HPLC测定龟鹿补肾丸中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的 建立RP-HPLC法龟鹿补肾丸中有效成分淫羊藿苷含量的测定方法.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Hypersil ODS(250 mm×4.0 mm,5 μm)柱,流动相为乙腈-水(27:73),检测波长为270 nm.结果 淫羊藿苷线性范围0.0264～0.528μg/ml,r=0.9995(n=5);回收率为100.17%(n=5),RSD为1.0%.结论 测定方法简便、稳定,能有效地控制该制剂的质量.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定壮骨益肾丸中淫羊藿苷含量

目的建立壮骨益肾丸中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法采用反相高相液相色谱法,以PrevailC18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水(28∶72),流速为1mL/min,检测波长为270nm,柱温为25℃。以外标法检测。结果淫羊藿苷浓度线性范围是10.2～102.0μg/mL(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.90%,RSD为1.09%(n=6)。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,可用于壮骨益肾丸中淫羊藿苷的含量测定和质量控制。     

HPLC同时测定21种淫羊藿中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定淫羊藿药材中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法:采用Elite SinoChrom ODS-AP(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈(A)-水(B),梯度洗脱(0~8 min,27%A;8~30 min,27%A→29%A),流速1 mL.min-1,检测波长270 nm。结果:朝藿定C进样量在0.130~3.89μg,淫羊藿苷在0.0294~1.47μg范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999);朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷平均回收率(n=9)分别为103.9%,100.0%;淫羊藿药材中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量分别为0.02%~7.80%,0.01%~1.74%。结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,重复性好,可作为淫羊藿药材中朝霍定C和淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。     

藤黄健骨片质量标准研究

目的提高完善藤黄健骨片质量标准。方法采用显微法对淫羊藿和鹿衔草进行鉴别;采用TLC法对熟地黄,淫羊藿进行鉴别;采用HPLC法分别测定骨碎补中柚皮苷以及淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的含量,色谱柱为ECOSIL C18(250mm×4.6mm×5μm),流动相分别为乙腈-水(15∶85),乙腈-水(30∶70);柱温35℃,流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长分别为283nm,270nm。结果淫羊藿和鹿衔草的显微特征较易见,TLC色谱斑点清晰,专属性强,重复性良好。柚皮苷对照品在0.1364~3.41μg范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9991),平均回收率100.17%,RSD为0.5%(n=6)。淫羊藿苷对照品在0.04472~2.236μg范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9999),平均回收率100.07%,RSD为1.0%(n=6)。结论本方法简便、可靠、准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定养血扶正颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的:建立高效液相谱法测定养血扶正颗粒中淫羊藿苷含量的测定方法。方法:采用ZORBAX SB-C_(18)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-水(55:45)为流动相;检测波长:270 nm;柱温:35℃。结果:淫羊藿苷在2.33～32.62μg·ml~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均回收率为99.45%,RSD%为2.33%(n=6)。结论:所建立的方法简便,准确,可作为养血扶正颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。     

HPLC法测定益骨胶囊中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立测定益骨胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量的方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Venusil XBP-C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(30∶70,V/V),流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长270nm.结果淫羊藿苷与杂质峰的分离度符合要求,淫羊藿苷在0.25～8μg·mL-1范围内峰面积与进样量线性关系良好,r=0.99349(n=5).平均加样回收率为96.07%,RSD为4.46%(n=5).结论本文建立的分析方法简便、重现性好,可用于益骨胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量测定.     

HPLC法测定藿精片中淫羊藿苷含量

目的：拟定藿精片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定藿精片中淫羊藿苷的含量。选用Hypersil C18柱（4.6 mm×250 mm1,0μm）;以甲醇-水系统为流动相;检测波长为270 nm;进样量为20μl。结果：被测物淫羊藿苷进样浓度在19.8～198μg/ml范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.94%,RSD为0.30%（n=6）。结论：建立了藿精片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法,该方法操作简便,准确可靠,可用于藿精片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定藿补胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量

目的建立藿补胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量高效液相测定方法。方法色谱柱为PhenomenexODS(5μm,250mm×4.6mmID),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸(27∶73),流速1.0mL/min,测定波长为270nm。结果线性范围为0.162～1.62mg(r=0.99999),平均回收率为100.05%,RSD=1.52%(n=6),精密度RSD=1.62%(n=6),重复性RSD=1.94%(n=6)。结论方法简便、稳定、可靠,可用于藿补胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定健步关节胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量

目的建立测定健步关节胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用薄层色谱法进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对健步关节胶囊中的淫羊藿苷进行定量测定,色谱柱为Zorbax C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(28∶72),检测波长为270 nm,流速为1 mL/min。结果薄层色谱法显示,健步关节胶囊供试品与淫羊藿苷有相同的斑点。淫羊藿苷的线性回归方程为Y=5 E+0.6 X-29 452(r=0.999 6,n=6),进样量线性范围为0.12～0.60μg;平均加收率为99.02%,RSD为1.19%(n=6)。结论该方法简便快捷,结果准确可靠,可作为健步关节胶囊的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定抗骨增生丸中淫羊藿苷含量

目的 建立抗骨增生丸中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法.方法 色谱柱为Diamansil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水(29:71),流速为0.8 mL/min,检测波长为270 nm,柱温为35℃.结果 淫羊藿苷的进样量线性范围为0.061 8～0.309 μg,r=1.000 0(n=5),平均回收率为98.09%,RSD=1.11%(n=6).结论 高效液相色谱法简便、快速、准确,可用于抗骨增生丸的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.