid, and they analyzed iron, sodium, arsenic, lead, magnesium, potassium, cobalt, zinc, nickel, copper, chromium, and cadmium by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Sites A and C showed the highest levels of arsenic (2300 mg/kg) and lead (2467 mg/kg), respectively. Site D had highest level of both iron (72,200 mg/kg) and sodium (3561 mg/kg), whereas Site E had the lowest level of lead (572 mg/kg). The metal levels exceed the limits set forth by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This study suggests that the refuse dumps in Awka may increase the level of environmental heavy metals in Nigeria.     

Location-specific ecotoxicological risk assessment of metal-polluted soils

When chemical analysis indicates metal pollution, a second-tier method is needed to evaluate whether toxic effects occur at the polluted sites. A method based on pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) was developed using samples taken from locations polluted with sewage more than 20 years ago. Microorganisms extracted from soil samples were exposed to a concentration range of zinc, nickel, copper, chromium (III), or chromium (VI) salts in a buffer suspension. The remaining activity of the intoxicated microorganisms was determined by color formation with 31 different organic substrates in microtiter plates. Microorganisms from moderately Zn-polluted sites (>45 mg/kg) showed an increased tolerance for zinc. Nickel tolerance was observed at 51 mg Ni/kg soil, chromium (VI) tolerance at 923 mg Cr/kg. In most cases, tolerance also was observed at higher concentrations. High concentrations of 1,494 mg Cu/kg or 3,935 mg Cr/kg did not show PICT, indicating a limited bioavailability of Cu and Cr at these sites. The benefits of our method are its greater sensitivity compared to other tests used at these sites, and its specificity for those metals that exceed allowable levels.     

杭州市郊菜园土壤锌、铜、铅污染状况的调查

「目的」探讨菜园土壤重污染状况。「方法」测定了６０份土壤样品中锌、铜、锌污染水平。「结果」黄松土的全ＺＳｎ、全Ｃｕ、全Ｐb含量在９７．５～２８６．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ、 ７．３～２０５．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、３８．８～９８．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ之间,江涂土在７５．５～３．２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、４．３～１４．３．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１３．９～９７．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ之间。粉泥土在８９．５～１５０．３ｇｍ／ｋｇ、１５．５～４３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、     

Levels and Variability of Metals in Soils of the Province of Golestan (Iran)

Studying the concentration distribution of metals is necessary for soil pollution monitoring and maintaining environmental quality. To date, very little large-scale research has been performed to investigate metal contamination in developing countries. In this study, the content and spatial distributions of five metals (cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], nickel [Ni], lead [Pb], and zinc [Zn]) were quantified based on 346 topsoil samples from 12 districts in the province of Golestan (northeast [NE] Iran). The concentration levels (mg/kg) of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn varied from 0.02 to 0.36, 9.3 to 93.7, 6.8 to 44, 9.5 to 85.35, and 25 to 417.4, respectively. The average concentrations (mg/kg) obtained were as follows: Cd 0.12 ± 0.07, Cu 23.9 ± 9.07, Ni 34.88 ± 11.59, Pb 15.42 ± 5.81 and Zn 82.08 ± 30.87. Significant differences in the distribution of trace elements among districts were detected. The AzadShahr and BandarGaz districts displayed the highest metal concentrations. Greater metal values were obtained in the central, south, west, and NE areas, although Zn concentration was also high to the north of the province. Values of contamination factor and contamination degree indicated that the metal pollution level was on the order of Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu > Ni and that all of the metals belonged to a low or moderate pollution category. Ni and Cu levels derived from natural sources, whereas Cd, Pb, and Zn derived from anthropogenic activities with greater mean concentrations than reference concentrations.     

Trace Element Concentrations in Tree Leaves and Lichen Collected Along a Metal Pollution Gradient Near Olkusz (Southern Poland)

The aim of the study was to assess the metal pollution in the vicinity of the Bukowno smelter near Olkusz in southern Poland. Birch and oak leaves, pine needles and a lichen Hypogymnia physodes, overgrowing pine bark were collected at stands at different distances from the smelter and analysed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) content. Concentrations of metals in the lichen were usually higher than in the tree leaves/needles and decreased with distance from the smelter, apart from the Cu content. The strongest correlation was noticed between Cd and Pb concentrations, which indicates a common pollution source (the smelter). Our results show that birch leaves can be potentially useful as a bioindicator of Zn air pollution since this species was shown to accumulate high amounts of zinc, related to environmental pollution with that metal, in their leaves.     

某铅冶炼厂周围环境铅污染调查

目的了解X铅冶炼厂对周围环境的污染程度,摸清环境污染现状。方法对厂址周围农田土壤、底泥、水质、环境空气、院落尘土、固废、农作物的铅进行监测分析。结果农灌井水中铅浓度最高为3.1mg/L,超标30.0倍;鱼塘水中铅浓度为0.07mg/L,超标0.40倍;鱼塘底泥中铅含量为1101.5mg/kg,超标0.10倍;河流底泥中铅含量最高为7400.0mg/kg,超标6.40倍;调查区域内的农田土壤样品中铅含量范围为47.0～287.9mg/kg,X铅冶炼厂周围400m范围内农田土壤中铅含量平均值为195.0mg/kg,超过对照点均值(34.4mg/kg)160.6mg/kg,调查区域内的农田土壤受到了不同程度的铅污染,距厂址越近、下风向的农田土壤铅污染越严重。结论X铅冶炼厂对周围环境造成了不同程度的铅污染,是造成部分群众血铅超标的主要污染源。     

Determination of elements hazardous to health in vegetables grown in the Siedlece district

In the years 1986-1987 the content of iron, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead and cadmium was determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry method in vegetables grown by gardeners in Wegrów, Soko?ów Podlaski and Siedlce. These elements were measured in cabbages, tomatoes, carrots, parsley, celery (root and leaves), red beet and potatoes. The content of lead in these vegetables was from 0.0 to 0.596 mg/kg, and that of cadmium was from 0.002 to 0.184 mg/kg (fresh mass). The level of cadmium in many samples of vegetables exceeded to limit permitted by the Polish Ministry of Health. Lead level in a sample of parsley leaves was two times above the permitted value.     

Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Ecological Risk Around Rize Harbor, Turkey (Southeast Black Sea) Affected by Copper Ore Loading Operations by Using Different Sediment Indexes

The purpose of the study was to determine metal pollution and ecological risk in the sediments around Rize Harbor. Metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Ni and Al), were determined in the sediments collected from 7 sites in November, 2010. Metal levels in the sediments were varied from 33.9 to 279.1 mg/kg for Cu, 82 to 383 mg/kg for Zn, 15.9 to 33 mg/kg for Pb, 4.9 to 12.3 mg/kg for As, 0.1 to 1.4 mg/kg for Cd, 0.01 to 0.07 mg/kg for Hg, 13.1 to 17.6 mg/kg for Ni, 1.5 % to 2.98 % for Al. Concentration of metals also was evaluated by enrichment factor, Sediment Quality Guideline (SQGs) of US EPA, and two sets of SQGs indices. A factor analysis was used to determine source of contamination. Two probable source types were identified as anthropogenic and crustal for metals, explaining 86.4 % of the total variance. Six sites were heavily polluted by Cu. Copper concentration in R1 station was found significant enrichment. Current concentration of copper would be expected to frequently be associated with the toxic effect on biota.     

江西省居民日常食用蔬菜中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐污染调查

目的 了解江西省居民日常食用蔬菜中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐污染现状。方法 在江西省11个设区市随机采集128份蔬菜样品,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定氯酸盐和高氯酸盐含量,并对检测结果进行分析。结果 蔬菜中氯酸盐的检出率为53.9%,含量范围为ND～0.071 7 mg/kg,平均检测值为0.010 9 mg/kg。块根块茎类为0.018 5 mg/kg、鲜豆类为0.018 3 mg/kg、叶菜类蔬菜为0.012 2 mg/kg,氯酸盐平均检测值较高。蔬菜中高氯酸盐的检出率为94.5%,含量范围为ND～2.184 7 mg/kg,平均检测值为0.121 1 mg/kg。叶菜类蔬菜高氯酸盐含量最高。结论 江西省居民日常食用蔬菜中氯酸盐有部分检出但总体污染程度较低。高氯酸盐的检出率和污染程度较高,根据欧盟蔬菜高氯酸盐限量值判定,其超标率为18%,存在一定健康风险,应引起重视。     

Effects of Mining Activities on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water,Sediment, and Macroinvertebrates in Different Reaches of the Pilcomayo River,South America

From 1997 until 1999 the extent and the ecological effects of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium pollution were studied in different reaches of the South American Pilcomayo River. A comparison of metal concentrations in water, sediment, and chironomid larvae, as well as the diversity of macroinvertebrate species, was made between sites near the origin of the Pilcomayo River, with hardly any mining activities, sites in the Potosí region, with intensive mining, and sites located 500 km or further downstream of Potosí, in the Chaco plain. Samples were also collected in an unpolluted river (Cachi Mayu River) and in the Tarapaya River, which is strongly contaminated by mine tailings (1000 tons a day). The upper parts of the Pilcomayo River are strongly affected by the release of mine tailings from the Potosí mines where mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in water, filtered water, sediment, and chironomid larvae were up to a thousand times higher than the local background levels. The diversity of the benthic macroinvertebrate community was strongly reduced in the contaminated parts; 97% of the benthic macroinvertebrates consisted of chironomid larvae. The degree of contamination in the lower reaches of the river, however, was fairly low because of sedimentation processes and the strong dilution of mine tailings with enormous amounts of clean sediment from erosion processes. Analysis of sediment cores from the Ibibobo floodplain, however, reveal an increase of the heavy metal concentrations in the lower reaches since the introduction of the contaminating flotation process in the mine industry in 1985. Received: 7 March 2002/Accepted: 19 August 2002     

大连市售海产品铅、镉污染状况分析与评价

目的 了解大连市售常见海产品铅、镉污染状况并进行评价. 方法 对大连市售海鱼、贝类、甲壳类中铅、镉含量进行测定,采用重金属单因子污染指数法进行污染状况评价. 结果 海鱼铅平均含量为0.249 mg/kg,超标率18.9％.贝类铅平均含量为0.262 mg/kg,超标率2.6％.甲壳类镉的平均含量为0.223 mg/kg,超标率为18.8％. 结论 大连市售部分海产品存在不同程度的铅、镉污染.海鱼和贝类存在铅的轻度污染,甲壳类存在镉的中度污染.