345例艾滋病死亡病例的医院感染状况分析

目的探讨广东地区某传染病医院艾滋病住院死亡病例医院感染情况及其危险因素和对死亡的影响。方法对2001年1月—2011年12月该院345例艾滋病住院死亡病例的资料进行回顾性分析。结果 345例艾滋病住院死亡病例共发生医院感染47例,52例次,医院感染率为13.62%,感染例次率为15.07%;其中15例(31.91%)医院感染与死亡直接相关。医院感染部位以下呼吸道(18例次,34.62%)为主,其次为消化道(13例次,25.00%)和皮肤软组织(11例次,21.15%)等;病原体种类构成分别为细菌(12株,25.53%)、病毒(10株,21.28%)、真菌(6株,12.77%)及其他病原体(19株,40.43%)。医院感染的危险因素包括住院时间>30d、侵袭性操作、2个及以上部位的合并机会性感染、使用二联以上抗菌药物及CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<200个/μL。结论医院感染是艾滋病住院患者死亡的重要诱因之一。早期诊断和及时治疗机会性感染,缩短住院日,减少侵袭性操作,合理使用抗菌药物是预防和控制艾滋病患者发生医院感染的关键措施。     

Opportunistic Intestinal Parasite Infection and Mode of Sexual Intercourse of HIV-Infected Patients in the Era of HAART

One of the major health problems among HIV-infected patients is the intestinal parasite infestations. At present, opportunistic intestinal parasite infection is very common in patients with HIV/AIDS and remains a treat to public health. Association of HIV infection with gut parasites is likely to be related to sexual modes of contact that favour both HIV and the parasite. A cross-sectional study to determine the correlation between opportunistic intestinal parasite infection and mode of sexual intercourse among HIV/AIDS patients was conducted. In the study of 40 HIV/AIDS adult patients with diarrhea, a total of 38 cases with heterosexual mode of intercourse and 2 with homosexual mode of intercourse were reported during the study period. Of interest, there is no association between opportunistic intestinal parasite infection and mode of sexual intercourse of HIV-infected patients (P value > 0.05).     

Aspergillosis Complicating Severe Coronavirus Disease

Aspergillosis complicating severe influenza infection has been increasingly detected worldwide. Recently, coronavirus disease–associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) has been detected through rapid reports, primarily from centers in Europe. We provide a case series of CAPA, adding 20 cases to the literature, with review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and outcomes. The syndromes of pulmonary aspergillosis complicating severe viral infections are distinct from classic invasive aspergillosis, which is recognized most frequently in persons with neutropenia and in other immunocompromised persons. Combined with severe viral infection, aspergillosis comprises a constellation of airway-invasive and angio-invasive disease and results in risks associated with poor airway fungus clearance and killing, including virus- or inflammation-associated epithelial damage, systemic immunosuppression, and underlying lung disease. Radiologic abnormalities can vary, reflecting different pathologies. Prospective studies reporting poor outcomes in CAPA patients underscore the urgent need for strategies to improve diagnosis, prevention, and therapy.     

Aspergillose invasive du cavum associée à une méningite à Candida albicans

Aspergillus fumigatus is a resistant filamentous fungus, common in the environment and pathogenic for human. The most common sites of primary aspergillosis are the maxillary sinus and lungs. Intracranial location is rare and may develop after hematogenous dissemination or contiguity. The invasive pseudotumoral form usually concerns immunodepressed patients. Invasive aspergillosis of the cavum is rare and its diagnosis is difficult. This infection can be fatal because of endocranial involvement and permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier, facilitating other neuromeningeal mycotic infections. We report the case of a 70-year-old diabetic and hypertensive female patient having presented with an invasive aspergillosis of the cavum and endocranial involvement complicated by Candida meningitis.     

Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Updates and recommendations

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is an opportunistic mycosis, difficult to diagnose, due to the environmental fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The diagnostic tools, even if more are available, are still limited in number and effectiveness. The current recommendations issued by the EORTC/MSG (European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group) and the ECIL (European Conference for Infection in Leukemia) suggest collecting epidemiological, radio-clinical, and biological data to support the diagnosis of aspergillosis with a strong presumption. Thus, medical imaging and serum galactomannan antigen currently constitute the basis of the screening approach, although they both have some limitations in specificity. (1→3)-β-D-glucans are pan-fungal serum markers with a very good negative predictive value. Real-time PCR lacks standardization, and fungal culture from respiratory specimens is sometimes not sensitive enough. Histology allows proving the diagnosis of aspergillosis, but biopsy is not always possible in immunodepressed patients. We present the various arguments for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, with a particular emphasis on recent exploration techniques.     

Nosocomial aspergillosis: a retrospective review of airborne disease secondary to road construction and contaminated air conditioners

A retrospective review of autopsy records was performed to evaluate a clustering of patients shown to have invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during the period July 1, 1978 through October 31, 1980 at Milwaukee County Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. During this period, ten patients, all of whom were immunosuppressed by either hematologic malignancy (two), advanced age (one), or iatrogenically to prevent rejection of renal allografts (seven) were found to have invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Prospective and retrospective evaluations of the hospital environment correlated the clustering of cases to recent road construction, and recovery of Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus from window air conditioners used in the renal transplantation ward suggested that some of the patients had acquired the infection nosocomially. A review of autopsy records during a seven-year period following the initiation of the renal transplant program but antedating road construction of any major consequence revealed no invasive aspergillosis among any patient autopsied.     

36例肺曲霉菌病的CT诊断分析

目的观察比较分析各类肺曲霉菌病的CT表现特点,提高肺曲霉菌病临床诊断的准确率。方法选取本院2008年11月～2009年11月36例肺曲霉菌病患者的CT诊断案例做观察,比较各类肺曲霉菌病的CT数据。结果过敏型支气管肺曲菌（ABPA）病患者6例,CT成像为出现轨道征或环形影;寄生型肺曲菌病患者17例,CT成像为出现空气新月征;侵袭性肺曲霉菌病（IPA）患者13例,CT成像为出现晕轮征。结论肺曲霉菌病种类多样,病情复杂多变,CT成像的表现特点可以为各类肺曲霉菌病提供准确的诊断依据,有效鉴别于其他类似疾病,进一步提升诊断的准确率,有助于选择适当的治疗方案。     

Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus infection coinciding with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients

SIn patients receiving anti-neoplastic chemotherapy, the impact of influenza on the incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains unknown. We matched data of the Cologne Cohort of Neutropenic Patients (CoCoNut) with records from the Institute for Virology and compared the findings to historical data. During the pandemic, we diagnosed influenza A(H1N1) in five patients with malignancies and febrile neutropenia refractory to antibiotic therapy. Probable IPA was diagnosed in three of these patients on the grounds of typical computed tomography morphology and microbiological results. Three of five patients receiving remission-induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia developed aspergillosis although receiving posaconazole prophylaxis. In the 3 years before the influenza pandemic, only 2/77 patients of this group developed infection. Infection with influenza A(H1N1) may increase the risk for invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. Pulmonary aspergillosis is an important additional differential diagnosis in neutropenic influenza patients with pneumonia.     

血液病合并肺曲霉菌感染临床分析

目的了解血液病合并肺曲霉菌感染的情况,分析和探讨其临床特点、治疗方法及其预后。方法回顾性分析2004年7月~2005年6月,我院收治的155例血液系统疾病患者中,合并肺曲霉菌感染的资料。结果155例中,有3例发生肺曲霉菌感染,治愈1例,死亡2例。结论过度免疫抑制是导致肺曲霉菌感染的重要因素;早期使用两性霉素B仍是治疗肺曲霉菌感染的有效药物;为降低两性霉素B的毒副作用,治疗方法上宜个体化,从小剂量开始,逐渐增加剂量,达有效剂量后维持2~3周,再用伊曲康唑巩固治疗2~3周。     

32例老年侵袭性肺曲霉菌病CT影像分析

目的:加深对侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的CT影像认识,进一步提高其诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析32例经手术、痰检或临床证实的侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患者的CT影像表现。结果:侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的CT影像表现多样:本组病例中结节或肿块影13例(其中7例出现坏死空洞);曲菌球7例;一侧或两侧肺的单个或多个支气管肺炎样阴影6例;混合型6例。结论:本病临床症状无特异性。CT检查可明确肺霉菌病和肺部基础性病变的形态、大小和范围,充分显示空洞(腔)和曲菌球等,病变周围伴有的"晕征"是早期特征性的改变,病程中出现的"空气半月征"和空洞强烈提示侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的诊断。     

艾滋病合并机会性感染63例临床分析

目的：整理分析63例艾滋病患者机会性感染的疾病谱,总结其临床特点以及高效抗反转录病毒治疗（highly active antiretrovivaltherapy,HAART）与患者疾病转归的关系。方法：采用回顾性分析的方法对63例艾滋病合并机会性感染的相关信息进行临床分析。结果：63例患者首发临床症状前三位依次为发热、咳嗽、消瘦。机会性感染以细菌、病毒和真菌感染为主,其中肺结核31例,卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎25例,细菌性肺炎12例,口腔念珠菌感染16例,细菌性肠炎10例,慢性乙型肝炎14例,慢性丙型肝炎24例,胆囊炎6例,带状疱疹3例,药疹2例,血管闭塞性脉管炎2例,其余感染均为1例。死亡7例,病死率11.11%。结论：艾滋病机会性感染种类多,临床表现复杂多样。高效抗反转录病毒治疗可以使艾滋病患者免疫系统得到部分重建,减少机会性感染的发生。     

Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: study of 17 cases

Aspergillosis is a fungic infection depending on the local or general physiologic and immunologic state of the host. We report the result of retrospective five year study (1995-1999) about 17 cases in the laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology of Rabta hospital in Tunis. Six aspergillomas were observed, they occurred after a pulmonary tuberculosis, two cases of allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis described in two asthmatic patients, nine cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating two cancers, one leukaemia, six chronic granulomatous disease. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most frequent species (67%). The clinical and biological characteristic of those will be studied, and compared with those of the literature.     

Nosocomial aspergillosis: Environmental microbiology,hospital epidemiology,diagnosis and treatment

Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of nosocomial aspergillosis. Appropriate environmental control measures are important in preventing or arresting an outbreak of nosocomial aspergillosis. These include selective environmental microbiological surveillance and floor to ceiling barriers during construction or renovation. These is particularly important for the bone marrow transplant units and units with persistently granulocytopenic patients. We have summarized the point source and cited or formulated the environmental correction measures relating to 25 outbreaks of nosocomial aspergillosis involving a total of more than 100 patients. The most frequent settings of nosocomial invasive aspergillosis occurred in granulocytopenic patients following respiratory infection from an airborne source, associated with hospital construction or contaminated ventilation systems.     

Surveillance and treatment of liver transplant recipients for candidiasis and aspergillosis

Between June 1988 and May 1991 88 orthotopic liver transplants and 1 liver and pancreas transplant were performed at the Liver Transplantation Department of the Ospedale Maggiore of Milan. All the patients underwent mycological surveillance and received antifungal prophylaxis with oral amphotericin B (6000 mg/day) or oral or intravenous fluconazole (200 mg/day) from the time of their transplant. The incidence of Candida colonization was 67%. Fluconazole was superior to oral amphotericin B in the treatment of C. albicans colonization (99 vs 15), but less effective in the treatment of colonization by other Candida spp. (03 vs 33). Deep-seated candidiasis developed in 5 patients, caused by C. albicans in 4 cases and C. krusei in 1. C. albicans infection resolved rapidly with fluconazole in 2 subjects, with intravenous amphotericin B alone in 1, and with amphotericin B plus flucytosine in the other. On the contrary, C. krusei infection did not respond to treatment with amphotericin B combined with flucytosine. Aspergillosis was diagnosed in 11 patients, of whom 4 died from invasive aspergillosis, despite 15 and 26 days of amphotericin B treatment in 2. In another patient invasive aspergillosis, diagnosed a few hours before retransplantation, improved with liposomal amphotericin B, but this man died from cytomegalovirus infection one month later. Aspergillosis was eradicated by itraconazole in 4 other patients and by topical amphotericin B in 2 whose infection was localized to surgical wound.     

伏立康唑在肾移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉菌病中的应用

目的 观察伏立康唑在肾移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉菌病中的临床疗效和安全性,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析17例肾移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患者早期应用伏立康唑,同时辅以相关支持治疗.结果 3例确诊患者中,2例治愈;11例临床诊断患者9例治愈;3例拟诊患者2例治愈,平均治愈率为76.5％.结论 无论确诊、临床诊断或拟诊的肾移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉菌病,尽早应用广谱抗真菌药物-伏立康唑,均能改善症状并提高治愈率.     

HIV/AIDS患者合并机会性感染 与卫生服务利用现状分析

摘要:目的　分析HIV/AIDS患者合并机会感染与卫生服务利用的现状。方法　采用随机整群抽样对HIV/AIDS患者进行合并机会性感染及卫生服务利用问卷调查。结果　HIV/AIDS患者合并机会性感染率为57.78%;HIV/AIDS未合并机会性感染者和合并机会性感染者两周患病率分别为38.60%和73.08%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;HIV/AIDS未合并机会性感染者和合并机会性感染者两周就诊率分别为49.12%和76.92%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;HIV/AIDS患者家庭经济困难占64.71%,是他们未就诊的主要原因;HIV/AIDS患者选择医疗机构就诊差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;HIV/AIDS未合并机会性感染者和合并机会性感染者年住院率分别为15.79%和20.51%,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;HIV/AIDS患者选择医疗机构住院差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论　HIV/AIDS合并机会感染者卫生服务利用量大于未合并机会感染者,HIV/AIDS患者卫生服务利用与医疗机构、病程、居住地、经济条件有关。     

Invasive Aspergillosen bei hämatologisch-onkologischen Erkrankungen und Transplantation

Invasive aspergillosis has developed during the last decade into the most important opportunistic mycosis in industrial countries, probably surpassing invasive candidiasis. This development is not due to an increase in fungal virulence nor to a sizeable increase in antimycotic resistance, but rather to the growing number of patients at risk of aspergillosis on the one hand, and an improved therapy for candidiasis on the other.The diagnosis of aspergillosis, a disease which usually first manifests itself in the lungs, is still based on radiological signs, on detection in culture, and on the microscopy of biopsies and other clinical specimens.Diagnosis has recently been further improved by the introduction of a commercialized galactomannan antigen enzyme immunoassay, and by the amplification of Aspergillus DNA using polymerase chain reaction which,however, has yet to be evaluated for introduction into diagnostic routine. In addition to the use of conventional amphotericin-B, lipid formulations thereof, parenterally applicable itraconazole, the glucan synthase inhibitor caspofungin and another triazole (voriconazole) have recently become available for the treatment of aspergillosis.All of these cause less harmful side effects than the conventional amphotericin deoxycholate.Their respective clinical value,however, still has to be defined.     

伏立康唑+卡泊芬净联合治疗血液病患者侵袭性肺部曲霉菌属感染

目的了解应用伏立康唑+卡泊芬净联合治疗侵袭性肺部曲霉菌属感染的疗效及安全性。方法诊断侵袭性肺部曲霉菌属感染的患者,给予伏立康唑+卡泊芬净联合治疗7~10 d,然后根据疗效决定序贯口服伏立康唑治疗还是换用其他药物。结果 7例临床诊断和1例拟诊为侵袭性肺部曲霉菌属感染的患者,经联合抗曲霉菌属治疗后7例有效,1例无效;8例患者均能耐受伏立康唑+卡泊芬净联合用药。结论卡泊芬净+伏立康唑联合治疗恶性血液病患者侵袭性肺部曲霉菌属感染,是安全有效的治疗选择。     

新疆地区40例艾滋病患者临床特点分析

目的分析某院收治的40例艾滋病患者的临床特征。方法回顾性研究2003年1月-2004年8月以发热或腹泻、消瘦为主诉收治诊断为人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染患者的临床资料。结果40例患者的临床分期均已到艾滋病期，CD4+T淋巴细胞计数为（156.54±131.26）/μL（正常参考值为800～1 200/μL）。发热、咳嗽咳痰、消瘦、腹痛腹泻以及颈部淋巴结大为主要临床表现，部分患者有卡波西肉瘤；机会性感染及合并症以肝炎病毒感染（30例，75.00%）、肺结核（15例，37.50%）多见。HIV感染方式以静脉吸毒为主（32例，80.00%），其次为性途径感染（4例，10.00%）。距可能暴露（静脉吸毒、性接触、输血）HIV时间2～12年，平均（7.31±1.30）年。结论艾滋病期患者临床表现多样化，静脉吸毒是主要的感染传播方式。需采取多种措施预防控制HIV的传播，对患者加强抗病毒治疗与监测、随访，及时控制机会性感染以及病毒复制。     

Epidemiology of digestive tract mycoses in immunocompromised patients — A review

Systemic fungal infections are diseases of increasing incidence in immunocompromised patients. They are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with severe granulocytopenia caused by hematological malignancies or high-dose corticosteroid treatments. Systemic candidiasis is usually attributed to colonization of the patient's digestive mucosa or central venous/peritoneal catheters by endogenous Candida spp. Esophageal candidiasis can be a serious problem in predisposed individuals, and it can be the first opportunistic infection suggesting overt AIDS in HIV-seropositive patients. The aim of this review is to assess the epidemiology of alimentary tract mycoses in at risk groups because of iatrogenous or pathological reasons, such as in-patients undergoing solid organ and bone marrow transplantation, peritoneal dialysis and enteral/parenteral nutrition and in HIV infected patients.