B超引导下肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾铸型结石

目的：探讨B超引导下肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）治疗肾铸型结石的安全性及临床疗效。方法：我们于2005年1月～2011年8月对27例肾铸型结石采用B超引导下肾上盏入路PCNL。建立经皮肾通道F24,经皮肾镜下EMS碎石清系统碎石。回顾性分析27例患者的手术时间、结石清除率、并发症等临床资料。结果：本组27例均成功建立经肾上盏通道,其中经第11肋间25例,经第12肋下2例。手术时间50～140min,平均85min。一期结石清除率85．2％（23／27）。胸腔积液1例（3．7％）,输血1例（3．7％）,无重要脏器损伤及其他严重并发症。结论：B超引导下肾上盏入路PCNL治疗铸型肾结石安全、有效。     

经皮肾镜取石联合电切憩室颈治疗肾盏憩室结石12例临床分析

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术联合电切憩室颈治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及疗效。方法2006年7月至2011年6月，采用彩超引导下经皮肾镜结合气压弹道碎石取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石12例。术中彩超引导下PTC针穿刺肾盏憩室，扩张至18F，建立通道。在肾镜下应用气压弹道碎石机击碎石并取出体外。术中视具体情况，采取自制电极电凝切开憩室囊壁并扩张憩室盏颈。结呆12例患者均一次碎石取石成功，手术时间为30～90（49．17土19．28）min，术中出血量为20～150（67．5±3．5）mL，术后住院7～10（8．25±2．5）d。术后随访4个月至1年中均未发现结石及积水复发。结论经皮肾镜取石术联合电切憩室治疗。肾盏憩室结石安全、有效，且创伤小、恢复快、结石清除率高，术后复发率低。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石

2010年6月～2011年11月采用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗6例肾盏憩室结石,5例单通道一期碎石清石成功,1例单通道二期碎石清石成功,无并发症。我们认为微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石微创、有效、安全,经皮肾通道的建立是成功治疗肾盏憩室结石的关键。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾下盏结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗有症状肾下盏结石的临床疗效.方法回顾性分析2001年3月至2005年4月采用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗有症状的肾下盏结石患者33例,结石直径平均2.8 cm.33例均为单通道取石,10例为中盏通道,23例为下盏通道;14 F通道9例,16 F通道24例.结果33例患者中,一期结石清除率为85%（28/33）;3例因术中出血,留置肾造瘘管后改二期取石;1例残留结石者辅以ESWL治愈,1例残留结石＜4 mm者未处理.平均手术时间93min,术中平均出血量113 ml,平均住院11d.1例肝硬化患者术中输血200 ml.1例患者术后7 d出现迟发性大出血,采用高选择性肾动脉明胶海绵栓塞治愈.19例患者随访2～48个月,未见肾结石复发.结论微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾下盏结石安全、微创,恢复快.     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾脏下盏结石疗效观察

目的:探讨新型标准经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)和微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗肾脏下盏结石的安全性和疗效。方法:回顾性分析68例肾脏下盏结石的患者临床资料,采用新型肾镜治疗31例,微创经皮肾镜治疗37例;Ⅰ期碎石63例,选择中盏通道28例,下盏通道40例。结果:新型肾镜手术时间(2.18±0.57)h,平均住院时间(11.65±2.18)天;微创肾镜手术时间(1.89±0.56)h,平均住院时间(10.57±2.41)天,二者相比差异无统计学意义。术后复查KUB平片,57例排净结石,结石清除率为83.8%(57/68);残石11例,再次PCNL 5例,带D-J管体外碎石6例,无严重并发症出现。结论:新型标准经皮肾镜取石术和微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾脏下盏结石是有效、可行的,是治疗下盏结石的合适选择。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石的方法和疗效。方法回顾总结22例采用B超引导微创经皮肾钬激光碎石取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石。结石长径大小1．5～2．5cm,平均（2．1士0．3）cm,其中多发结石3例,肾盏积水（2．0～2．8）cm,平均（2．6士0．2）cm。其中上组盏结石3例,中组盏5例;下组盏16例。黠杲22例患者全部全部取石成功,术后4～7d复查腹部平片未发现残留结石,拔出肾造漏管。未发生大出血等严重并发症。手术时间26～45min,平均（34．6±5．2）min。术后住院5～8d,平均（6．1士2．1）d。瞎论微刨经皮肾取石术治疗孤立的肾盏结石安全、有效,适用于肾盏积水〉2cm、因解剖特点预期体外冲击波碎石效果不佳的肾盏结石患者。精准的经皮肾穿刺是成功的关键。     

肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的安全性及效果分析

目的 总结肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析237例应用肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾或输尿管上段结石的患者资料.男135例,女102例.年龄8-76岁,平均42岁.其中结石长径＞1.5 cm或嵌顿性输尿管上段结石94例,长径≥2.0 cm或嵌顿性肾盂结石26例,鹿角形结石或多发性结石68例,复杂性肾下盏结石13例,不适合行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)或输尿管镜碎石术(URS)的肾上盏结石12例,肾上盏憩室结石3例,肾结石并肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)梗阻或输尿管上段狭窄8例,过度肥胖结石患者3例,马蹄肾肾结石6例,移植肾肾输尿管结石4例.其中经第12肋上入路175例(73.8％),第11肋上入路46例,第12肋下入路12例,移植肾患者经下腹部入路4例.结果 采用单一通道结石完全清除176例(74.3％),同期或分期建立多通道取石55例,联合ESWL 6例.术后3个月复查结石清除209例(88.2％).出现胸膜损伤16例(6.8％),行胸腔穿刺术8例,行胸腔闭式引流术5例,保守治愈3例.拔除肾造瘘管后出现胸膜刺激征12例(5.1％),予对症处理.无肺及其他内脏损伤.输血5例,其中行选择性肾动脉造影及拴塞术2例.结论 肾上盏入路PCNL操作视野开阔、硬镜操作方便、结石清除率高,可选择性地应用于治疗输尿管上段结石和部分复杂性肾结石.     

经皮肾镜碎石术治疗症状性肾盏憩室结石11例报告

目的：探讨经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及有效性.方法：回顾性分析11例接受经皮肾镜碎石治疗肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料：采用标准通道经皮肾镜术4例,微通道肾镜术7例.10例行Ⅰ期直接穿刺憩室碎石术,1例因通道出血改为Ⅱ期碎石.6例术中用自制电钩切开肾盏憩室颈口.结果：手术时间平均为（1.83±0.49）h,结石直径平均为（1.73±0.71）cm,2例中盏憩室结石取净,术后未留置D-J管,1例中盏憩室结石术后完全无管化.术后复查KUB平片,9例取净,2例残留,结石直径均小于4 mm,未行碎石,结石清除率为81.8%,尤并发症发生.随访3个月～1年,8例症状缓解,3例减轻.结论：经皮肾镜碎石术治疗症状性肾盏憩室结石安全可行,可做为选择性治疗方法.     

肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术的安全性和疗效观察

目的：探讨。肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的安全性和疗效。方法：回顾性分析2008年6月～2012年5月采用肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗的140例肾结石患者的临床及随访资料。结果：140例患者采用肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗,平均手术时间（42±6）min;术中平均血红蛋白丢失量（8．2±2．5）g／L;一期净石率91．4％（128／140）;并发症发生率10．7％（15／140）,其中术中穿刺失败、通道丢失或出血严重2例,胸膜损伤或（和）胸腔积液2例,肾盂或输尿管穿孔1例,术后出血2例,其中需要输血者1例,发热6例,尿外渗2例,无肾丢失或死亡患者;术后平均住院天数（7．5±1．2）d。结论：肾上盏通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石具有手术时间短、术中出血量少、净石率高、并发症发生率低、术后住院天数少等优点,是安全、有效的手术方法。     

经皮肾镜取石术联合套石网篮治疗 ESWL 排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石

目的：探讨经皮肾镜取石术（ percutaneous nephrolithotomy , PCNL ）联合套石网篮治疗体外震波碎石（ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ,ESWL）排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法2009年4月～2012年8月采用PCNL联合套石网篮治疗ESWL排空障碍的输尿管上段结石合并肾盏结石78例。 B超定位,58例肾盏结石长径＜1 cm或分布于单组肾盏,采用微通道经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石;20例肾盏结石长径＞1 cm或分布于多组肾盏采用新型经皮肾镜标准通道下气压弹道或超声联合气压弹道碎石。结果78例手术均获成功,手术时间52～98 min,平均61 min。71例一期取净结石,结石取净率91．0％（71/78）;2例二期碎石后取净;3例辅助行ESWL治疗;2例因残留结石较小药物排石排出。住院5～12 d,平均7．2 d。无胸膜及其他重要脏器损伤,无大出血等严重并发症。78例随访3个月,未见结石残留。结论PCNL术中联合套石网篮可减少皮肾穿刺通道数,避免大出血及集合系统狭窄风险,是处理ESWL排空障碍的肾盏及输尿管上段结石恰当的选择。     

Laparoscopy-assisted transperitoneal percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal caliceal diverticular calculi

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are a variety of options for the management of symptomatic calculi in caliceal diverticula, each with utility in particular situations. Herein, we describe a laparoscopy-assisted transperitoneal percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) technique to address the unusual combination of an anterior caliceal diverticulum together with multiple branched calculi having segments both within and proximal to the diverticulum. TECHNIQUE: With the patient in a modified lithotomy position, standard transperitoneal laparoscopy was performed utilizing three 10-mm trocars. After mobilization of the colon medially, the cystic diverticulum was opened. An additional 12-mm trocar was placed to allow transperitoneal PCNL within the diverticulum. Rigid nephroscopy, holmium laser lithotripsy, and stone extraction were performed, including laser enlargement of the diverticular neck and removal of the stone burden proximal to the neck. A double-pigtail ureteral stent and Jackson-Pratt drain were placed. RESULTS: This procedure was successful in the only patient in whom it has been used to date. As far as we know, this is the first report of laparoscopy-assisted transperitoneal PCNL for the management of caliceal diverticular calculi. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy-assisted transperitoneal PCNL is a safe and effective alternative for the management of symptomatic stones in anterior cystic caliceal diverticula with a narrow neck and complex branched calculi.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex caliceal calculi and staghorn stones in children less than 5 years of age

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Treatment of children with staghorn and complex caliceal calculi is one of the most challenging problems in urology. We present our experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) monotherapy for staghorn and complex caliceal calculi in children less than 5 years of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1991 and 2004, 27 boys and 9 girls aged 11 months to 4.5 years underwent PCNL for staghorn (33%) or complex caliceal (67%) calculi. The average bulk of the stones was 140.17 +/- 42.16 mm(2) (range 61-253 mm(2)). Staging of the procedure was preferred in children with renal insufficiency, urinary-tract infection, fragmentation time >60 minutes, or a stone burden requiring more than two tracts. Essential steps of the technique were a dynamic contrast study to select the appropriate-size Amplatz sheath and ultrasound guidance for renal access. RESULTS: The average operative time was 72.11 +/- 28.86 minutes. The stone-free rate was 86%, the mean hemoglobin drop was 2.2 +/- 0.95 g/dL, and the mean hospital stay was 3.5 days. Less than half of the patients (42%) were treated in a single stage, the remainder requiring multiple procedures. Only 39% could be treated with a single tract. There was statistically significant increase in the blood loss in patients requiring multiple tracts (P = 0.008); however, staging the procedure did not increase the blood loss (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is safe and effective in children less than 5 years of age. Staging the procedure, instrument modification, the timed "multi mini-perc" technique, and ultrasound-guided access help in achieving maximum stone clearance with minimal morbidity.     

Percutaneous management of caliceal diverticular calculi: technique and outcome

OBJECTIVE: Symptomatic renal calculi found within caliceal diverticula are difficult to treat. We present a single-surgeon cohort of 21 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous treatment of stones within caliceal diverticula over a 12-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Each patient was managed by a one-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The majority of diverticula were situated at the upper pole. Access was gained via a direct target puncture, a Y puncture from a parallel calix, or through the diverticular stalk in the neighboring calix. The approach was commonly supracostal. A single-stage dilator was used to establish the track. Stones were removed intact or fragmented with ultrasonic lithotripsy, and the diverticular necks were treated with endoscopic division or dilation and splinted with a 22F nephrostomy tube for several days. RESULTS: Total stone clearance was obtained by PCNL alone in 95% of cases. The only case with incomplete clearance was cleared successfully with shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). Twenty patients were assessed with an intravenous urogram at 3 months and then annual plain films and clinical assessment. Further imaging was performed in selected cases. The diverticula were obliterated or had improved drainage in 85% of assessable cases. Three patients developed recurrent stones and were treated with SWL, laparoscopic diverticulectomy, on partial nephrectomy. One further patient required partial nephrectomy for poor drainage and ongoing pain. Of the 21 patients, 17 have remained stone, symptom, and infection free with clinical and radiologic follow-up ranging from 6 months to 12 years. CONCLUSIONS: This series demonstrates that percutaneous surgery can clear calculi from caliceal diverticula and, in most cases, correct or remove the underlying anatomic abnormality.     

B超引导穿刺的标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石

目的评价B超引导穿刺的标准通道（F24）经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石的安全性和有效性。方法2005年9月～2008年1月共收治马蹄肾肾结石44例（51侧肾结石）,其中单发结石24侧,多发结石18侧,鹿角状结石9侧,结石长径（24.4±5.8）mm。采用B超引导穿刺的标准通道（F24）经皮肾镜碎石术,超声粉碎并清除结石。结果44例均一期建立通道并碎石,其中单通道49侧肾,双通道2侧肾;经上盏建立通道31个,经中盏20个,经下组肾盏2个。手术时间（48.4±11.9）min,一期手术结石清除率88.2%（45/51）,接受二次手术清除残余结石3例。术后血红蛋白含量较术前下降（11.3±3.7）%。围手术期无输血,与手术相关的感染发生率为5.9%（3/51）,无气胸或腹腔脏器损伤。44例随访6～20个月,平均11.4月,1例残余结石排出,术后6个月结石复发率为2.0%（1/51）,1年结石复发率为6.5%（3/46）。结论B超引导穿刺的标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗马蹄肾肾结石有效、安全。     

复杂肾结石经皮肾镜取石术后结石残留的原因与处理

目的:探讨复杂肾结石PCNL术后结石残留的原因及处理方法.方法:回顾分析我院行二期PCNL取石的35例复杂肾结石患者的临床资料,既往有开放手术史17例,2例因术中出血影响视野改二期手术,合并肾盏憩室内结石2例.结果:除2例需辅助ESWL治疗外,其余33例在B超和输尿管镜辅助下,行二期PCNL全部成功取净残留结石.其中3例因残留结石所在肾盏位置远离经皮肾通道或在与皮肾通道平行的肾盏内,重新建立另一通道取石;1例行3通道取石.结论:术中出血、肾盏憩室内结石、既往开放手术史和肾内集合系统解剖异常,是PCNL术后结石残留的主要原因;术中B超及软镜的应用,可以清楚显示有无残留结石及其所在肾盏的位置;了解结石与经皮肾通道的位置关系,帮助引导最大限度地清除结石.     

输尿管软镜取石术治疗经皮肾镜术残留肾结石12例报告

目的:评估输尿管软镜取石术治疗经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)残留肾结石的效果。方法:利用输尿管软镜治疗PCNL残留肾结石12例,男8例,女4例;平均年龄42.6岁。左侧5例,右侧3例。KUB测量结石直径为0.7~2.6cm,平均1.4cm。经留置输尿管扩张鞘或沿导丝直接置入输尿管软镜抵达肾盂,寻及结石后以200μm光纤、10 W功率钬激光碎石。观察其手术时间、结石清除率、并发症等疗效指标。结果:本组12例均顺利完成输尿管软镜碎石,手术时间68~116min,平均92min;结石清除率为83.3%(10/12)。1例结石残留患者另作穿刺通道行二期PCNL后结石完全清除;1例术后行ESWL仍有少量结石残留,随访观察。均无严重出血及输尿管穿孔等并发症。结论:输尿管软镜取石术治疗PCNL后残留肾石安全、有效。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石10例报告

目的：探讨经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术（PCNL）治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及疗效.方法：对接受PCNL治疗的10例肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析总结.结果：9例患者均行单通道一期碎石及取石,平均手术时间90 min,平均留置肾造瘘管7天,平均住院12天,术后住院时间7天.1例患者穿刺失败中转开放手术,均未出现大出血或邻近器官损伤等并发症,术后复查尿路平片示结石全部取净.结论：PCNL术治疗肾盏憩室结石安全、可行,疗效确切,与开放手术相比,能减少术中、术后出血及并发症,结石取净率高.具有创伤小、恢复快等优点.     

Supracostal approach in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: experience with 102 cases.

PURPOSE: To assess retrospectively the safety and efficacy of the supracostal approach in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 862 patients who underwent PCNL between April 1986 and December 1999, supracostal puncture was performed in 102. Their stones were either solitary (66.5%), multiple (15.7%), or staghorn (19.6%). Upper ureteral calculi were the commonest indication (32.4%). The interspace between the 11th and 12th ribs was used in all cases. After tract dilatation with telescopic metal dilators, pneumatic or ultrasound lithotripsy was used for fragmentation. RESULTS: Complete clearance was achieved in 79.5%. Ten patients (9.8%) had pleural violation in the form of hydrothorax, pneumothorax, or hydropneumothorax. All of these patients were managed successfully by intercostal chest tube drainage. CONCLUSION: Supracostal puncture in a safe and effective approach with acceptable morbidity in selected cases of staghorn, upper ureteral, and upper caliceal calculi.