细菌性脑膜炎的病原体及抗生素敏感性分析

目的　回顾分析我院 1 997～ 2 0 0 3年儿童细菌性脑膜炎 (菌脑 )的病原体及其抗生素敏感性。方法　分析符合菌脑临床诊断患儿脑脊液或血培养分离菌及其药敏试验结果。结果　菌脑 40 1例患儿中 97例细菌培养阳性 ,诊断阳性率 2 4 % ,最常见病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌 (2 8% ) ,其次是肺炎链球菌 (1 9% )与大肠杆菌 (1 3 % ) ,并出现条件致病菌如微球菌。金黄色葡萄球菌分离株对青霉素不敏感 ,其中 1株对万古霉素与替考拉宁耐药 ;大肠杆菌、肠杆菌和假单胞菌均有对泰能的耐药株。结论　金黄色葡萄球菌是菌脑主要病原菌 ,临床用药须考虑当地的病原菌及其耐药问题。     

The Importance of C3d Estimation in the Diagnosis of Generalized Bacterial Infections in Newborn Infants

ABSTRACT. We evaluated the clinical relevance of a new C3d test in generalized bacterial neonatal infections. C3d was qualitatively evaluated by using an original counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique in 171 plasma. There were 13 cases of bacteriologically proven cases of septicemia and/or meningitis, 6 cases of probable and 42 cases of possible generalized infection. One hundred and ten non-infected samples were also tested. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 73.6,83.6,43.7 and 94.8%, respectively. The numbers of false positive and false negative were therefore found to be dose to those observed when using classical infection markers.     

K1 Antigen, Serotype and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Isolated from Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood and Other Specimens from Japanese Infants

K1 antigens, serotypes and antibiotic susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolates from neonates and infants were investigated. The presence of K1 antigen was tested by the K1-specific phage method. The number of K1 positive strains was 27 (84%) of 32 isolates from cerebrospinal fluid, 11 (25%) of 44 from blood and 4 (22%) of 18 from other specimens. Fourteen (33%) of the K1 positive strains were serotyped as O16:H6, and 8, 7 and 5 were serotyped as O18ac:H7, O1:H7 and O7:H-, respectively. One of 5 of the K1 negative strains were distributed into 30 different combinations of O and H antigens. The ampicillin resistance rates were 19% in K1 positive strains and 45% in K1 negative ones. The incidence of chloramphenicol resistance was the same in K1 positive and negative strains (21%). Ampicillin resistance was not noted in O16: H6 strains, but the incidence of antibiotic resistance was high (65% to ampicillin and 53% to chloramphenicol) in the rough-type strains.     

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Type b Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Antibiotic Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Antibiotic susceptibilities of 38 type b Haemophilus influenzae and 28 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, blood and other specimens between 1973 and 1988 were studied. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin against 10 β-lactamase positive and 28 negative H. influenzae isolates were 32–64 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC of chloramphenicol against one of the β-lactamase positive H. influenzae strains was 8 but MICs against the rest of the organisms were 0.5–1 μg/ml. MICs of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and cefuroxime against all H. influenzae strains were 0.016, 0.008 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. No S. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin G and MICs of this drug were 0.016–0.032 μg/ml. MICs of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and cefuroxime against all S. pneumoniae strains were 0.016–0.032, 0.016–0.032 and 0.032–0.063 μg/ml, respectively. MICs of chloramphenicol against 15, 4 and 9 of S. pneumoniae isolates were 2, 8 and 16 μg/ml, respectively. Antibiotic concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis after intravenous administration of ampicillin (50–70 mg/kgx4/day), penicillin G (31–63 mg/kgx4/day), cefotaxime (50 mg/kgx4/day) and chloramphenicol (25 mg/kgx4/day) were 4.70±1.83 (n=11), 0.57±0.32 (n=7), 4.97±2.60 (n=9) and 8.52±3.54 μg/ml (n=3), respectively. The initial choice of antibiotics in older children with bacterial meningitis is a combination of ampicillin (75 mg/kgx4/day) and cefotaxime (50 mg/kgx4/day) to cover ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae , and Listeria monocytogenes in Japan. These antibiotics should be changed according to the causative organisms and their antibiotic susceptibilities.     

细菌性脑膜炎266例病原学与耐药性分析

目的 回顾性调查2000-2005年临床诊断符合细菌性脑膜炎（BM）患儿266例的脑脊液致病菌及耐药性情况。方法致病菌采用常规方法分离培养，细菌鉴定采用革兰染色、API生化鉴定系统（法国生物梅里埃），X、V因子试验（嗜血杆菌属）、Optochin试验（肺炎链球菌阳性）及肺炎链球菌、B型流感嗜血杆菌及脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗原检测（乳胶凝集方法）。细菌抗生素耐药检测采用KB及E-test法。结果乳胶凝集法显示BM患儿主要病原菌为肺炎链球菌（20．0％，）、B型流感嗜血杆菌（15．4％）、脑膜炎奈瑟菌（7．7％）。培养法提示凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌引起BM比例为15．4％，大肠埃希菌为4．9％。88．9％凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑青霉素耐药（MRS）。结论肺炎链球菌、B型流感嗜血杆菌及脑膜炎奈瑟菌仍是上海地区BM儿童的主要病原菌，葡萄球菌引起BM所占比例超过脑膜炎奈瑟菌且多为苯唑西林耐药株。我国BM儿童病原菌谱存在一定地域差异。     

儿童医院159株绿脓杆菌药敏试验及质粒分析

研究目的 研究儿童医院绿脓杆菌耐药性与质粒的关系。 研究方法 从烧伤病房、PICU、普通病房采集的绿脓杆菌分别为59、42、58株。87株带质粒(观察组),53株不带质粒(对照组)。用微量稀释法对159株绿脓杆菌进行13种抗生素的药敏试验;140株菌的质粒提取用改良Birnboim法。 研究结果 94.5％的菌株对丁胺卡那霉素及头孢噻甲羧肟敏感,MIC_(90)均为16mg/L,仅23.3％菌株对庆大霉素敏感。烧伤病房及PICU的绿脓杆菌对头孢噻甲羧肟、噻肟单酰胺菌素、头了解三嗪、羧苄青霉素、头孢氨噻肟及庆大霉素耐药率明显高于普通病房的绿脓杆菌。质粒检出率62.1％(87/140),37.9％(53/140)菌株不带质粒。对庆大霉素、头孢氨噻肟、羧苄青霉素及头孢三嗪,含质粘菌株耐药率明显高于不含质粒株。 结论 绿脓杆菌的耐药性与其质粒密切相关。     

长春市儿科感染患儿抗生素使用及细菌耐药性分析

目的了解长春市儿科抗生素使用现状,检测细菌的耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对长春市某三甲综合医院2003年1月~2005年11月900例感染性疾病患儿抗生素使用情况进行统计分析。采集2004年12月~2005年11月儿科各种标本,按照《临床医学检验手册》常规方法进行细菌分离及鉴定,采用Kirby-Bauyer琼脂扩散法进行分离菌的药敏试验,结果按照美国国家临床实验室标准委员会(2004)标准判读。结果病例均使用抗生素,包括4类11种抗生素,使用率高的前6种抗生素分别是头孢替唑(22.3%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(21.6%)、阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾(19.6%)、青霉素(17.2%)、阿齐霉素(16.4%)、苯唑西林(10.1%)。单用抗生素占60.6%,两联用药占70.7%;静脉给药占81.7%,口服给药占18.3%。分离出818株细菌,革兰阳性球菌393株,占48.0%;革兰阴性杆菌425株,占52.0%。细菌对青霉素类和头孢菌素类的耐药率均较高,革兰阳性菌对青霉素的耐药率均超过50.0%,金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肺炎球菌对红霉素的耐药率均超过71.4%。对头孢类抗生素的耐药率均超过35.7%。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素均敏感,对亚胺培南、环丙沙星的耐药率均低于25.0%。革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林耐药率超过83.0%。对哌拉西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾耐药率,除铜绿假单胞菌(33.3%)外,均超过68.9%,对头孢类抗生素耐药率(除头孢他定外)均超过40.0%,对阿米卡星、环丙沙星的耐药率均低于28.0%;对亚胺培南耐药率最低,除绿脓杆菌外,其他细菌不超过8.4%。结论长春市儿科抗生素使用率高,且存在许多不合理现象。儿科标本分离出的细菌对抗生素耐药率高,且多重耐药现象严重。开展细菌的分离及耐药性检测对指导临床合理使用抗生素具有重要意义。     

Sodium and Potassium in Red Blood Cells of Premature Infants during the First Few Days: Risk of Hyperkalaemia

ABSTRACT. Erythrocyte sodium and potassium were studied in 64 newborn infants including 21 very low birthweight infants (birthweight < 1500 g) during the first three days after birth. Erythrocyte sodium showed a positive correlation with gestational age ( r =0.63, p <0.01) and birthweight ( r =0.66, p <0.01). Erythrocyte potassium was negatively correlated with birthweight ( r = -0.33, p <0.05). The Na/K ratio in red blood cells showed a positive correlation with gestational age ( r =0.60, p <0.01) and birthweight ( r =0.65, p <0.01). In VLBW infants plasma potassium rose significantly ( p <0.01) from 0–6 h to 12–30 h and decreased from 12–30 h to 30–60 h ( p <0.05). Erythrocyte potassium decreased slightly from 0–6 h to 12–30 h, but not significantly. A new finding that "more immature infants have higher potassium and lower sodium concentration in RBC" may suggest a potential risk of hyperkalaemia in tiny infants.     

Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Cardiac Output in Infants of Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Mothers

ABSTRACT. Cardiac output and cerebral blood flow velocity in the anterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries were investigated in eight large-for-date infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers and 12 healthy term infants during the first four days of life using two-dimensional/pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Temporal mean flow velocity was used as an indicator of changes in cerebral blood flow. Six of the eight infants of diabetic mothers had ventricular septal hypertrophy with reduced cardiac outputs and stroke volumes. Mean flow velocity in both cerebral vessels showed a comparable pattern in both groups throughout the study period and was independent of mean arterial pressure, suggesting unaltered cerebral hemodynamics in the infants of diabetic mothers.     

Serial Measurements of Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Preterm Infants during the First 72 Hours of Life

ABSTRACT. Serial measurements of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) were made in 29 preterm infants, using continuous wave Doppler ultrasound. CBFV was measured in both anterior cerebral arteries and quantitative measurements of CBFV were determined using the area under the velocity curve. In all ventilated infants, CBFV increased significantly during the first 6 hours of life and continued to increase until 16 hours of age. Thereafter, CBFV remained relatively constant. This increase in CBFV was primarily the result of increased diastolic flow. Three infants who had evidence of intraventricular haemorrhage on cranial ultrasound, had similar CBFV compared with the infants with no evidence of haemorrhage. Two infants died and both demonstrated areas of periventricular leukomalacia at autopsy. These infants had a prolonged period of low CBFV. These measurements provide normal data for ventilated, preterm infants. As previously suggested in term infants, the initial rise in CBFV may be secondary to closure of the ductus although a generalized decrease in peripheral vascular resistance could also be a contributing factor. Fluctuations in CBFV rather than individual readings are probably more important in the genesis of IVH. An episode of significantly reduced CBFV is a poor prognostic sign.     

Septicaemia with Coagulase Negative Staphylococci in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Risk Factors for Infection, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of the Bacterial Strains

Eshali, H., Ringertz, S., Nyström, S. and Faxelius, G. (The Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Hospital and St. Göran's Children's Hospital and the Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden). Septicaemia with coagulase negative staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit. Risk factors for infection, and antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial strains. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 360: 127, 1989.
Septicaemia caused by coagulase negative staphylococci is a problem in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The very low birthweight (VLBW) infants are at a special high risk because of their immature host defense. In this study the potential risk factors were compared between the VLBW septicaemia patients and the VLBW infants who had not contracted septicaemia in the NICU. The factor most clearly related with septicaemia was the use of umbilical artery catheters. The strategy against neonatal septicaemia includes restriction of the use of intravascular catheters. Also enhancement of the host defense by immunoglobulin therapy is considered. The coagulase negative staphylococci were multiresistant to antibiotics. The combination of netilmicin and benzylpenicillin covered the bacteria found in septicaemia cases in the NICU, and is now the standard treatment in suspected cases. Coagulase negative staphylococci are treated with vancomycin or netilmicin.     

Relationship between Protein and Energy in the Feeding of Preterm Infants during the First Month of Life

ABSTRACT. Energy and protein quantity and quality in the diet are factors regulating the rate of growth in the preterm infant. In the present study twenty infants 31–36 weeks of gestational age were fed with two identical test formulas which vried only in the content of energy. One formula (F-81) contained 3.1 g protein (60 bovine whey: 40 bovine caseins) and 81 kcal per dl. The second formula (F-94) contained the same amount of protein but 94 kcal per dl. At an intake of 150 ml/kg/d the infants received 4.6 g protein/kg/d and either 121 or 141 kcal/kg/d. The infants on F-94 had a significantly higher rate of weight gain, but growth of length and head circumference was equal in the two groups. Significant differences were found in the plasma concentrations of glutamine and alanine between the two feeding groups. The other plasma amino acids were not statistically different in the two groups of infants. Urine excretion of threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, histidine, tyrosine, glutamine and cystathionine was significantly increased in the high caloric, F-94-group. The results indicate that increasing the caloric intake above 120 kcal/kg/d in preterm infants on a relatively high protein intake does not increase linear growth but does produce increased weight gain. The biochemical results provide indirect evidence that this weight increase is the result of increased fat accretion.     

Epidemiological Aspects of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli IV. Extraintestinal E. coli Infections before the Age of One Year and Their Relation to Fecal Colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli

ABSTRACT. In two retrospective studies we have found outbreaks of E. coli pyelonephritis and septicemia to be due to nosocomial spread and fecal colonization with virulent E. coli strains in the neonatal ward of Danderyd Hospital. The incidence of extraintestinal E. coli infections before the age of one year was therefore prospectively studied in all children born at Danderyd Hospital during two and a half years ( n =7963). The number of infections was correlated to the previous fecal colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli. During this study we found no outbreaks of E. coli infections. The incidence of E. coli pyelonephritis before the age of one year was 0.6–0.7%, which we propose to be a baseline incidence. This corresponds well with the low incidence of fecal colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli found among these children. Fecal colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli during this non-epidemic period had no predictive value for the individual child for the later development of pyelonephritis.     

低体质量石骨症患儿外周血干细胞采集及其临床意义

目的探讨低体质量石骨症(OP)患儿进行外周血干细胞(PBSCs)采集的安全性及其临床意义。方法对1例低体质量OP患儿使用CS-3000plus血细胞分离机进行外周血采集,观察采集过程的安全性,记录采集前后单个核细胞(MNC)和CD34+细胞的细胞数,分析其临床意义。结果低体质量OP患儿能耐受PBSCs采集过程,采集物MNC和CD34+细胞分别为10.06×108/kg,2.74×106/kg。结论OP患儿无需使用粒细胞刺激因子动员即能采集到足够PBSC,为移植失败提供一补救措施;低体质量儿PB-SC采集是安全的。     

Sympatho-Adrenal Activity and Metabolic Adjustment during the First 12 Hours after Birth in Infants of Diabetic Mothers

Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations at birth were the same in infants of diabetic mothers and controls after both vaginal and abdominal delivery. The infants delivered vaginally had significantly higher noradrenaline concentrations than those delivered by caesarean section. During the first 12 postnatal hours, the concentration of noradrenaline decreased to levels similar to those found in newborn infants with minor respiratory problems. No hypoglycemic values were recorded in infants of diabetic mothers at birth nor during the first twelve hours after birth. The C-peptide concentrations at birth were significantly lower in infants of diabetic mothers delivered vaginally as compared to those delivered by caesarean section. The FFA concentrations increased after birth possibly as a result of the lipolytic action of catecholamines released during labour and delivery. We have not been able to confirm the increased sympatho-adrenal activity previously reported in infants of diabetic mothers. We suggest that the difference is due to better metabolic control in the diabetic mothers during pregnancy and delivery in this study.