口腔专业学生对艾滋病的知识与态度

口腔疾患是HIV/AIDS患者重要和早期的临床表现之一,口腔医疗服务不仅有利于治疗患者的口腔疾患,改善患者的生活质量,而且可以降低HIV的传播.口腔专业医学院校的学生是未来提供HIV/AIDS患者口腔医疗服务的重要卫生资源,他们的HIV/AIDS认识和态度对未来提供的服务具有重要的影响.此文对口腔专业医学院学生的HIV...     

Knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS among Iranian students

Background  

Young people are of particular importance in state policies against Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). We intended to assess the knowledge and attitude of high school students regarding AIDS in Iran.     

医学生艾滋病相关知识及态度调查

目的 了解医学生人群中艾滋病及相关问题的认知水平和需求情况,以便开展针对性的艾滋病预防教育.方法 采用自行设计的调查表,对本校医疗系和护理系大一、大二2156名学生进行问卷调查,2111例有效问卷进行分析.结果对中国目前艾滋病感染人数的正确回答率为10.6%;对艾滋病的三大传播途径性传播、血液传播、母婴传播的正确回答率分别为91.7%、92.8%、87.6%,但与艾滋病病毒感染者握手、拥抱、接吻有56.3%的人认为可传染;68.4%和40.6%的学生认为发放安全套、提供一次性针具能预防和减少艾滋病的发生,艾滋病的治疗相关知识的正确回答率为76.9%;在公共场所遇到艾滋病感染者62.4%的学生可以保持正确的态度,但仅有37.8%的学生愿意与艾滋病感染者共事,而不愿意共事的因为34.4%是害怕被传染.结论 医学生人群中艾滋病及相关知识掌握情况不够全面,认知水平还需进一步提高.     

Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of inmates towards AIDS and HIV infection: a survey in a Marseille penitentiary center]

BACKGROUND: The objectives of our study were to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of inmates toward HIV infection, and to compare them with those reported in the general population and according to injecting drug use. METHODS: Three hundred and seventy persons incarcerated in the prison of Marseille were invited, between December 1995 and March 1997, to answer a voluntary questionnaire offered by an independent staff. Odds ratios were estimated by logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex and type of questionnaire (self-administered for literate, face-to-face for illiterate inmates). The average scores among injecting and non injecting drug users (IDUs) were compared by analysis of variance adjusting for age, sex and type of questionnaire. These scores were also compared with those reported in a national survey (ACSF 1994), after adjustment for age, sex and educational level. RESULTS: The participation rate was 55%. Among the 202 participants, 152 answered a self-administered and 50 a face-to-face questionnaire; 45/202 (22%) were IDUs. The average scores of knowledge and tolerance towards HIV infected people were lower among inmates than in the general population. Furthermore, the scores of uncertainty towards HIV risk and unfavorable opinions about condom were higher than in the general population. While the average scores of knowledge, uncertainty towards HIV risk and unfavorable opinions did not differ between IDUs and non-IDUs, the score of tolerance towards HIV infected people was lower among non-IDUs than IDUs. CONCLUSION: That study shows that in spite of the high prevalence of at risk behaviors among people who are incarcerated, that population is not targeted enough by HIV prevention programs. Furthermore, the low level of tolerance towards HIV infected people among inmates, especially non-IDUs, is very likely an obstacle to health care management in that population with a high HIV prevalence. It is urgent to enhance the equality of access to care and prevention policy inside and outside prison.     

Women, drugs and HIV/AIDS: results of a multicentre European study

BACKGROUND: In the light of rising human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence rates amongst women in Western Europe, a multicentred, cross-sectional study was undertaken to explore the multitude of possible factors associated with HIV in a population of female injecting drug users (IDU). METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 1198 female IDU recruited from a variety of settings in Paris, Madrid, Rome, London and Berlin. Their HIV status was determined from antibody testing of blood or saliva samples or from written confirmation of HIV test results from a physician. A hierarchical logistic regression model was used to identify direct and indirect associations between socioeconomic factors, marginalization and risk behaviour with HIV prevalence. RESULTS: The HIV prevalence in the sample of female IDU was 27.8% (range: 1.4% in London and 52.6% in Madrid). Factors independently associated with HIV prevalence in the regression analysis included: age >25 years (OR = 2.0-2.9), left full-time education before age 14 (OR = 2.4), no fixed address (OR = 2.2), previous imprisonment (OR = 1.4), commercial sex (OR = 1.3), having a regular HIV positive sexual partner (OR = 6.6), ever shared needles (OR = 1.5) and any sexually transmitted disease (STD) infection in the last year (OR = 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: The sexual behaviour and partners of female IDU in Western Europe are as important a component in explaining the HIV epidemic in this population as other risk factors, including high-risk drug taking behaviour. Homeless IDU women may be an important residual risk group warranting future preventive interventions and women with a history of STD should be a particular target for health education. Differences in HIV prevalence across cities are very large and may be related to differences in harm reduction policies.     

Correlates of HIV/AIDS knowledge in a Scottish prison sample

A sample of 559 inmates in Scottish prisons were administereda 48-item HIV/AIDS knowledge questionnaire. High levels of HIV-relatedknowledge were associated with: a history of drug offences,having had an HIV test, knowing someone who has had an HIV test,knowing someone who is HIV seropositive, a history of injectingdrug use and having a sexual partner who is also an injectingdrug user. Inmates who are objectively at high risk of contractingHIV by virtue of their drug injecting and sexual behaviour arealso amongst the most knowledgeable inmates, with regard toHIV/AIDS. Unfortunately, such knowledge does not result in theadoption of risk reduction behaviours. Results are discussedin relation to the heterogeneity of inmate populations and thediversity of their educational needs.     

HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and behaviors assessment of Chinese students: a questionnaire study

The objective of this study was to assess students' knowledge, attitudes and practices on HIV and AIDS. A questionnaire was administered to a cross section of 259 Chinese undergraduates. Respondents were asked to provide information about knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS. Study results indicated that the majority of undergraduates had a moderate level of HIV and AIDS knowledge, acceptance and attitudes towards people with HIV and AIDS. Boys had more acceptance and positive attitudes towards people with HIV and AIDS than girls. Students majoring in medicine performed better (more knowledgeable and accepting) than non-medical students. Differences between students with various monthly expenditures were found-- 6.2% of students had 3-5 sexual partners which has rarely been found in Chinese students; most students did not know HIV VCT centers and most students did not show their confidence for controlling of HIV and AIDS in China. In conclusion, students' knowledge about HIV/AIDS was uneven. A peer educational program to talk about self esteem, healthy sexual attitudes, being human-accepting and loving should be developed in the near future.     

湖北省部分城市、农村居民艾滋病预防知识、态度现况调查

目的　了解湖北省普通人群对艾滋病基本预防知识的掌握情况及对H1V感染者 /A1DS患者的基本态度。方法　按照艾滋病疫情的高、中、低的流行水平 ,在湖北省抽取 6县 (市、区 ) ,每个县 (市、区 )抽取一个城市社区和一个农村社区 ,每个社区随机抽取两个街道 ,每个街道抽取两个居委会 ,每个居委会随机抽取 3 0个调查对象 ,以问卷的形式对这 1 0 80人做调查。结果　①训查对象对性传播、母婴传播知晓率城市为93 5 0 %和 92 0 0 % ,农村为 83 0 0 %和 83 90 % ;②调查对象对蚊虫叮咬是否传播艾滋病的知晓率城乡分别为48 2 0 %和 2 6 40 % ;③农村 1 5 2 9岁年龄段艾滋病基本预防知识得分低 ,只有 ( 4 85± 2 0 1 )分 ;④城乡分别有 5 3 40 %、 42 0 0 %的调查对象认为应该允许艾滋病病毒感染者及艾滋病病人继续工作或学习 ;⑤文化程度是对知识、态度的重要影响因素。结论　湖北省部分城市、农村居民艾滋病预防知识和态度现况农村低于城市 ,应针对目标人群特点开展健康教育     

Knowledge,attitudes and behaviour after 15 years of HIV/AIDS prevention in schools

BACKGROUND: This paper reports efforts to estimate the results of the prevention policy of HIV/AIDS in young people, 15 years after the first case of AIDS in Greece by investigating the current level of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviour and practices of high school students towards HIV/AIDS. METHODS: Questionnaires from 702 students of 13 technical high schools in the Athens area were collected and analysed in 1997. RESULTS: 72% of the questions regarding knowledge were answered accurately. 43.15% of the participants believed that their knowledge about HIV/AIDS was sufficient. They considered AIDS to be a big threat to society (89.65%), and would be embarrassed if they were HIV positive (31.75%), however, they would be compassionate to HIV positive persons. One out of three were worried about already being HIV infected, because of their risky behaviour in the past, especially boys. The major change in their behaviour was the use of a condom (80.9% for boys and 56.7% for girls). 64.8% of the girls did not have sexual relations, while 41.9% of the boys had sexual relations with casual partners. CONCLUSION: After 15 years of prevention activities among young people, students have a satisfactory level of knowledge and have adopted relatively safe behaviour. However, boys, younger students, students with a high sense of religiousness and students with both excellent and low school records need more intense and systematic information through suitable interventions.     

贵阳市大学生男男性接触人群艾滋病知信行调查

了解贵阳市大学生男男性接触(MSM)人群对艾滋病相关知识知晓及态度、行为情况,为制定该群体的艾滋病防控策略提供参考依据.方法 采用滚雪球抽样方法和网络招募法从贵阳市5所高校中选择349名大学生MSM作为调查对象,自行设计问卷进行艾滋病知信行的匿名调查.结果 艾滋病知识知晓率为87.4%,获取途径以互联网的比例最高,为91.2%.首次同性性行为平均年龄为(18.96±1.67)岁;90.8%的调查对象最近6个月发生过同性性行为,其中从未使用安全套的比例为17.3%;9.7%最近6个月发生过异性性行为,其中使用安全套的比例为55.9%.仅有38.1%的大学生MSM做过HIV抗体检测,其中有93.2%知道检测结果.结论 大学生MSM人群艾滋病知识知晓率较高、高危性行为普遍存在、安全套使用率较低.政府和高校应加强对大学生人群艾滋病预防干预力度.     

Sources of evidence in HIV/AIDS care: pilot study comparing family physicians and AIDS service organization staff

Background

The improvement of the quality of the evidence used in treatment decision-making is especially important in the case of patients with complicated disease processes such as HIV/AIDS for which multiple treatment strategies exist with conflicting reports of efficacy. Little is known about the perceptions of distinct groups of health care workers regarding various sources of evidence and how these influence the clinical decision-making process. Our objective was to investigate how two groups of treatment information providers for people living with HIV/AIDS perceive the importance of various sources of treatment information.

Methods

Surveys were distributed to staff at two local AIDS service organizations and to family physicians at three community health centres treating people living with HIV/AIDS. Participants were asked to rate the importance of 10 different sources of evidence for HIV/AIDS treatment information on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Mean rating scores and relative rankings were compared.

Results

Findings suggest that a discordance exists between the two health information provider groups in terms of their perceptions of the various sources of evidence. Furthermore, AIDS service organization staff ranked health care professionals as the most important source of information whereas physicians deemed AIDS service organizations to be relatively unimportant. The two groups appear to share a common mistrust for information from pharmaceutical industries.

Conclusions

Discordance exists between medical "experts" from different backgrounds relating to their perceptions of evidence. Further investigation is warranted in order to reveal any effects on the quality of treatment information and implications in the decision-making process. Possible effects on collaboration and working relationships also warrant further exploration.     

A comparison of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in four countries: Negative attitudes and perceived acts of discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination have a substantial impact on people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the associations of two constructs of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination (negative attitudes towards PLHA and perceived acts of discrimination towards PLHA) with previous history of HIV testing, knowledge of antiretroviral therapies (ARVs) and communication regarding HIV/AIDS and (2) to compare these two constructs across the five research sites with respect to differing levels of HIV prevalence and ARV coverage, using data presented from the baseline survey of U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Project Accept, a four-country HIV prevention trial in Sub-Saharan Africa (Tanzania, Zimbabwe and South Africa) and northern Thailand. A household probability sample of 14,203 participants completed a survey including a scale measuring HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination. Logistic regression models determined the associations between negative attitudes and perceived discrimination with individual history of HIV testing, knowledge of ARVs and communication regarding HIV/AIDS. Spearman's correlation coefficients determined the relationships between negative attitudes and perceived discrimination and HIV prevalence and ARV coverage at the site-level. Negative attitudes were related to never having tested for HIV, lacking knowledge of ARVs, and never having discussed HIV/AIDS. More negative attitudes were found in sites with the lowest HIV prevalence (i.e., Tanzania and Thailand) and more perceived discrimination against PLHA was found in sites with the lowest ARV coverage (i.e., Tanzania and Zimbabwe). Programs that promote widespread HIV testing and discussion of HIV/AIDS, as well as education regarding and universal access to ARVs, may reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination.     

Attitudes of detainees and prison staff towards tobacco control policy in Switzerland: A qualitative interview study

Purpose

To explore detainees and staff's attitudes towards tobacco use, in order to assist prison administrators to develop an ethically acceptable tobacco control policy based on stakeholders’ opinion.

Design

Qualitative study based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 31 prisoners and 27 staff prior (T1) and after the implementation (T2) of a new smoke-free regulation (2009) in a Swiss male post-trial prison consisting of 120 detainees and 120 employees.

Results

At T1, smoking was allowed in common indoor rooms and most working places. Both groups of participants expressed the need for a more uniform and stricter regulation, with general opposition towards a total smoking ban. Expressed fears and difficulties regarding a stricter regulation were increased stress on detainees and strain on staff, violence, riots, loss of control on detainees, and changes in social life. At T2, participants expressed predominantly satisfaction. They reported reduction in their own tobacco use and a better protection against second-hand smoke. However, enforcement was incomplete. The debate was felt as being concentrated on regulation only, leaving aside the subject of tobacco reduction or cessation support.

Conclusion

Besides an appropriate smoke-free regulation, further developments are necessary in order to have a comprehensive tobacco control policy in prisons.     

Caregivers' and non-caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and attitude towards HIV/AIDS and orphans in Nigeria

Nigeria has an estimated 930,000 AIDS orphans, which has a marked impact on family and community. This study was performed to characterise caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and their attitude towards HIV/AIDS, orphans in general and AIDS orphans in particular. Caregivers and non-caregivers aged 25-70 years in Nigeria were interviewed from January and March 2003, and logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans and AIDS orphans, and demographic characteristics and background status regarding HIV/AIDS and orphans. A total of 824 interviewees participated in the survey (82.4% response rate), of whom 290 (35.2%) were current caregivers of orphans. The mean number of orphans per current caregiver was 1.8 (standard deviation 1.4). Factors related to higher knowledge level regarding HIV/AIDS were female gender [odds ratio (OR) = 3.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.33, 5.22] and belief that AIDS is a common disease (OR = 3.39; 95% CI: 2.19, 5.26). Factors associated with positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans in general and AIDS orphans in particular were age 35-44 years (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.69), Koranic schooling (OR = 8.69; 95% CI: 2.42, 31.19), polygamy (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.62), belief that there are increasing numbers of orphans in the community (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.32, 5.08) and having relatives or friends with HIV/AIDS (OR = 2.88; 95% CI: 1.61, 1.58). There was a slight correlation (r = 0.17, P < 0.001) between caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans and AIDS orphans. Demographic characteristics and personal experience should be taken into consideration to improve attitudes and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and caring for orphans and AIDS orphans.     

医学生性传播疾病／艾滋病知识与态度的调查

目的了解医学生性病/艾滋病相关的知识、态度。方法选择北京地区中国协和医科大学825名在校学生进行问卷调查,回答30道与性病/艾滋病相关知识的问题。结果男生(23.5分)与女生(23.1分)的性病/艾滋病知识评分无显著性差别(P>0.05);年龄在23岁及以下(23.0分)与23岁以上(24.0分)的学生评分比较,差别有显著意义(P<0.05);大专生(21.9分)、本科生(23.4分)及研究生(24.4分)评分两两比较,差别均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果表明:调查对象知识评分与本人文化程度呈正相关(OR=2.74,95%CI 1.72~4.50),同时与其父亲的文化程度呈正相关(OR=1.14,95%CI 1.03~1.27)。有548人(66.4%)认为中国性传播疾病较严重,男、女生对性病危害的认识无显著差别(P>0.05),而不同年龄及文化程度的学生对性病危害的认识有显著差别(P<0.01)。主要通过报刊、杂志、电视、收音机及教科书了解性病/艾滋病相关知识。结论年龄小、文化程度低的学生中的性传播疾病/艾滋病的健康教育有待加强。     

中美大学生性健康教育模式及其对艾滋病歧视态度分析

比较中美大学生的艾滋病歧视态度和健康教育模式,为提高中国大学生的健康教育成效提供有益的启发.方法 2014-2015年分别在中国和美国高校采用偶遇抽样法,对400名在校大学生进行问卷调查.结果 中、美大学生艾滋病歧视态度得分差异有统计学意义,中国大学生的得分(2.8±2.2)高于美国大学生(2.0±2.6)(t=10.8,P=0.001);女生的得分(2.7±2.5)高于男生(2.1±2.5)(t=4.7,P=0.031);美国大学生通过父母、学校、恋人和朋友来了解预防艾滋病知识的比例较中国大学生多(x2值分别为88.9,38.0,21.7,54.2,P值均<0.01);在学校性健康教育模式上,美国大学生选择课堂教学的比例高于中国大学生,中国大学生选择大学讲座的高于美国大学生(x2值分别为65.7,23.9,P值均<0.01).回归分析显示,社区开放程度和父母、电视等大众媒体、医院等其他获取艾滋病知识途径对艾滋歧视态度的影响均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 中国大学生对待艾滋病歧视态度高于美国.我国需要加强多教育主体的性健康教育模式.