3例造血干细胞移植术后并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病患者的护理

对2例慢性髓性白血病和1例急性髓性白血病患者行异因因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）。干细胞分别来自血缘HLA相合、非血缘HLA相合及血缘HLA1个位点不合的供者。3例患者于移植后60、105、116d并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病（GVHD），予以免疫抑制剂治疗及相应的护理措施，结果1例因肺部结核杆菌及白色念珠菌感染死亡．2例得到有效控制。提示allo-HSCT后并发重度肠道GVHD进展快、症状重，密切观察病情。加强消化道护理、心理护理、保护性隔离及用药护理对移植患者的预后至关重要。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后动态监测调节性T淋巴细胞的临床意义

目的探讨监测调节性T淋巴细胞（Treg）的动态变化在异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）中的临床意义。方法选择45例allo-HSCT患者，其中31例采用短程甲氨蝶呤（MTX）联合环孢素A（CsA）预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD），另14例加用霉酚酸酯（MMF）和达利珠单抗（抗CD25单克隆抗体）强化GVHD的预防。采用流式细胞术动态监测allo-HScT患者移植预处理前、移植后2、4、8、12周时及发生急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）时外周血Treg的水平；分析Treg水平的变化与aGVHD发生的相互关系。结果45例患者中，发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度aGVHD10例。移植后8和12周时，未使用达利珠单抗组中发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度aGVHD较发生0～I度aGVHD的患者外周血Treg水平显著降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；患者发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度aGVHD后，外周血Treg水平较发生前显著降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。使用达利珠单抗组的患者外周血Treg水平在各时间点均明显降低，各时点间比较，差异均无统计学意义。结论Treg的动态变化与aGVHD的关系密切，可作为临床监测aGVHD发生的重要指标之一；达利珠单抗的应用显著降低了外周血Treg的水平，其对aGVHD的预防作用有待今后深入研究。     

造血干细胞移植受者外周血中单核细胞趋化蛋白2水平变化与急性移植物抗宿主病发生相关性探讨

目的 探讨白血病患者异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)术后外周血中单核细胞趋化蛋白2(MCP-2/CCL8)水平的变化与急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)发生之间的关系.方法 以10例白血病自体造血干细胞移植(auto-HSCT)患者作为对照,采用酶联免疫分析法检测31例行allo-HSCT白血病患者(观察组)干细胞回输前1 d(-1 d)、回输后7 d(+7 d)外周血中CCL8、TNF-α和IL-2的水平;同时,对观察组受者+7 d后每7 d动态监测上述指标,至+98 d结束.结果 对照组和观察组+7 d时血浆中CCL8、TNF-α和IL-2的中位水平与-1 d时比较,各指标均无明显改变(均P>0.05).观察组中共11例发生了aGVHD.11例受者在诊断aGVHD时,IL-2水平与+7 d时比较无明显变化(P>0.05),但CCL8和TNF-α水平较+7 d时明显升高(均P<0.05);经抗aGVHD治疗获得完全缓解后,血浆中CCL8、TNF-α水平又降至+7 d 时水平(均P<0.05);aGVHD患者血浆CCL8水平首次升高至出现aGVHD临床症状的平均间隔时间为(7.0±1.6)d,而TNF-α水平变化的间隔时间则为(2.4±1.1)d,两者比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 CCL8可能参与了allo-HSCT受者aGVHD的发生,而且其血浆水平出现显著变化的时间要早于TNF-α.     

基于团队管理下营养措施应用于异基因造血干细胞移植术后并发急性肠道移植物抗宿主病患者中的效果

目的研究基于团队管理下营养措施应用于异基因造血干细胞移植术后并发急性肠道移植物抗宿主病(acute graft-versus-host disease, aGVHD)患者中的效果。方法选取郑州大学第一附属医院血液内科2018年9月至2020年9月期间89例异基因造血干细胞移植术(allo-HSCT)术后并发肠道aGVHD的患者作为研究对象, 依据干预方案不同进行分组。对照组41例给予常规饮食指导, 观察组42例给予团队管理下营养干预模式。对比两组患者营养状况、健康素养水平、血清免疫指标。结果干预后观察组血清蛋白(ALB)、血清总蛋白(TP)、血红蛋白(Hb)水平均高于对照组, 营养风险筛查量表(NRS2002)评分低于对照组(P<0.05), 健康素养水平高于对照组(P<0.05), 血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、血清免疫球蛋白IgG及血清免疫球蛋白IgM水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论团队管理下营养干预模式对allo-HSCT术后并发aGVHD患者效果确切, 能够改善患者营养状况和血清免疫指标, 值得临床推广应用。     

尿毒症脑病腹膜透析前后神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白变化与影像学评价

目的 通过检测腹膜透析前后血清神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic potein,GFAP）水平的变化联合头颅磁共振（MRI）影像学比较评估腹膜透析治疗尿毒症脑病（uremic encephalopathy,UE）的疗效和预后.方法 将未进行过透析治疗的慢性肾功能衰竭（chronic renalfailure,CRF）患者按有无中枢神经系统异常分为UE组和尿毒症对照组,并选择来自同期门诊健康体检的人群作为健康对照组.UE组和尿毒症对照组在腹膜透析治疗前及治疗后1周、2周、4周分别测定血清GFAP水平和行头颅MRI检查.结果 治疗前,UE组血清GFAP水平高于尿毒症对照组和健康对照组（均P＜0.01）;UE组中检出MRI异常信号灶的患者占18/38（47.4％）,尿毒症对照组中检出MRI异常信号灶的患者占2/40（5％）,2组比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.随着腹膜透析的进行,UE组血清GFAP水平逐渐下降,头颅MRI异常信号逐渐减轻.至治疗后4周,UE组血清GFAP水平基本降至正常水平,大部分患者中枢神经系统损害的症状完全消失,仅有5例患者遗留有轻度的认知功能减退,5例中其中4例（占10.5％）患者遗留有长T1长T2信号.结论 血清GFAP水平联合头颅MRI影像学比较可以作为临床上评估UE患者神经系统损害程度及透析治疗的疗效和预后的有效手段之一.     

3例造血干细胞移植术后并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病患者的护理

对2例慢性髓性白血病和1例急性髓性白血病患者行异因因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT).干细胞分别来自血缘HLA相合、非血缘HLA相合及血缘HLA 1个位点不合的供者.3例患者于移植后60、105、116 d并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),予以免疫抑制剂治疗及相应的护理措施,结果1例因肺部结核杆菌及白色念珠菌感染死亡,2例得到有效控制.提示allo-HSCT后并发重度肠道GVHD进展快、症状重,密切观察病情,加强消化道护理、心理护理、保护性隔离及用药护理对移植患者的预后至关重要.     

异基因造血干细胞移植后早期特发性肺炎综合征的危险因素及发病机制

目的 研究异基凶造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)术后早期特发性肺炎综合征(IPS)的独立危险因素及发病机制.方法 同顾件分析192例allo-HSCT受者的临床资料,观察术后急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)和IPS的发牛情况及其临床表现,对患者年龄、性别、原发病、移植时疾病状态(高危组70例,疾病处于难治、未缓解状态;标危组122例,疾病处于缓解状态)、供者类型、HLA相合程度、移植类型、预处理方案、急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)、aGVHD程度、aGVHD累及器官等11项临床因素进行单因素分析,将有统计学意义的因素进行Logistic多因素同归分析,筛选出发生IPS的独立危险因素,并结合文献,探讨其发病机制.结果 192例allo-HSCT受者中,有23例发生IPS,发生时间为术后76 d(32～120 d),其中20例经治疗无效死亡,发病至死亡的时间为9 d(3～92 d),其余3例治愈.23例IPS患者中,有19例发生过aGVHD,其中肠道aGVHD16例.单因素分析显示,高危组、非亲缘供者、HLA不合、发生aGVHD、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD及肠道aGVHD等6个因素具有统计学意义;多凶素分析显示,非亲缘供者、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD和肠道aGVHD等3个因素是发生IPS的独立危险因素.结论 非亲缘供者、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD及肠道aGVHD是发生IPS的独立危险因素;IPS可能是由aGVHD引起的肺部病变.     

RIFLE标准对慢性粒细胞白血病清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植后急性肾损伤的评价及预后分析

目的 探讨慢性粒细胞白血病清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植（HSCT）后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发生率和危险因素及其对患者移植后6个月生存率的影响。 方法 应用RIFLE标准对93例慢性粒细胞白血病患者清髓性异基因HSCT后肾脏功能的变化情况进行回顾性分析。 结果 清髓性异基因HSCT后100 d内有39例（41.9%）患者发生AKI,其中AKI危险（AKI-R）24例（25.8%）,AKI损伤（AKI-I）10例（10.8%）,AKI功能衰竭（AKI-F）5例（5.4%）,中位时间为干细胞回输后40 d（1～96 d）。移植后发生≥Ⅲ度急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）患者与<Ⅲ度aGVHD患者100 d内AKI发生率分别为（81.82±11.63）%和（36.59±5.32）%（P ＝ 0.0037）。移植后出现总胆红素增高患者与无增高患者100 d内AKI发生率分别为（72.73±13.43）%和（37.04±5.37）%（P ＝ 0.0192）。移植后发生≥Ⅲ度aGVHD是患者发生AKI的独立危险因素,其相对危险度（RR）为2.773[95%可信区间（CI）（1.073～7.167）,P ＝ 0.035];并且移植后发生≥Ⅲ度aGVHD患者发生AKI-I和AKI-F的RR为6.320[95%CI（1.464～27.291）,P ＝ 0.013]。移植后发生AKI患者100 d内病死率与无AKI患者差异有统计学意义（P ＝ 0.001）。移植后发生AKI-R、AKI-I和AKI-F的患者6个月的生存率分别为（86.96±7.02）%、（70.0±14.49）%和0（P ＝ 0.000）。 结论 AKI是慢性粒细胞白血病清髓性异基因HSCT后的重要并发症。移植后出现≥Ⅲ度aGVHD和总胆红素增高是发生AKI的影响因素。出现≥Ⅲ度aGVHD的患者易发生较重的AKI。移植后发生AKI程度越严重,患者6个月的生存率越低。RIFLE标准能提高早期诊断AKI的敏感性,并可监测肾功能进展情况,预测预后。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后急性白血病浆膜腔复发二例

急性白血病患者异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后仅少数出现单纯髓外复发(EMR)或EMR后出现骨髓复发,而浆膜腔复发更为罕见,其发病机制仍不清楚,临床治疗困难,预后较差[1].我们收治了2例allo-HSCT后浆膜腔复发患者,现报告如下.     

氟达拉滨联合阿糖胞苷化疗治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后急性白血病复发

目的 观察氟达拉滨联合阿糖胞苷(FA方案)大剂量化疗对异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后急性白血病复发的治疗效果.方法 急性白血病患者10例,7例接受亲缘供者造血干细胞移植,3例接受非亲缘供者造血干细胞移植,所有患者移植后均获得造血重建,为完全供者型.10例于首次移植后38～213 d(中位数为126 d)急性白血病复发,其中完全供者型复发1例,完全受者型复发4例,混合嵌合体型复发5例.原发病复发后均采用FA方案化疗,氟达拉滨用量为25 mg/m2,阿糖胞苷用量为1.5 g/m2,用5 d,其中6例于化疗结束后第2天还接受原供者外周造血干细胞(PBSC)移植,未使用预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的药物.结果 除1例早期(8 d)死亡外,其余9例再次获得造血重建,经外周血DNA序列分析证实为完全供者型.获得造血重建的9例,4例由于复发、感染、多脏器功能衰竭等原因死亡,5例无病存活至随访结束,存活时间分别为585、442、405、213和243 d.治疗后,3例未发生GVHD,其余7例发生急性或慢性GVHD;7例并发肺部真菌感染,3例并发出血性膀胱炎,4例并发巨细胞病毒血症.10例的6个月实际无病存活率为60%,2年预期无病存活率为53%.结论 对于allo-HSCT后的急性白血病复发,采用FA方案化疗,如条件允许联合原供者造血干细胞输注,可能是目前可采取的一种有效治疗方案.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿合并再生障碍性贫血

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植（allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo—HSCT）治疗阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿（ paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, PNH）合并再生障碍性贫血的疗效。方法回顾性分析1例女性PNH合并再生障碍性贫血成功进行allo—HSCT病例的临床资料,患者经药物治疗无效后行allo—HSCT。患者签署知情同意书,符合医学伦理学规定。术前采用清髓性预处理方案。供者为其胞弟,分两次采得单个核细胞数7．8×10^8／kg、6．9×10^8／kg并输入患者体内。观察术后疗效,及复习相关文献。结果allo—HSCT术后30d,骨髓象示增生活跃。术后36d,血常规示血红蛋白110g／L,白细胞5．54×10^9／L,血小板171×10^9／L。术后40d,蔗糖溶血试验、酸溶血试验均阴性;采用流式细胞术检测的红细胞、中性粒细胞的细胞膜上CD55、CD59表达均在正常范围。术后30d,受者原女性染色体变为46,XY[11];术后132d,受者ABO血型由B型转为O型（供者型）,表明移植成功。受者未出现急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）。术后60d出现眼干、分泌物增多等症状,加用甲泼尼龙治疗后好转。随访10个月,血常规、骨髓象、CD55及CD59测定均正常,肝、肾功能正常,受者健康生存。结论难治性PNH可考虑行allo—HSCT治疗予以根治。     

强化预处理allo-HSCT联合伊马替尼治疗费城染色体阳性ALL八例

目的 总结强化预处理异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)联合伊马替尼治疗费城染色体阳性(Ph+)急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的经验.方法 接受同胞allo-HSCT的Ph+ALL患者8例,移植前均达完全缓解(CR),其中5例在移植前后使用伊马替尼,3例未使用.8例中,7例采用以白消安+环磷酰胺(BuCy2)为基础的增强预处理方案,1例采用全身放疗(TBI)+Cy的增强预处理方案.患者输注单个核细胞的中位数为6.02×108/kg,输注的CD34+细胞的中位数为3.14×106/kg.术后采用环孢素A(CsA)及甲氨蝶呤(MTX)预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD).结果 allo-HSCT后所有患者均达到白细胞植入和血小板植入,白细胞植入时间中位数为15.5 d,血小板植入时间中位数为19d;allo-HSCT后30 d,8例患者经检测均为完全供者型.患者对预处理方案的耐受性良好,未发生严重预处理相关并发症.8例患者中,4例患者发生急性GVHD,其中Ⅰ度2例,Ⅱ度1例,Ⅳ度1例.7例存活100 d以上的患者中,3例发生慢性GVHD.随访结束时共6例患者存活,其中3例无白血病存活,3例复发.死亡2例,1例死于原发病复发,1例死于急性GVHD.结论 强化预处理allo-HSCT联合伊马替尼是治疗Ph+ALL的有效方法,但在应用过程中应注意伊马替尼的抗慢性GVHD作用.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the outcome of combination of intensive preconditioning regimen allo-HSCT with imatinib for treatment of Ph chromosome positive acute lymphocyte leukemia (ALL). Methods Between 2009 and 2010, 8 patients diagnosed as Ph+ ALL received allo-HSCT from HLA identical sibling during complete remission. Imatinib was added into the therapies of 5 patients.Seven patients received the intensive preconditioning regimen based on BuCy2, one patient received the regimen of TBI-Cy. A median of 6. 02 × 108/kg mononuclear cells and 3. 14 × 106/kg CD34+ cells were transfused. GVHD prophylaxis included cyclosporine A and methotrexate. Results All patients were well tolerant to the regimen without serious regimen-related toxicity. The median time of ANC≥0. 5 × 109/L was 15. 5 days, and that of PLT≥20 × 109/L was 19 days. Thirty days after allo-HSCT, all patients got donor engraftment successfully. Among 8 cases, 4 cases presented acute GVHD, 2 developed degree Ⅰ , one developed degree Ⅱ , and one developed degree Ⅳ. Seven patients were alive 100 days after allo-HSCT, 3 of whom presented chronic GVHD. At the end of following-up period, 6 patients were alive, among them, 3 patients were alive without relapse; 3 patients relapsed; Two patients died, one from acute GVHD, and one from leukemia relapse. Conclusion Combined intensive preconditioning regimen allo-HSCT with Imatinib was an effective treatment for Ph+ ALL, but the effect of anti-chronic GVHD of imatinib should arouse certain attention.     

Long-term remission of HSCT-related NS after a second allogenic stem cell transplant

Background

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)-related nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a rare event and has been described as a clinical form of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Although immunological mechanisms are thought to play important roles in NS after HSCT, the exact mechanisms have not been clarified.

Case-Diagnosis/Treatment

We report a 4-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who developed NS during the tapering of immunosuppressants 5 months after an allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT). A renal biopsy was performed, and light and electron microscopy revealed minimal change disease (MCD). Although the response to treatment with steroids and tacrolimus was favorable, the child experienced two relapses of NS within the first 9 months after the initial response. A second allo-HSCT was performed to treat the relapse of ALL. After the second allo-HSCT, the remission of NS was maintained without recurrence for 5 years, even after the cessation of immunosuppressants.

Conclusions

Our patient who had ALL and developed NS after his first allo-HSCT, maintained remission from NS after a second allo-HSCT. This suggests that the immune cells from the first donor origin were associated with the pathogenesis of NS.

     

High expression of granzyme B in conventional CD4+ T cells is associated with increased relapses after allogeneic stem cells transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies

Granzyme B is known to be a serine protease contained in granules of cytotoxic T cells. We have previously reported an influence of granzyme B expression in T regulatory cells (Tregs) on the risk of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) onset. However, it is still unknown if conventional T cells (Tcon) use the granzyme B pathway as a mechanism of alloimmunity. We hypothesized that granzyme B in Tcon may affect recurrence within the first 6 months after allogeneic transplantation (allo-HSCT). A total of 65 patients with different hematological malignancies were included in this study. Blood samples were collected on day +30 after allo-HSCT. The percentage of granzyme B positive conventional T cells in patients who developed relapse in the first 6 months after allo-HSCT was 11.3 (4.5–35.3) compared to the others in continuous complete remission—1.3 (3.65–9.7), р = 0.011. The risk of relapse after allo-HSCT was in 3.9 times higher in patients with an increased percentage of granzyme B positive conventional T cells. The findings demonstrated that the percentage of granzyme B positive conventional T cells on day +30 after allo-HSCT could be a predictable marker of relapse within the first 6 months after allo-HSCT.     

Pneumonia in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients: a multicenter prospective study

Pneumonia is a common cause of mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) but updated and prospective information is partial. The aim of this nationwide prospective study is to determine the current epidemiology, etiology, and outcome of pneumonia in allo-HSCT recipients. From September-2003 to November-2005, 112 episodes in 427 consecutive allo-HSCT recipients were included (incidence 52.2 per 100 allo-HSCT/yr), and 72 of them (64.3%) were microbiologically defined pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia (44.4%) was more frequent than fungal (29.2%) and viral pneumonia (19.4%). The most frequent microorganisms in each group were: Escherichia coli (n = 7, 8.9%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 4, 5.0%), cytomegalovirus (n = 12, 15.4%), and Aspergillus spp. (n = 12, 15.4%). The development of pneumonia and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was associated with increased mortality after allo-HSCT, and the probability of survival was significantly lower in patients that had at least one pneumonia episode (p < 0.01). Pneumonia development in the first 100 d after transplantation, fungal etiology, GVHD, acute respiratory failure, and septic shock were associated with increased mortality after pneumonia. Our results show that pneumonia remains a frequent infectious complication after allo-HSCT, contributing to significant mortality, and provide a large current experience with the incidence, etiology and outcome of pneumonia in these patients.     

Difficult Balance Between EBV Treatment and Posttransplant Immunosuppression: A Successful Transplant in a Child With Recurrent Epstein-Barr Virus–Induced Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

BackgroundHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life-threatening clinical syndrome. HLH can be classified into 2 major forms: primary and secondary. Viral infections are frequently implicated in the onset of active HLH episodes.Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the only curative treatment for primary HLH and refractory/relapsed HLH after proper chemoimmunotherapy, although following immunosuppressive therapy may lead to infectious complications, including viral infections.Case PresentationWe report a case of a 6-year-old boy with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The patient underwent an allo-HSCT from a 10/10 HLA-matched unrelated donor. Because he received myeloablative and immunosuppressive treatment, another EBV reactivation occurred, as well as cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. After antiviral therapy, on day +27, elimination of EBV and CMV was achieved.Repeated chimerism tests evaluated decreasing donor chimerism; graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis was reduced from day +32 and eventually withdrawn.Later on, the patient developed acute graft-versus-host disease (skin rush, gastrointestinal dysfunction). Immunosuppressive agents (methylprednisolone, cyclosporine) were applied once again, which led to an increase of CMV viremia and polyomavirus (BK virus) primary infection.ConclusionsVirus infection can induct a severe disorder, such as HLH, and recur after its treatment. We believe our case represents dynamic changes in immunologic reaction to viral infection, which depend on modifications in treatment after allo-HSCT. These observations underscore the importance and difficulty of balancing immunosuppressive therapy and infection control.     

T helper 17 and regulatory T-cell profile and graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients with beta-thalassemia

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective treatment option for hereditary hemoglobin disorders, such as beta-thalassemia; However, this procedure is not without constraints, mainly engendering complications such as acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), chronic GvHD (cGvHD), and susceptibility to infections. The clinical outcomes of allo-HSCT are highly dependant on the quality and quantity of T-cell subsets reconstitution. Following the allo-HSCT of six pediatric patients afflicted with beta-thalassemia, their mononuclear cells were isolated, and then cultured with a combination of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin and Brefeldin A. The content of CD4 T-cell subsets, including T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), were determined by specific conjugated-monoclonal antibodies three and six months post-HSCT. An increased frequency of total CD4 T-cells, Tregs and Th17 cells was observed at day 90 and 180 after allo-HSCT, albeit the numbers were still lower than that of our healthy controls. In patients who developed cGvHD, a lower Th17/Treg ratio was observed, owing it to a decreased proportion of Th17 cells. In conclusion, creating balance between Th17 and Treg subsets may prevent acute and chronic GvHD in patients after allo-HSCT.     

Isolated Extramedullary Relapse After Human Leukocyte Antigen-Matched Myeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: Case Reports and Literature Review

Isolated extramedullary relapse (iEMR) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is rare and has a dismal prognosis. Among 67 patients with AML after allo-HSCT, iEMR and bone marrow relapse occurred in 6% and 20.9%, respectively, with a median time to relapse of 11.5 and 6.5 months, respectively. Here, we presented 4 iEMR-AML cases. Common relapse locations occurred in the central nervous system, skin, and lymph nodes. We also report a rare case of cardiac iEMR that responded to chemoradiotherapy. Two cases responded to local/systemic treatments, which resulted in prolonged survival. Another case had iEMR in the presence of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone marrow relapse occurring after iEMR was typical and found in three-fourths of the cases. In conclusion, iEMR-AML occurrence after allo-HSCT is not rare in Thai patients. Its unpredictability and lack of graft-versus-leukemia effect highlight the importance of monitoring EMR carefully and promptly providing treatments once it is detected.