腹膜透析在急性肾损伤中的应用

急性肾损伤(AKI)是临床常见急危重症之一。肾脏替代治疗是挽救AKI患者生命的重要救治措施。腹膜透析具有简单易行、无需特殊设备、无需抗凝、对血流动力学影响小等优势。腹膜透析已被国际腹膜透析学会(ISPD)指南推荐作为AKI治疗理想的肾脏替代方式之一。     

Acid-base variables in patients with acute kidney injury requiring peritoneal dialysis in the pediatric cardiac care unit

Purpose  We aimed to clarify the acid-base abnormalities of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring peritoneal dialysis (PD) in pediatric cardiac care units. Methods  A retrospective observational study was conducted in a pediatric cardiac care unit in a tertiary care university hospital. The subjects were 40 patients with AKI requiring PD between 2003 and 2005, and controls matched by type of surgery and body weight. Acid-base variables, including blood gas data and electrolytes, were assessed. The Stewart-Figge variables, including strong ion difference apparent (SIDa), strong ion difference effective (SIDe), and strong ion gap (SIG), were calculated. Results  Blood gas analyses showed that the PD group was more acidemic, with a lower mean bicarbonate and a lower mean base excess, typical features of metabolic acidosis. The strong ion analyses revealed that the PD group had lower mean sodium and albumin concentrations. Based on the Stewart-Figge methodology, SIDa was smaller in the PD group than in the control group, but SIG was similar in the two groups. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses showed that serum albumin was the only prognostic factor associated with PCCU mortality, even after adjustment for PD treatment. Conclusion  Patients with AKI requiring PD in a pediatric cardiac care unit had significant metabolic acidosis compared to controls matched by the type of surgery and body weight. Hyponatremia and hypoalbuminemia were characteristics of these patients. The calculated SIDa was smaller in the PD than in the control group. Only the serum albumin had a significant prognostic value.     

Curative effect of acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of infants with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and acute kidney injury

Objectives To investigate the effect of acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis(AIPD) in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) infants with acute kidney injury (AKI) and to assess the effectiveness of the treatment. Methods Twenty-six cases of MODS infants with AKI (Age for 2 months to 3 years) treated with AIPD (AIPD group, n=12) or not (Control group, n=14) in intensive care unit of People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province from September 2006 to May 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. C1inical characteristics including Scr, BUN, CO2CP, serum K+ and C reactive protein (CRP) before and after dialysis, mortality and renal recovery rate within 30 days were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Result After AIPD, the levels of Scr and BUN decreased significantly (P＜0.05), and comparison with control group was the same; serum K+ declined and CO2CP increased obviously (P＜0.05); CRP also decreased but without significant difference as well as comparison with control group. Compared with control group, these infants in AIPD group showed more significant improvement, including congestive heart failure and pneumonedema; both of renal recovery rate(41.67% vs 14.29%, P=0.003) and ventilator weaning rate (58.33% vs 28.57%, P=0.086) remarkablely raised respectively; mortality rate within 30 days significantly reduced (15.4% vs 36.9%, χ2=9.58, P=0.020). Conclusion AIPD is a kind of effective way of renal replacement therapy, which can effectively clean out superfluous water and toxin, as well correct electrolyte imbalance, enhance renal recovery rate and reduce mortality rate, and is effective to MODS infants with AKI.     

Efficacy and prognosis of peritoneal dialysis in patients with end-stage polycystic kidney disease

Objective To analyze the therapeutic effect and prognosis of peritoneal dialysis in patients with end-stage polycystic kidney disease. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with polycystic kidney disease who were treated with peritoneal dialysis for more than 3 months between July 2007 and September 2016 in the Second Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University. A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study. Another 45 patients of non-diabetic nephropathy were selected as the control group matched by gender, age, and time of PD initiation. The information of the two groups such as general data, dialysis related complications, incidence of peritonitis, prognosis was recorded. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test．The risk factors affecting patients' survival were analyzed with Cox regression model. Results There were no significant difference in pre-dialysis age, sex ratio, blood pressure, urine volume, body weight, eGFR, biochemical data, and the proportion of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the polycystic kidney group and control group. 24 h ultra-filtration volume, 4 h D/Pcr, Kt/V and Ccr between the two groups showed no significant difference (all P＞0.05). The incidence of peritonitis and the time of the first peritonitis in the two groups respectively as one episode per 82.4 months vs one episode per 81.5 months, (35.8±22.8) months vs (34.5±20.9) months had no statistical difference. The ratio of hernia (6.6% vs 2.2%), thoracic and abdominal leakage (4.4% vs 2.2%), dialysate leakage (0 vs 0), catheter dysfunction (4.4% vs 6.6%), exit-site infections (11.1% vs 6.6%), tunnel infections (4.4% vs 2.2%) and non PD related infections (11.1% vs 13.3%) had no significant difference. The 1-year, 3-year, 5-year patient survival of two groups respectively were 95.2% vs 93.3%, 78.9% vs 75.0%, 67.6% vs 64.9% (P=0.475), and 5-year technique survival was 78.7% vs 76.7% (P=0.623), demonstrating no obvious difference. Cox regression analysis showed that age and serum albumin were risk factors for the survival of patients. Conclusions The effect and prognosis of peritoneal dialysis in patients with polycystic kidney and non polycystic kidney were similar. Peritoneal dialysis is not the contraindication of polycystic kidney. Peritoneal dialysis can be used as a routine renal replacement therapy in patients with polycystic kidney disease.     

Fenoldopam for acute kidney injury in children

We report two cases of children with severe cardiomyopathy requiring treatment with ventricular assist devices who developed acute kidney injury and were treated with fenoldopam. Therapy with fenoldopam appeared successful in one case in that renal replacement therapy was avoided with improvement in urine output and renal function. These are the first reported cases of fenoldopam use in children with acute kidney injury receiving mechanical circulatory support.     

老年住院患者急性肾损伤的临床特点

目的 探讨院内老年急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患者的临床特点.方法 本研究收集2015年1月至2015年12月首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院住院期间发生AKI患者的临床资料,分析老年患者发生AKI的临床特点.结果 共纳入202例院内AKI患者,老年AKI患者103例,死亡率44.66％,非老年AKI患者99例,死亡率33.33％.肾脏缺血及感染是老年AKI患者最常见的病因.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,BNP(OR=4.531,95％ CI1.112 ～10.312,P＜0.001)、C反应蛋白(OR=1.071,95％CI1.047～ 1.096,P＜0.05)、平均动脉压(OR=2.28,95％ CI 1.761～2.983,P＜0.001)、合并脓毒血症(OR=2.28,95％ CI 1.761 ～ 2.983,P＜0.001)、合并MODS(OR=27.316,95％ CI 13.936 ～ 48.344,P＜0.001)是老年AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素.结论 老年住院患者AKI病死率高,其中BNP、低平均动脉压、高C反应蛋白、合并脓毒血症及合并MODS为住院老年AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素.     

Risk factors for early peritoneal dialysis catheter failure in children

Background

There is uncertainty regarding the optimal approach for surgical placement of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters in children. Operative technique, catheter selection, and patient variables (eg, age or prior surgical history) may influence catheter lifespan.

Methods

A retrospective review of all PD catheters placed at a tertiary children's medical center during a 6-year period was performed. Our primary outcome was catheter function 2 months after placement. Data were analyzed using Student 2-tailed t test or χ² analysis.

Results

There were 121 PD catheters placed in 81 patients. The median primary functional catheter lifetime was 109 days. Primary PD catheter failure (within 2 months) occurred in 36 catheters (30%). Patients with primary catheter failure (8 ± 7 years) were younger than patients with a functioning catheter at 2 months (12 ± 5 years; P = .002). Catheters placed without simultaneous omentectomy were more likely to fail (P = .042). Catheter failure rate was not significantly different based upon operative technique or catheter type.

Conclusion

Omentectomy at the time of catheter placement decreased the risk of early catheter failure. In contrast, type of catheter or laparoscopic placement did not influence the likelihood of early catheter failure.     

腹膜透析治疗急性重症胰腺炎临床观察

目的探讨腹膜透析在急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）中的治疗效果。方法将40例急性重症胰腺炎患者随机分为两组．即腹膜透析组20例和非透析组20例。透析组于起病后48h内进行透析治疗,非透析组进行常规治疗。观察比较两组血尿淀粉酶的变化,白细胞恢复正常的时间,平均住院时间,治愈率,病死率及并发症发生率。结果在上述各项指标的改善。腹膜透析组明显优于对照组,P〈0．05。结论腹膜透析可改善早期急性重症胰腺炎的预后,提高治愈率,降低死亡率和减少并发症发生。     

Peritoneal clearances with different dialysis regimens in children undergoing continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

Peritoneal clearances and dialysate protein losses occurring in paediatric patients undergoing different continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) regimens have not been well defined. We, therefore, evaluated 10 children aged 15.8 +/- 2.5 (SD) years who were maintained on home peritoneal dialysis for 20.5 +/- 10 months. All patients had at least 3 months of CCPD. The patients were admitted to the Clinical Research Center for 48 hours and allocated to five different dialysis protocols. In protocol I, the frequency of exchanges was 10 per 10 hours; in Protocol II it was 5 per 10 hours; and in Protocol III it was 3 per 10 hours. Protocol II D and III D had, in addition, a daytime dwell of one-half the night-time volume. A 1.5% glucose dialysate solution was used for night-time dialysis, and 4.25% glucose dialysate solution for the daytime dwell. The mean inflow dialysate volume per exchange was 36.7 +/- 5.6 ml/kg body weight and was constant in each patient for each study protocol. BUN and creatinine clearances for each protocol were calculated and dialysate protein losses were measured. The data indicate that hourly night-time dialysis (Protocol I) provides best solute clearance. A daytime dwell further enhances the total solute clearance and should be used preferably in anuric patients. Residual urine output contributes significantly to the total solute clearance. Protein losses are maximum with low-frequency exchanges and a daytime dwell. No significant differences in the serum albumin concentrations were found during the different protocols; however, the long-term effect of the protein loss on the nutritional status of the patients requires further evaluation.     

Clinical and pathological features of acute kidney injury in children

Objective: Based on the diagnostic and staging criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI), we analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics of children at different stages of AKI and explored their clinical significances. Methods: 165 children with AKI were divided into stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 groups. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of AKI children were analyzed. Results: The three groups of patients showed significant differences in age, etiology, pathological damage, and the median recovery time of serum creatinine. Of the 165 patients, the incidence and duration of hematuria showed significant differences among the three groups, and the stage 1 group showed longer duration of proteinuria. Conclusion: The patients were largely in stage 1 and 3. The children with AKI in stage 1 were largely school-age children and acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) was the main etiology. The AKI children in stage 3 were mainly infants, of which the etiology was mainly drugs and septicemia. The pathological type was mainly acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, and the renal function recovery was slow.     

Urea kinetics and other dialysis indices in children undergoing ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Background. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an established treatment for children with end-stage renal failure. Creatinine clearance and urea kinetics are used to quantitate the dialysis treatment, but the means to assess the adequacy of dialysis in children are still controversial. Methods. We studied serum chemistry, dietary protein intake (DPI), protein catabolic rate (PCR), weekly urea clearance/body water (Kt/V_urea), weekly creatinine clearance (Ccr/week), clinical signs and symptoms during PD treatment, and peritoneal transport function in 17 children (4 to 18 years of age) with end-stage renal disease treated with PD. Fourteen children were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 3 were on automated peritoneal dialysis. Results. The mean values of the parameters tested were: blood urea nitrogen, 71 mg/dl; creatinine, 9.8 mg/dl; total protein, 6.4 g/dl; albumin, 4.0 g/dl; total Ccr, 70 l/week per 1.73 m²; DPI, 1.76 g/kg per day; PCR, 1.17 g/kg per day, and total Kt/V_urea, 2.28/week. The mean patient's clinical assessment score was 11.7, out of 15 and the mean doctor's clinical assessment score was 11.7, out of 14. The correlation between Kt/V_urea and creatinine clearance was 0.84 (P < 0.0001). Kt/V_urea and clinical assessment scores (patient's and doctor's scores) did not show a good correlation (r = 0.32; P = 0.228, and r = 0.47; P = 0.064, respectively). Peritoneal function seemed to be preserved after an average duration of 32 months on PD. Conclusions. These patients appeared to be fairly well dialyzed, judging from the values for the various dialysis indices obtained in this study and comparing them with adult indices. Received: January 7, 1999 / Accepted: March 22, 2000     

Acquired cystic kidney disease in children undergoing long-term dialysis

Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) occurs in adult patients undergoing long-term dialysis. Early detection is important because clinically significant hematuria and malignancies are associated with ACKD. We evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) the incidence of ACKD in 15 patients aged 7.3–21.6 years (mean 15.9 years) with non-cystic primary renal disease. Nine patients had been treated with peritoneal dialysis only, and 6 with both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis for 24–73 months (mean 37 months). Three patients (20%) had no cysts. In 5 patients (33%) with bilateral multiple cysts, the diagnosis of ACKD was made by MRI and US. In another 5 patients, solitary cysts were localized to one kidney by MRI, and in 2 patients solitary cysts were seen in both kidneys. This study documents that ACKD is not limited to older patients with end-stage renal disease. Early detection of these cysts can be accomplished by MRI and is warranted since 1 patient developed neoplastic tubular changes which can precede tumor formation.     

腹膜透析对重症急性出血坏死性胰腺炎诱发组织器官损害的保护作用

目的探讨腹膜透析(PD)对重症急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)诱发组织器官损害的保护作用.方法 34例AHNP患者随机分为PD治疗组(21例)和对照组(13例),对照组采用常规综合治疗方式,PD治疗组除进行常规综合治疗外,还进行间歇性腹膜透析(IPD)治疗.两组均同时监测血TNF-a、IL-1β及血、尿淀粉酶水平,并行血、尿液、大便及透出液常规检查,以及观察肝、肾、心、脑等脏器功能.结果 PD治疗组对脏器组织的保护作用优于对照组,可改善体内炎症状态,患者病死率(14.3%)较对照组(38.5%)低,平均住院天数(20.4±6.3)亦低于对照组(29.7±10.4).结论腹膜透析对重症AHNP诱发的组织器官的损害具有保护作用.     

Incidence of acute kidney injury in hospitalized children

Objective To investigate the prevalence, missed diagnosis rate and causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized children, and its impact on hospitalization cost, length of stay and outcome. Methods The data of children admitted in Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics from December 1st to 31st 2014 were collected, and those whose serum creatinine (Scr) were measured at least two times were selected. Patients were diagnosed as AKI according to the diagnostic criteria of 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, then divided into AKI group and non-AKI group, the former of which was further divided into AKI1 group (Scr peak value in normal range) and AKI2 group (Scr peak value above normal range). The causes and impact of AKI on hospitalization cost, length of stay and outcome in different groups were compared and analyzed. Results (1) Among 921 patients with at least two Scr results, 170 patients met with the diagnostic criteria of AKI, including 100 males and 70 females. There were 112(65.9%) in AKI stage 1, 43(25.3%) in stage 2, and 15(8.8%) in stage 3. The overall prevalence of AKI was 18.5%. With only 7 cases getting diagnosed, the diagnostic rate was 4.1%, while 95.9% of patients missed diagnosis. (2) Among AKI patients, 67 cases had pre-renal causes, 103 cases had intra-renal causes and mixed factors. 100(58.8%) cases got complete recovery, 34(20.0%) cases recovered partially and 36(21.2%) cases did not improve, including 4 cases of death. (3) The prevalence of AKI among those below 1-year old was higher than children elder than 1-year (23.0% vs 15.5%, P=0.004). The prevalence of AKI in surgical ward was higher than medical ward (30.7% vs 15.8%, P＜0.001). (4) Compared with those in non-AKI group, there was lower age [1.1(0.2, 3.5) year vs 2.0(0.3, 4.9) year] and higher hospitalization time[12.5(8.0, 20.0) d vs 8.0(6.0, 11.0) d], hospitalization costs [25 279.2(13 822.8, 48 856.7) yuan vs 12 616.9(8680.1, 19 345.1) yuan] and mortality (2.4% vs 0.3%) in AKI group (all P＜0.05). (5) There were 126 cases in AKI1 group and 44 cases in AKI2 group. The costs of hospitalization, outcome and mortality showed no difference between two groups (all P＞0.05). The hospitalization time in AKI2 group was shorter than that in AKI1 group (P=0.038). Conclusions Among hospitalized children the missed diagnosis rate of AKI is high. Pre-renal factor is the main cause of AKI. Children younger than 1-year old are more susceptible to AKI. AKI children have lower age and higher hospitalization time, hospitalization costs and mortality than non-AKI children. The effect of Scr fluctuation within normal levels needs to be further studied.     

Impact of primary omentectomy on longevity of peritoneal dialysis catheters in children

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of omentectomy on peritoneal dialysis catheter failure rates in pediatric patients with renal failure.

Methods

A retrospective review of children undergoing peritoneal catheter placement was performed over a 22-year period. Children were segregated into those undergoing catheter placements with omentectomy or without.

Results

One hundred sixty-three patients were reviewed, with a 1:1.03 ratio of male to female patients. The mean age was 6.25 ± 5.58 years. Fifty-three percent underwent omentectomy. Catheter failure was observed in 63 children (39%). Catheter obstruction was identified in 36%. Peritonitis led to failure in 9.8%. Catheter failure rate was significantly reduced with the performance of omentectomy (23% without omentectomy vs 15% with omentectomy, P = .0054). Differences in time to catheter failure did not reach statistical significance in the omentectomy group (759 vs 280 days, P = .13).

Conclusions

Omentectomy conferred improved utility of peritoneal catheters in children. Omentectomy appears useful in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis catheter placement.     

腹膜透析管出口感染的菌种和预后分析

目的 了解腹透管出口感染的菌种和预后。方法 定期随访规律性腹膜透析(腹透)患者的腹透管出口，将出口分为良好出口、可疑出口、感染出口(ESI)和隧道感染(TI)，并统计ESI的发生率、细菌种类、治疗效果和预后。结果 在18个月随访期间定期检查69例腹透患者的出口，共发生ESI 21例次，病原菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌(47．6％)和绿脓杆菌(28．6％)为主。经治疗，17例次治愈，4例次末愈(2例次为金葡菌，2例次为绿脓杆菌)并导致隧道感染(TI)。临床诊断TI发生率为0．012次／病人年，超声显像诊断TI发生率为0．036次／病人年。其中1例cuff剥离后出口愈合良好。3例拔管。结论 感染的细菌种类影响预后。隧道感染发生于出口感染末愈的病例中，超声显像检查能提高诊断阳性率。     

Laparoscopic placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters in children

Background

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is preferred over hemodialysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience with laparoscopic PD catheter placement and omentectomy in children.

Methods

We reviewed all children (N = 21) who underwent laparoscopic placement of PD catheters and omentectomy. Ages ranged from 3 months to 16 years. Five children had previous major abdominal surgery and required extensive lysis of adhesions. During the same intervention, other surgical procedures were performed using laparoscopy or open technique, including umbilical hernia repair in 3, bilateral inguinal hernia repair in 3, ventral hernia repair in 2, gastrostomy in 4, kidney biopsy in 2, and cholecystectomy in 1.

Results

Thirteen children received successful kidney transplantation and no longer needed dialysis. Two children still have functioning PD catheters. One patient developed membrane failure and was converted to hemodialysis. Four patients recovered enough renal function and no longer need dialysis. There were no complications related to the laparoscopic procedure.

Conclusion

Laparoscopy is ideal for PD catheter placement. It facilitates omentectomy, and it allows for the catheter to be placed in the proper position under direct vision and for lysis of adhesions to increase peritoneal surface. Other abdominal procedures can be performed laparoscopically at the same time.