高效液相色谱法测定珍菊降压片中绿原酸、盐酸可乐定、氢氯噻嗪的含量及含量均匀度

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定珍菊降压片中盐酸可乐定、氢氯噻嗪的含量及含量均匀度。方法采用C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),测定盐酸可乐定的流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸(5∶95)、检测波长为210nm;测定氢氯噻嗪的流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(15∶85),检测波长为332nm;流速1mL/m in。结果线性范围:盐酸可乐定7.132~142.64ng(r2=1.000 0);绿原酸0.0511~0.6132μg(r=0.999 9);氢氯噻嗪1.0023~12.0276μg(r=1.000 0)。加样回收率:盐酸可乐定为99.5%,RSD为2.7%(n=9);绿原酸为99.7%,RSD为1.57%(n=9);氢氯噻嗪为100.4%,RSD为1.03%(n=9)。结论本方法操作简单、结果准确,可作为控制本品质量的方法。     

高效毛细管电泳法同时测定珍菊降压片中盐酸可乐定, 氢氯噻嗪和芦丁

目的建立一种测定珍菊降压片中盐酸可乐定,氢氯噻嗪,芦丁的方法。方法实验在未涂层毛细管中,20℃,20kV电压条件下运行,压力进样50kPa,5s,检测波长210nm。结果盐酸可乐定的线性范围为10μg·mL-1～100μg·mL-1,氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的线性范围为30μg·mL-1～300μg·mL-1。日间与日内精密度RSD均小于15%。盐酸可乐定,氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的加样回收率分别为94.96%,84.45%和89.88%。结论盐酸可乐定,氢氯噻嗪,芦丁达到基线分离,方法简便,快速,可用于对珍菊降压片中三种成分的同时测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定贝那普利氢氯噻嗪片的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定贝那普利氢氯噻嗪片的含量。方法采用Ultimate AQ-C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);以四氢呋喃-水-冰醋酸(250mL+750mL+4mL加入四丁基溴化铵1.0g)为流动相,检测波长:240nm;流速:1.5mL·min-1。结果盐酸贝那普利质量浓度在41.2⁴12.3μg·mL-1范围内呈线性,r=0.999 5,氢氯噻嗪质量浓度在51.0412.3μg·mL-1范围内呈线性,r=0.999 5,氢氯噻嗪质量浓度在51.0⁵09.6μg·mL-1范围内呈线性,r=0.999 8;盐酸贝那普利平均回收率在99.6%509.6μg·mL-1范围内呈线性,r=0.999 8;盐酸贝那普利平均回收率在99.6%¹01.6%之间,RSD小于2%,氢氯噻嗪平均回收率在99.3%101.6%之间,RSD小于2%,氢氯噻嗪平均回收率在99.3%¹00.7%之间,RSD小于2%。结论该方法操作简便、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可用于贝那普利氢氯噻嗪片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定复方降压胶囊中氢氯噻嗪、地巴唑、氯氮(艹卓)和盐酸异丙嗪的含量

目的:建立离子对高效液相色谱法同时测定复方降压胶囊中氢氯噻嗪、地巴唑、氯氮(艹卓)和盐酸异丙嗪含量。方法:分析柱为 Hypersil C_(18)(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇-7.2mmol·L~(-1)己烷磺酸钠溶液-冰醋酸-三乙胺(28∶28∶43∶1∶0.01),检测波长为258nm。结果:氢氯噻嗪、地巴唑、氯氮(艹卓)和盐酸异丙嗪的线性范围分别为12.24-122.4μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997),40.92-409.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998),8.12-81.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),11.52-115.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999);平均回收率分别为100.3%(RSD<1.4%),99.0%(RSD<1.3%),98.8%(RSD<1.7%),99.4%(RSD<2.3%)。结论:4种组分分离效果好,其他组分和辅料无干扰,本法简便快速,准确可靠,适于该复方制剂中4种组分的同时测定。     

HPLC法测定复方卡托普利片中卡托普利和氢氯噻嗪的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方卡托普利片中卡托普利和氢氯噻嗪的含量。方法:色谱柱为 Venusil MP-C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-水(磷酸调节 pH 至2.2)(25:75);检测波长212 nm;柱温:55℃;流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1)。结果:卡托普利和氢氯噻嗪的线性范围分别为0.01066～0.3198 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)和0.00631～0.1893 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997);平均回收率分别为99.2%(RSD=1.4%)和99.6%(RSD=0.8%)。结论:2种成分分离效果好,卡托普利二硫化物与卡托普利和氢氯噻嗪均有良好的分离度,辅料无干扰,本法简便快速,结果准确可靠,可作为该复方制剂中2种成分的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定富马酸比索洛尔氢氯噻嗪片中富马酸比索洛尔和氢氯噻嗪的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定富马酸比索洛尔氢氯噻嗪片中富马酸比索洛尔和氢氯噻嗪的含量。方法:以 C_(18)为色谱柱(5μm,4.6 mm×150mm),以磷酸盐缓冲溶液一乙腈(75:25)为流动相,柱温为40℃,检测波长为220 nm。结果:富马酸比索洛尔线性范围为25-300μg·mL~(-1),(r=0.9998),氢氯噻嗪线性范围为50-200μg·mL~(-1),(r=0.9965)。结论:方法简便,结果准确,适用于该产品的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定氨氯缬沙噻嗪片中3种组分的溶出度

目的:建立可同时测定氨氯缬沙噻嗪片3种组分溶出度的反相高效液相色谱方法。方法:采用Inertsil ODS-3 C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以20 mmol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(磷酸调节pH值至3.5)-乙腈(55∶45)为流动相,流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长225 nm。结果:氨氯地平、缬沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的线性范围分别为1.3～20.1μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),39.8～636.8μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9)和3.1～49.4μg.mL-1(r=1.000 0);回收率分别为100.5%,100.6%和100.4%。结论:方法简便快速、重复性好,可用于同时测定氨氯缬沙噻嗪片3种组分的溶出度。     

HPLC法同时测定缬沙坦氢氯噻嗪胶囊中缬沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的含量

目的:建立同时测定缬沙坦氢氯噻嗪胶囊中缬沙坦和氢氯噻嗪含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Chromatrex C18,流动相为甲醇-水(70:30,用磷酸调pH=3.1),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为230nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为20μL。结果:缬沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的检测浓度线性范围分别为8～160(r=0.9997)、1.25～25(r=0.9995)μg·mL-1;平均加样回收率分别为99.66%、99.87%,RSD分别为0.33%、0.81%(n=9)。结论:所建立的分析方法快速、灵敏,结果准确可靠,可用于缬沙坦氢氯噻嗪胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定缬沙坦氢氯噻嗪片中两组分的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法同时测定缬沙坦氢氯噻嗪片中缬沙坦、氢氯噻嗪的含量。方法采用Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-CN色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-水-磷酸(450∶550∶1)为流动相,流速1 mL.min-1,检测波长225 nm,柱温30℃。结果缬沙坦在19.82～118.92μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),氢氯噻嗪在3.01～18.08μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率分别为100.08%(RSD=0.68%,n=6)、99.51%(RSD=0.89%,n=6)。结论本方法简便、快速、准确,重复性好,可用于缬沙坦氢氯噻嗪片中两组分含量的测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定珍菊降压片中氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的含量

目的建立一种RP-HPLC测定珍菊降压片中氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的含量.方法色谱柱为Penomenex C18反相柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为0.05 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈(80∶20,pH 3.0),检测波长为271 nm,柱温为35℃,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,采用外标法定量.结果氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的线性范围分别为10.06～100.6 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9)和40.08～400.8 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均回收率分别为99.86%和99.70%(n=9);精密度良好.结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,适于珍菊降压片中氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.