慢性肾炎患者血栓相关指标的临床价值探讨

目的探讨慢性肾炎患者中血栓相关指标(FIB、AT:A、VWF、VⅢ:C、D-D、PLG:A)检测的临床价值.方法收集100例慢性肾炎患者和50例健康体检者血浆标本,于STAGO-STA自动血凝仪上用凝固法测定纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量;发色底物法测定血浆抗凝血酶活性(AT:A)和纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A);一期法测定VⅢ促凝活性(VⅢ:C);免疫比浊法测定血浆血管性血友病因子(VWF)和D-二聚体(D-D)及与正常对照组进行比较分析.结果100例慢性肾炎患者中FIB、VWF、VⅢ:C比正常对照组有显著性升高(P＜0.01),D-D也有升高(0.01＜P＜0.05),AT:A出现下降(P＜0.05),而PLG:A无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论慢性肾炎患者由于FIB升高、AT:A下降及血管内皮可能存在较严重损伤等因素,较易导致血栓形成,并可能进一步发展到继发性纤溶亢进,血栓相关指标测定对慢性肾炎治疗和病情发展监测有重要的临床价值.     

静脉血栓形成患者FⅫ基因多态性对凝血纤溶功能的影响

目的探讨静脉血栓形成患者凝血因子Ⅻ(FⅫ)基因多态性对凝血和纤溶功能的影响。方法分别采用一期凝固法、免疫比浊法及发色底物法检测75例静脉血栓形成患者及60名正常对照者的血浆凝血因子Ⅻ活性(FⅫ∶C)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)、凝血因子Ⅷ活性(FⅧ∶C)、血管性血友病因子(VWF)、纤溶酶原活性(PLG∶A)、抗凝血酶活性(AT∶A)、蛋白C活性(PC∶A)等指标。采用直接测序法测定上述研究对象的FⅫ基因启动区第46位碱基多态性。结果静脉血栓形成患者的46TT多态性较正常对照组比例增高,46TT型患者FⅫ∶C明显低于46CT、46CC型及正常对照组(P均<0.05);与正常对照组比较4,6TT型的AT∶A活性明显减低,而FIB、D-D、FⅧ∶C和VWF含量明显升高(P均<0.05);但静脉血栓形成患者FⅫ多态性各型之间的上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。FⅫ多态性各型患者及对照组之间的PLG和PC活性差异亦无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论静脉血栓形成患者FⅫ基因46TT多态性明显增多而导致FⅫ活性明显下降;FⅫ基因多态性各组之间凝血和纤溶功能差异无统计学意义。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成患者溶栓前后凝血、抗凝和纤溶活性改变的研究

目的观察下肢深静脉血栓（LDVT）患者溶栓前后凝血、抗凝和纤溶指标的变化，以探讨出凝血、纤溶活性改变与LDVT患者溶栓后高血栓发生率的相关性。方法测定50例LDVT患者溶栓前后抗凝血浆标本的抗凝血酶活性（AT：A）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、纤溶酶原活性（PLG：A）、组织型纤溶酶原激活物抗原性（t—PA：Ag）、纤溶酶原活性抑制剂-1抗原性（PAI：Ag）、血浆D-二聚体（D-D）、血管性血友病因子（VWF）、Ⅷ促凝活性（Ⅷ：C）、凝血因子Ⅻ活性（Ⅻ：C）；并取32例健康体检者作对照。结果AT：A、PLG：A、t—PA：Ag、Ⅻ：C在溶栓前明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），溶栓后升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），其中AT：A、PIG：A、Ⅻ：C仍低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而t-PA：Ag无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；FIB、PAI：A、D-D、Ⅷ：C、VWF在溶栓前显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），溶栓后下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），其中PAI：A、D-D、Ⅷ：C、VWF下仍明显高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而FIB无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论出凝血系统机能紊乱、纤溶-抗纤溶系统失衡与LDVT患者溶栓后血栓的发生可能有密切的关系。     

凝血因子Ⅻ活性的变化对深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨凝血因子Ⅻ活性(FⅫ:C)的变化对纤维蛋白(原)溶解功能与深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的影响。方法采用一期法测定63例DVT患者和30例正常对照组的FⅫ:C,同时用发色底物法检测血浆纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A),酶联免疫法测定组织型纤溶酶原激活物抗原性(t-PA:Ag)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1抗原性(PAI-1:Ag)及免疫比浊法测定血浆D-二聚体(D-D)含量。结果DVT组FⅫ:C和PLG:A含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01),其中5例(7.9%)年龄<45岁的患者FⅫ:C低于正常对照组x--2s。PAI-1:Ag、D-D含量显著高于正常组(P<0.01)。t-PA:Ag含量与正常对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论FⅫ:C下降易导致纤溶酶原内激活途径受抑制,DVT的形成与FⅫ:C降低有关。     

血浆PLG、AT-Ⅲ、v WF、FIB检测在儿童原发性肾病综合征和紫癜性肾炎鉴别诊断中的临床意义

目的测定原发性肾病综合征(PNS)和紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)患儿血浆中纤溶酶原(PLG)活性(PLG∶A)、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)水平、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)活性(AT∶A)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)的水平,并探讨其在鉴别诊断中的意义。方法取41例PNS患儿和32例HSPN患儿血浆,采用发色底物法测定PLG∶A、AT∶A,免疫比浊法测定vWF水平,磁珠凝固法测定FIB水平。结果PNS患儿血浆PLG∶A及AT∶A水平分别为(69.15±17.61)%及(58.32±26.38)%各自均低于HSPN患儿的水平,后者PLG∶A水平为(93.51±15.57)%、AT∶A水平为(123.80±26.40)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);PNS患儿血浆vWF水平及FIB水平分别为(211.40±62.61)%及(5.11±0.98)g/L各自均高于HSPN患儿的水平,后者vWF水平及FIB水平分别为(119.51±46.30)%及(3.25±0.79)g/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论PNS患儿血浆凝血活性较HSPN患儿高,检测PLG∶A、AT∶A、vWF、FIB有助于两者的鉴别诊断。     

不同原因休克患者抗凝血酶和纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化

目的 探讨不同原因引起的休克时,机体抗凝血酶和纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化及临床意义。方法 研究67例不同原因引起休克的患者,按病因分为感染性休克23例、创伤性休克18例、心源性休克26例。在发生休克时采集上标本,STAGO-STA自动血凝仪上发色底物法测定血浆抗凝血酶活性(AT:A)和纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A);免疫比浊法测定血浆D-二聚体(D-D)及凝固法测定纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量并与正常对照组进行比较分析。结果 3组休克患者AT:A和PLG:A均显著低于对照组(分别为P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001);D-D含量均非常显著的高于对照组(P<0.001);FIB含量除创伤性休克外其余2组均明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。3组休克间比较,经方差分析,除D-D含量无区别外,其余项目各组间均存有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 休克发生时血浆抗凝血酶活性降低,继发性纤溶功能增强,提示机体处于血栓前状态,应积极采取相应措施防止DIC的发生。     

慢性肾小球疾病患者血浆中部分抗凝和纤溶指标变化的探讨

目的研究慢性肾小球疾病患者血浆中部分抗凝和纤溶物质与其止凝血障碍的关系。方法在STAGO-STA全自动血凝仪上检测79例慢性肾小球疾病患者和60名正常对照的血浆蛋白C(PC)、蛋白S(PS)、抗凝血酶(AT-)、纤溶酶原(PLG)和抗纤溶酶(AP)活性。结果与正常对照比较肾病综合征患者PC、PLG活性升高,有显著性差异(P<0.01);PS和AT活性降低(P<0.01),有显著性差异;AP升高,与正常对照无显著性差异。慢性肾炎患者PC升高(P<0.05),PLG升高(P<0.01),与正常组比较有显著性差异;PS和AT降低(P>0.05)与正常组比较无显著性差异,AP无变化。结论慢性肾小球疾病患者存在不同程度的凝血亢进和纤溶亢进,测定抗凝和纤溶系统的一些项目可帮助了解疾病的进展及指导治疗。     

血浆纤溶抑制物与2型糖尿病患者凝血及纤溶功能变化的关系

目的评价血浆纤溶抑制物(TAFI)与2型糖尿病患者凝血及纤溶功能变化的关系。方法血浆TAFI水平采用ELISA测定,纤维蛋白原(Fib)采用凝血酶法测定,纤溶酶原(PLG)活性通过发色底物法检测。结果与正常对照组比较,2型糖尿病无并发症组血浆TAFI、Fib水平及PLG活性均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而2型糖尿病血管并发症组血浆TAFI、Fib水平及PLG活性升高更显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);同时,2型糖尿病患者血浆TAFI与Fib水平及PLG活性显著相关(P<0.05)。结论2型糖尿病凝血及纤溶功能的变化与血浆TAFI水平的升高有关。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者血栓前状态指标的改变

目的研究系统性红斑狼疮患者血栓前状态。方法采用CA-7000凝血仪测定抗凝血酶-Ⅲ活性(AT-Ⅲ:C)、蛋白C活性(PC:A)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT);采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定D-二聚体(D-dimer):采用SLT SPECTRA酶标仪以ELISA法测定纤维蛋白肽A(FPA)、凝血酶原片段1+2(F1+2)、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ抗原(AT-Ⅲ:Ag)、蛋白C抗原(PC:Ag)、组织纤溶酶原激活物活性(t-PA:A)、纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A)、纤溶酶原激活抑制物活性(PAI:A)。结果与对照组比较,系统性红斑狼疮患者凝血功能显著增强(P<0.01),抗凝血、纤溶系统功能由于消耗显著减低(P<0.01)。结论系统性红斑狼疮患者由于血管内皮细胞破坏导致其处于血栓前状态。     

血栓病人易栓症指标分析

目的 通过检测血栓的蛋白指标,回顾性分析易栓症病人发病的病因,预防血栓的再次发生.方法 收集2004年～2007年住院病人136例,其中肺动脉栓塞病人96例,心肌梗死病人30例,心肌梗死并发高血压的病人3例,下肢深静脉血栓病人7例.另选25例健康体检者为对照组,采用凝固法测定蛋白S(PS:A)、蛋白C(PC:A)、狼疮抗凝物(LA)、APC抵抗(APC-R);采用发色底物法检测抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、纤溶酶原(PLG),用Clauss法检测纤维蛋白原(FIB).结果 心梗和肺动脉栓塞病人的易栓症指标和正常对照组比较,PC:A,PS:A,LA,APC-R易栓症组比对照组活性明显降低差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而AT-Ⅲ,FIB,PLG易栓症组和对照组比较差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 研究结果显示,PS:A,PC:A,LA,APC-R可作为临床血栓病人的重要监测指标.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.