神经刺激器定位下肢神经阻滞的血液动力学研究

摘要目的：研究神经刺激器定位腰丛复合坐骨神经阻滞用于单侧下肢手术中的血液动力学变化。方法：选取择期、拟行单侧下肢手术、ASAⅠ-Ⅳ的病人22例，以神经刺激器定位，行腰丛、坐骨神经阻滞，当出现靶肌肉收缩时，减小电流强度至0．3-0．5mA。如仍有肌肉收缩．注入0．4％-0．5％的罗哌卡因20-25ml，然后观察麻醉效果，不同时间的SBP、MAP、DBP、HR及芬太尼、咪唑安定、异丙酚用量．麻醉效果的评价用VAS口述视觉评分。结果：22例病人全部完成麻醉操作，2例病人芬太尼用量大于100μg，咪唑安定用量大于10mg；无一例使用异丙酚，满意率90．9％；不同时间的血液动力学数据无显著差异。结论：腰丛复合坐骨神经阻滞用于下肢手术的麻醉效果满意．血液动力学平稳。     

老年高危患者腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞49例下肢手术血流动力学分析

目的探讨神经刺激仪辅助定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在危重老年患者行下肢手术中应用对血流动力学的影响。方法高危老年糖尿病足坏疽49例行单侧大腿中下1/3和小腿截肢术,入手术室后常规监测血压、心电图、血氧饱和度,面罩吸氧8 L/min,经刺激仪定位下行腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞,腰丛注入1%利多卡因15 ml和0.4%罗哌卡因15 ml,坐骨神经处注入1%利多卡因15 ml和0.4%罗哌卡因10 ml。结果49例患者麻醉效果均满意,无止血带疼痛反应,术后无腰痛、头痛、尿潴留、神经损伤。血流动力学变化与麻醉前比较,麻醉后10 min和30 min的SBP和DBP均稍有下降,但无明显差异（P〉0.05）,60 min患者的SBP、DBP经补液扩容有所回升,心率麻醉前后无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论神经刺激仪辅助定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞是老年高危患者下肢手术的理想麻醉方法。     

腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在下肢外伤性手术麻醉中的应用

目的:观察单侧腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞用于下肢外伤性手术麻醉的镇痛效果及对血液动力学的影响.方法:40例急诊拟行单侧下肢外伤性手术的病人随机分为两组.A组采用神经刺激器定位技术行腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞,B组选择L2-3或L3-4间隙行硬膜外麻醉.局麻药均用罗哌卡因.记录麻醉前及麻醉后15、30、60、90 min的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率(HR),以及针刺疼痛消失时间、术中输液量、术后尿潴留发生率等指标.结果:与麻醉前相比,两组病人的麻醉后血压均下降,B组病人麻醉后各时点的SBP、DBP均明显低于A组:术中B组的晶体输入量,曾用麻黄碱病例数和术后尿潴留发生率均明显高于A组;针刺疼痛消失时间A组显著低于B组.两组病例麻醉效果确切,均无更改麻醉方式完成手术.结论:神经刺激器定位技术下行单侧腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞.麻醉起效快,镇痛效果好,对血液动力学影响小,术后不良反应少,适用于下肢创伤性手术病人.     

股神经-坐骨神经联合阻滞在高龄患者单下肢手术中的临床应用

目的探讨应用神经刺激器行股神经-坐骨神经联合阻滞的方法用于高龄患者单下肢手术中的效果。方法将30例75岁以上、ASA分级Ⅱ-Ⅲ级、拟行单侧下肢手术的老年患者按随机数字表法分为2组,每组15例。A组采用神经刺激器定位技术,正确定位后,坐骨神经和股神经分别给予0.4%罗哌卡因20mL和25mL阻滞;B组选择L3-4或L2-3间隙行蛛网膜下腔麻醉,给予0.75%布比卡因1.2mL+10%葡萄糖0.1mL。对2组患者麻醉前,麻醉后15、30min,手术结束时SBP、DBP和HR的变化及不良反应的发生率进行比较。结果 2组患者麻醉效果均满意,阻滞效果及HR的变化比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。麻醉前2组患者的SBP、DBP比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);麻醉后B组15、30min的SBP、DBP均明显低于麻醉前及A组(均P<0.05)。B组围术期不良反应(恶心呕吐、尿潴留等)的发生率为66.7%,A组未出现不良反应,B组明显高于A组(P<0.01)。结论神经刺激器定位股神经-坐骨神经阻滞用于高龄患者单下肢手术阻滞成功率较高,对循环功能影响较小,术后并发症少。     

神经阻滞在单侧大隐静脉曲张手术中的应用

近年来，神经刺激仪定位行神经阻滞操作简便、术后镇痛效果好，已经广泛应用于上下肢手术。笔者对52例单侧大隐静脉手术采用神经刺激器定位腰丛＋坐骨神经阻滞麻醉，取得满意效果，现总结如下。     

神经刺激仪定位神经阻滞在单侧大隐静脉曲张手术80例中的应用分析

目的：观察神经刺激仪定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞用于单侧大隐静脉曲张手术的麻醉效果。方法：80例ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级行单侧大隐静脉曲张手术的患者，采用神经刺激仪引导下行腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞。常规观察阻滞效果，记录不同时间点平均动脉压及心率。结果：麻醉后各时间点的平均动脉压及心率与麻醉前比较无统计学差异，40％的患者出现闭孔神经阻滞不全，其余病例阻滞效果优。结论：神经刺激仪引导下行腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞用于单侧大隐静脉曲张手术麻醉效果好，术中患者循环功能稳定性具有优势，值得在此类手术中推广。     

老年手术病人实施神经刺激器定位下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉的护理

近几年来，神经刺激器定位下的腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在临床上得到了越来越广泛的应用。与传统的麻醉方法相比较，该方法定位准确、操作简单，对机体生理功能影响小，血流动力学稳定”。老年病人常合并有心血管和呼吸系统疾患，器官生理功能及代偿能力下降，对麻醉及手术的耐受性降低。我院于2006年3月-2009年10月对64例老年手术病人实施神经刺激器定位下的腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉，     

不同浓度和容量的罗哌卡因在老年患者腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞中的应用

目的观察两种不同浓度、不同容量的罗哌卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞对老年患者下肢手术麻醉的效果和安全性。方法选择择期行单侧下肢手术的老年患者90例,将其随机分为3组各30例:0.3%罗哌卡因60 ml组(A组)、0.4%罗哌卡因45 ml组(B组)、0.4%罗哌卡因60 ml组(C组)。各组在神经刺激器引导下行单侧腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞,均按2∶1分配腰丛和坐骨神经的局部麻醉药容量,观察麻醉起效时间、持续时间、阻滞范围以及血流动力学变化和不良反应的发生情况。结果 C组的感觉和运动阻滞的起效时间快于A、B组(P<0.05),持续时间长于A、B组(P<0.05)。A组和C组的阻滞范围明显大于B组(P<0.05),A、C组之间无明显差别。A、C组患者在神经阻滞下均能完成手术,B组有5例患者由于镇痛不全或肌松效果较差,需辅助静脉麻醉或改为全身麻醉才能完成手术。结论低浓度高容量(0.3%、60 ml)的罗哌卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞能为老年患者下肢手术提供较好的麻醉效果,同时可减少局部麻醉药用量并提高麻醉安全性。     

神经刺激仪应用于高龄患者髋部手术的麻醉体会

目的观察在神经刺激仪定位下行腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞在高龄患者髋部手术的麻醉效果。方法选择70岁以上的择期行单侧髋部手术的高龄患者60例,ASAⅡ~Ⅲ级,分为神经阻滞组(试验组)和硬膜外麻醉组(对照组),每组30例,试验组在神经刺激仪定位下行腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞麻醉,对照组行硬膜外麻醉并记录生命体征的变化和不良反应的发生率。结果两组患者均阻滞完善,麻醉效果满意。麻醉前两组血压差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但麻醉后对照组血压明显低于试验组及麻醉前(P0.05)。结论应用神经刺激仪定位下行腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞对于老年患者是安全、有效、比较理想的麻醉方法。     

老年手术病人实施神经刺激器定位下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉的护理

近几年来,神经刺激器定位下的腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在临床上得到了越来越广泛的应用.与传统的麻醉方法相比较,该方法定位准确、操作简单,对机体生理功能影响小,血流动力学稳定[1,2].老年病人常合并有心血管和呼吸系统疾患,器官生理功能及代偿能力下降,对麻醉及手术的耐受性降低.我院于2006年3月-2009年10月对64例老年手术病人实施神经刺激器定位下的腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,并实施有效的护理措施,取得了满意的效果.现报道如下.     

超声引导下与神经刺激器联合超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞在下肘部位手术患者麻醉中应用比较

[目的]比较神经刺激器联合超声引导及单纯超声引导行腋路臂丛神经阻滞在下肘部位手术患者麻醉中的应用效果.[方法]60例下肘部手术患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例.对照组给予超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞方案,观察组则予以神经刺激器联合超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞方案.比较两组受试者操作时间、相关神经阻滞的起效时间、神经阻滞持续时间及0.5 h内阻滞成功率、一次性穿刺成功率差异及相关并发症发生情况.[结果]观察组0.5 h内臂丛神经阻滞总成功率显著高于对照组(100.0%vs 86.7%),相关并发症发生率则显著低于对照组(6.7%vs 26.7%),且差异均有显著性(P均<0.05).观察组平均操作时间及桡神经、尺神经、正中神经、肌皮神经等阻滞起效时间均显著低于对照组,神经阻滞持续时间则明显长于对照组(P均<0.05);两组一次性穿刺成功率比较差异无显著性(P>0.05).[结论]对下肘部位手术患者予以神经刺激器联合超声引导下腋路臂丛神经阻滞方案,利于提高其定位准确性及臂丛神经阻滞成功率,对降低其手术相关并发症发生风险、延长其神经阻滞持续时间等具有积极影响.     

神经刺激仪辅助罗哌卡因阻滞麻醉用于老年下肢手术的效果

目的观察神经刺激仪辅助罗哌卡因阻滞麻醉用于老年下肢手术的临床效果。方法将我院拟行单侧下肢手术的老年患者58例随机分为试验组30例和对照组28例。试验组在神经刺激仪引导下采用0.50%罗哌卡因和1.00%利多卡因行腰丛神经联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉;对照组采用2.00%利多卡因和0.75%罗哌卡因行硬膜外麻醉。比较两组一般情况、麻醉情况、术后禁食及并发症情况。结果两组手术时间及使用止血带时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术中试验组平均动脉压保持在稳定的状态,无明显波动。手术开始时、术中不同时点及术后1 h平均动脉压两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。麻醉开始起效时间、维持时间两组比较差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组麻醉后不同时点神经阻滞完善率均高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后禁食时间及尿潴留发生率两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在神经刺激仪定位下0.50%罗哌卡因用于老年下肢手术腰丛神经联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉效果满意且安全性好。     

The use of train of four monitoring for clinical evaluation of the axillary brachial plexus block

The axillary approach of brachial plexus anesthesia is the most commonly used technique for forearm and hand surgery. Dynamometer is known as objective test for the clinical assessment of motor block of the nerves in brachial plexus block. However, the use of this device may not always be practical in operating room. The train-of-four (TOF) test is a non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulator that shows the level of motor block of muscle relaxants. The aim of the study is to investigate the use of TOF testing as a peripheral nerve stimulator for objective clinical evaluation of motor block at axillary brachial plexus block. 44 patients were randomized according to the development of partial or complete motor in the axillary brachial plexus block. The nerves were selectively localized by nerve stimulation and ultrasound guidance. After obtaining an appropriate peripheral motor response, predetermined volumes of bupivacaine were selectively injected to the 4 nerves. Sensory, motor block levels and TOF values were measured at 10th, 20th, 30th minutes immediately after the axillary brachial plexus block. TOF values were gradually decreased and significant difference was observed between the development of a complete and partial motor block at 30th minute. TOF values were also significantly less in patients of complete sensory block than the patients of partial sensory block at 30th minute. The use of TOF monitoring may be beneficial to assess the objective clinical effect of motor block in the patients with axillary brachial plexus nerve block.     

相同剂量不同浓度的罗哌卡因用于腰丛坐骨神经联合阻滞的临床研究

目的：观察相同剂量不同浓度的罗哌卡因用于腰丛坐骨神经联合阻滞的临床效果。方法：择期行单侧下肢手术的患者90例,年龄18～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为3组（n=30）：A组给予0．3％的罗哌卡因腰丛36mL、坐骨神经24mL,B组给予0．36％的罗哌卡因腰丛30mL、坐骨神经24mL,C组给予0．4％罗哌卡因腰丛27mL、坐骨神经18mL。分别于给药后2、5、10、15、20、25、30、35min测定下肢的感觉、运动评分以及感觉阻滞的时间和运动阻滞的时间。结果：三组患者阻滞起效时间无明显差别,高容量组完全阻滞的持续时间短于低容量组;高容量低浓度组患者完全阻滞率高于低容量组,但达到完全阻滞时间长于低容量组。结论：在剂量相同时罗哌卡因的浓度和容量会影响腰丛和坐骨神经的阻滞效果;高容量罗哌卡因更有利于达到良好的感觉阻滞。     

Safety and Efficacy of the Infraclavicular Nerve Block Performed at Low Current

Abstract:   It has recently been suggested that peripheral nerve or plexus blocks performed with the use of a nerve stimulator at low currents (<0.5 mA) may result in neurologic damage. We studied the infraclavicular nerve block, performed with the use of a nerve stimulator and an insulated needle, in a prospective evaluation of efficacy and safety. During a one-year period, 248 patients undergoing infraclavicular nerve block were evaluated for block success rate and incidence of neurologic complication. All blocks were performed with the use of a nerve stimulator and an insulated needle at ≤0.3 mA. Success rate was 94%, which increased to 96% with surgical infiltration of local anesthetic. There were no intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications noted. After one week, only one patient had a neurologic complaint, and this was surgically related, referable to surgery performed on the radial nerve. We conclude that infraclavicular nerve blocks performed at low currents (≤0.3 mA) are safe and effective.     

Combination of High-Resolution Ultrasound-Guided Perivascular Regional Anesthesia of the Internal Carotid Artery and Intermediate Cervical Plexus Block for Carotid Surgery

All previously documented regional anesthesia procedures for carotid artery surgery routinely require additional local infiltration or systemic supplementation with opioids to achieve satisfactory analgesia because of the complex innervation of the surgical site. Here, we report a reliable ultrasound-guided anesthesia method for carotid artery surgery. High-resolution ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia using a 12.5-MHz linear ultrasound transducer was performed in 34 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesia consisted of perivascular regional anesthesia of the internal carotid artery and intermediate cervical plexus block. The internal carotid artery and the nerves of the superficial cervical plexus were identified, and a needle was placed dorsal to the internal carotid artery and directed cranially to the carotid bifurcation under ultrasound visualization. After careful aspiration, local anesthetic was spread around the internal carotid artery and the carotid bifurcation. In the second step, local anesthetic was injected below the sternocleidomastoid muscle along the previously identified nerves of the intermediate cervical plexus. The necessity for intra-operative supplementation and the conversion rate to general anesthesia were recorded. Ultrasonic visualization of the region of interest was possible in all cases. Needle direction was successful in all cases. Three to five milliliters of 0.5% ropivacaine produced satisfactory spread around the carotid bifurcation. For intermediate cervical plexus block, 10 to 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine produced sufficient intra-operative analgesia. Conversion to general anesthesia because of an incomplete block was not necessary. Five cases required additional local infiltration with 1% prilocaine (2–6 mL) by the surgeon. Visualization with high-resolution ultrasound yields safe and accurate performance of the block. Because of the low rate of intra-operative supplementation, we conclude that the described ultrasound-guided perivascular anesthesia technique is effective for carotid artery surgery.     

Effect of Ultrasound-guided Nerve Block With 0.75% Ropivacaine at the Mid-forearm on the Prevalence of Moderate to Severe Pain After Hand Surgery

Purpose

This study tested the hypothesis that ultrasound-guided mid-forearm nerve block with 0.75% ropivacaine reduces the prevalence of moderate to severe pain after wrist and hand surgery, and provides prolonged postoperative analgesia with minimal motor blockade.

罗哌卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞的临床观察

目的：探讨0．5％、0．75％罗哌卡因用于单侧腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞的安全性和有效性。方法：64例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ行单侧下肢手术的患者，随机分为两组，每组32例，分别以0．5％和0．75％的罗哌卡因在神经刺激仪定位下行腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞，观察患者给药30min后感觉和运动阻滞效果、阻滞时间及自觉症状。结果：两组患者起效时间无明显差异，但0．75％罗哌卡因组比0．5％罗哌卡因组运动和感觉阻滞维持时间明显延长，差异有显著性，且患者满意率高。结论：0．75％罗哌卡因用于腰丛-坐骨神经联合阻滞时比0．5％罗哌卡因作用更为完善，持续时间更长，较适用于下肢深部手术和术后镇痛。     

超声引导肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞在急诊手术中的应用

目的 探讨超声引导肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞在急诊上肢手术中应用的可行性.方法 2007年8月至2007年12月于温州市中西医结合医院行急诊上肢手术的患者80例(男53例,女27例),ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,颈肩部外观无畸形,无患肢感觉异常,无肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞禁忌证,年龄18～68岁,体质量45～75kg.随机分为二组进行前瞻性的临床对照研究:超声引导组(U组)和神经刺激器引导组(N组),每组各40例,分别行超声和神经刺激器引导的肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,两组患者性别、年龄、体质量和手术时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).局麻药为0.75%罗哌卡因与2%利多卡因等量混合液20 mL.组间观察比较腋神经、臂外侧皮神经、桡神经、正中神经、臂内侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经、尺神经的麻醉起效时间、阻滞效果和麻醉持续时间;评定手术全程的麻醉效果.采用SPSS12.0统计学软件包进行独立样本t检验、秩和检验和χ2检验,以P＜0.05为差异具有统计学意义.结果 各神经分支起效时间比较,U组明显短于N组(P＜0.01).注药30min后,各神经分支的阻滞效果U组明显优于N组(P＜0.05).U组麻醉优良率明显高于N组(100%vs.87.5%,P＜0.05).N组失败5例,其中2例追加其他途径臂丛神经阻滞,3例改为全麻后完成手术.麻醉持续时间U组为(378±151)min,N组为(365±163)min,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).N组出现5例误穿血管.结论 与神经刺激器比较,超声引导肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的起效时间更短,阻滞效果更好,是急诊上肢手术理想的臂丛神经阻滞方法.