软腭动脉血供的应用解剖学研究

目的　为在修复腭裂时正确地设计和切取腭部组织瓣 ,保证其存活和肌肉恢复功能 ,对软腭血供进行了解剖学研究。方法　对 14例头颈标本做了腭部动脉的解剖学观察 ,10例胎儿标本做了造影 ,6例胎儿头标本做了组织学连续切片观察。结果　证实软腭血供具有多源性 ,主要来源于腭升动脉。该动脉前、后支均是肌粘膜穿支血管。供应软腭的其他动脉均为直接粘膜支 ,包括腭小动脉、咽升动脉腭支和扁桃体动脉。供应软腭的血管在粘膜下及肌筋膜层形成丰富的相互吻合的血管网。腭裂时 ,腭升动脉腭支随腭帆提肌向前外移位。结论　保护好腭部动脉 ,特别是腭升动脉在软腭内的分支 ,对腭裂手术的设计、伤口愈合及术后功能的恢复都十分重要。     

软腭及咽部肌肉神经解剖研究进展

该文综述了软腭及咽部肌肉神经解剖相关的研究进展。软腭部肌肉分为腭帆张肌、腭帆提肌、腭咽肌、腭舌肌及悬雍垂肌。其中, 腭帆张肌受三叉神经的下颌神经分支支配;大多数学者认为其他软腭肌由迷走神经、舌咽神经形成的咽丛分支支配, 面神经及腭小神经亦参与其中。咽肌可分为咽缩肌和咽提肌, 咽缩肌包括咽上缩肌、咽中缩肌及咽下缩肌;咽提肌包括茎突咽肌、腭咽肌和咽鼓管咽肌。咽上缩肌及咽中缩肌被认为由咽丛分支支配, 而咽下缩肌则由咽丛及喉部神经支配;茎突咽肌由舌咽神经分支支配, 而腭咽肌和咽鼓管咽肌则由咽丛分支支配。了解腭咽部肌肉的神经支配有助于减少腭裂修复术中的神经损伤, 有助于了解腭咽闭合不全所致的吞咽、发音等障碍的相关机制, 并指导神经源性吞咽困难及部分睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的治疗。     

带血供尺神经深筋膜瓣下前置术解剖学研究

目的为带血供尺神经深筋膜瓣下前置术提供解剖学依据。方法在12侧福尔马林固定的成人尸体上肢标本、8侧新鲜尸体上肢标本上观测尺神经在肘部的血供。结果肘部尺神经血供来源有3个:尺侧上副动脉(SUCA)、尺侧下副动脉(IUCA)和尺侧返动脉后支(PURA),与尺神经伴行长度分别约为15.0cm、5.0cm和5.5cm。尺神经于肘部发出关节支和肌支分别为1～3支。结论行尺神经深筋膜瓣下前置术时至少应保留SUCA或IUCA,深筋膜瓣的制作应依据任意皮瓣原则。     

面神经颅外段血供的应用解剖学研究

目的探讨面神经颅外段的动脉来源及分布. 方法 15例新鲜尸体头颈部标本经双侧颈总动脉插管,加压注入红色乳胶或过氯乙烯填充剂,观察面神经颅外段的血供来源及分布. 结果面神经营养动脉来源于耳后动脉的茎乳动脉、颞浅动脉面神经支、面横动脉、颈外动脉上面神经支、颈外动脉下面神经支、面动脉后面神经支和面动脉前面神经支,其外径分别为(0.8±0.2) mm、(0.9±0.4) mm、(1.9±0.3) mm、(1.0±0.2) mm、(1.1±0.4) mm、(1.0±0.2) mm和(1.1±0.6) mm.各营养动脉除营养面神经外还发出分支相互吻合,构成了丰富的面神经血管网. 结论了解面神经颅外段动脉血供来源及分布,为避免腮腺咬肌区手术损伤面神经营养血管提供了解剖学基础.     

颞浅筋膜瓣预制颈部轴型皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 通过颞浅筋膜的解剖学研究,阐明岛状颞浅筋膜瓣移植预制颈部轴型皮瓣的解剖学基础.方法 选用32侧甲醛固定、16侧新鲜的头颈部标本进行解剖,观测颞浅筋膜组织结构及其血管分布、分支及走行情况,并在新鲜尸体标本上进行岛状颞浅筋膜瓣移植到颈部的模拟手术设计.结果 颞浅筋膜是SMAS筋膜的一部分,颞浅动脉是颞浅筋膜的主要血供来源.以颞浅血管为蒂的舌状颞浅筋膜瓣蒂长达6～8 cm,翻转移植可至颈部胸锁乳突肌的中段区域.结论 颞浅筋膜有恒定的感觉神经和血管分布,岛状颞浅筋膜瓣有足够长度的血管蒂供移植至颈部,是预制颈部轴型皮瓣的良好载体.     

尺侧腕伸肌内神经血管分布的应用解剖

目的观察尺侧腕伸肌内神经血管解剖分布，探讨该肌肉能否被分割为若干个功能单位，以提供新的功能性骨骼肌游离移植供区。方法解剖10具10％甲醛固定的成人尸体共20侧尺侧腕伸肌，观察其肌外神经血管的分布形式。10具新鲜成人尸体标本共20侧尺侧腕伸肌，一侧的尺侧腕伸肌完整剥离后用Sihler染色法行肌内神经的染色，另一侧尺侧腕伸肌用30％硫酸钡、乳胶混悬液血管灌注并行X线钼靶摄片。而后对照观察神经、血管在肌内分布及其关系。结果尺侧腕伸肌血供多为骨间后动脉和骨间返动脉肌支。其神经支配来自骨间后神经发出的神经支。其肌内神经分布呈现3种不同的类型，肌支在进入肌肉前多有动脉伴行，构成神经血管束。其伴行动脉分支和神经分支在肌内的分布区域大致吻合。结论根据尺侧腕伸肌内神经血管在肌内分布的不同情况，可将其分为不同的功能单位，供节段性游离肌肉移植：     

背阔肌节段肌瓣一期修复晚期面瘫的应用解剖

目的 为联合应用背阔肌两块节段肌瓣一期动力矫正晚期面瘫表情肌功能提供解剖学依据.方法 解剖20具10%福尔马林固定的成人尸体共40侧背阔肌标本,醋酸乙酯血管灌注2具新鲜成人尸体共3侧背阔肌标本,观察肌外、肌内神经血管的分布特点.结果 ①92.5%的胸背神经分为内、外侧支;7.5%的胸背神经分为内、中、外侧支.胸背神经内、外侧支分叉点的坐标为(7.94±1.23)em、(3.71±1.68)cm,在该交角的中线区域,神经血管的数量相对较少.②背阔肌外侧肌瓣可以分为3～5个亚单位,内侧肌瓣可以分为2～4个亚单位.③肌内神经血管分支排列关系(由内向外),内侧节段100%为NVAV(神经、静脉、动脉、静脉),外侧节段85.0%为VAVN,其余15.0%为NVAV.④在神经蒂分支点外侧切断,第三段内侧肌瓣神经蒂平均达16 cm,第三或四段外侧肌瓣神经蒂平均达12 cm.结论 吻合血管神经的背阔肌双节段肌瓣移植可一期跨面修复晚期面瘫.     

小斜角肌的应用解剖学研究及其临床意义

[目的]研究小斜角肌的解剖学特点,为手术治疗胸廓出口综合征(TOS)提供形态学依据.[方法]在32具64侧常规福尔马林固定的成人尸体标本上,于头戴式2.5倍放大镜下,对小斜角肌的起止点,内外缘的长度,小斜角肌的神经支配,血供来源及其与臂丛下干的关系进行了仔细的观察;取10侧小斜角肌标本作HE染色,了解小斜角肌有无独立的肌膜及与中斜角肌间的关系.[结果]小斜角肌出现率为84.4%(54侧);臂丛下干从小斜角肌的中下部跨过;小斜角肌与中斜角肌之间有独立的肌膜将两者分开.小斜角肌的神经支配主要来自C7前根.小斜角肌的血供有2种类型:(1)从锁骨下动脉直接发出的分支,占63%;(2)来自颈深动脉(肩胛背动脉)的分支.[结论]小斜角肌是较常存在的、独立的一块肌肉,和臂丛下干密切相关;其神经支配、血供特点可能是容易双卡和影响疗效的因素之一.     

椎管外臂丛的血供分布特点及其临床意义

目的 探讨臂丛的动脉来源、分布及其临床意义。方法 （1）取3具成人新鲜尸体标本,采用明胶一氧化铅微血管放射显影法观察臂丛动脉的区带状分布;（2）取10具防腐固定并经颈总动脉灌注红色乳胶的尸体标本,于手术显微镜下解剖并观察臂丛的动脉来源和分布。结果 臂丛血供来源于锁骨下动脉-腋动脉轴发出的分支,各分支间互相吻合。根据其分布特点。可将臂丛营养血管分为三个带状血管区。Ⅰ区指自椎间孔处臂丛神经根延伸至上、中、下干及其前后股区域,该区以椎动脉及颈深动脉供血为主。Ⅱ区包括股与束的大部分区域．此区供血以肩胛背动脉分支及锁骨下动脉直接营养支为主。肩胛背动脉分支较粗大,供血区域较宽;锁骨下动脉直接营养支相对较细,数量较多,平均2．7支（1-5支）。Ⅲ区包括束的小部分区域及终末支,此区以腋动脉直接营养支供血为主,营养支数量平均为3．4支（1-6支）。结论 椎管外臂丛动脉可分为三个带状血管区。每一动脉分支在进入臂丛后分为升支和降支与神经伴行,升、降支之间的吻合方式以不改变口径的真性吻合为主。三个分区之间的血供可以互相代偿,为血管化臂丛神经移植提供了解剖学基础。     

应用烦肌粘膜瓣转移延长软腭

目的:探讨颊肌粘膜瓣的解剖及应用其延长软腭,同时改善腭咽闭合不全.方法:在软硬腭交界处切开腭粘膜肌层,腭肌下分离,形成以舌腭弓为蒂的口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣.由软腭正中纵形切开鼻腔侧粘膜,形成边长为1.0～1.5cm的对偶三角瓣,交叉缝合.口腔侧腭粘膜肌瓣后推位与鼻腔侧粘膜瓣缝合固定,软硬腭交界处形成一个横形创面,应用一侧颊肌粘膜瓣转移覆盖以延长软腭,供瓣区直接缝合.结果:本组16例患者,软腭平均延长1.0～1.5cm,腭咽闭合不全基本矫正.颊肌粘膜瓣无一例出现血运障碍.结论:应用鼻腔粘膜的"Z"字成形及口腔侧的腭粘膜肌瓣后推,颊肌粘膜瓣转移,能有效地延长短缩的软腭,明显改善腭咽闭合不全,使腭裂音质的改善有了解剖学基础.     

A modified procedure for velopharyngeal sphincteroplasty in primary cleft palate repair and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence treatment and its preliminary results.

During cleft repair, velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction is still a challenge to plastic surgeons. To improve the surgical treatment for cleft palate and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), a carefully designed modified procedure for primary palatoplasty and secondary VPI was presented. Fifty-six patients (48 for primary cleft palate repair and eight for secondary VPI of previously repaired clefts) underwent this procedure from 1988 to 2001. The modified procedure is a combination of the tunnelled palatopharyngeus myomucosal flap for dynamic circular reconstruction of the pharyngeal element of the velopharyngeal sphincter and the double-reversing Z-plasty with levator velo palatini muscles reposition in the velar element of the sphincter. The satisfactory velopharyngeal competence (complete velopharyngeal closure and marginal velopharyngeal closure) was achieved in 23 of 25 patients with primary cleft palate repair examined by nasendoscopy and the nasality, speech articulation and intelligibility are also assessed in 25 primary cleft palate repaired patients with 92% satisfactory result (normal speech and speech with mild VPI) in single word test and 88% in continuous speech evaluation. Based on our experience, we believe that this modified procedure is a reasonable choice for primary cleft repair and secondary VPI treatment because it is in accord with normal physiology and anatomy of the velopharyngeal sphincter, can lengthen the soft palate, decrease the enlarged velopharynx, augment the posterior pharyngeal wall, and enhance the relationship between the muscles of velopharyngeal sphincter which results in a dynamic neo-sphincter in palatopharyngoplasty. Further study of the procedure is needed. The theoretical basis, operative highlights, velopharyngeal function, advantages and disadvantages of the modified procedure were discussed.     

Unilateral absence of levator veli palatini muscle: an extraordinary presentation in cleft palate

Levator veli palatini (LVP) is the “key” muscle for velar elevation and speech. All cleft palate repair procedures emphasize on the correction of abnormally positioned levator palatini muscle. We encountered a case of unilateral absence of LVP muscle while operating for cleft palate in a non-syndromic 12-year-old male child. The velar space was in turn occupied by dense connective tissue. We also noticed a hypoplastic tendon of the tensor veli palatine (TVP) on the same side. Palatal repair was done in layers but the LVP “sling” could not be reconstructed. The 2-month-postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed absence of the velar portion of the LVP muscle and hypoplasia of extravelar portion of LVP and TVP muscles on the same side. Speech evaluation and fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy performed after 3 months of palatoplasty verified the presence of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Superiorly based pharyngeal flap pharyngoplasty was performed to correct VPI. Presently, the child is on speech therapy and the results are encouraging. A thorough search on PubMed and Google on the unilateral absence of LVP muscle in an incomplete cleft palate did not show any similar case report or reference. A somewhat similar and rare clinical condition is unilateral velopharyngeal hypoplasia or hemipalatal hypoplasia. Level of Evidence: Level V, diagnostic study     

Tongue posture in cleft palate patients with a pharyngeal flap.

Position of the tongue was studied in lateral cineradiographic pictures of 15 patients with cleft palate and velopharyngeal incompetence, and from ten unaffected reference subjects. The patients were examined before and after pharyngoplasty. Before operation there was no difference in the degree of tongue/velum contact between the patients and the reference subjects, but after the operation, contact was lost in 13 of the 15 patients because the tongue was lowered and the velum raised by the pharyngeal flap. This contradicts the previous theory that the position of the tongue should be expected to be higher to maintain the posterior oral seal. The tongue was in a more posterior position in the patients than in the reference subjects both before and after operation. After operation the tip of the tongue retracted into the anterior oral cavity. The posterior and downward change in position of the tongue may account for part of the posterior and downward growth pattern of the lower third of the face which occurs in children after pharyngoplasty. A loss of tongue-lip balance around the premaxilla may be one of the factors that causes the maxillary retrusion that has been reported after pharyngoplasty in patients with cleft palates.     

A multidisciplinary approach to sphincter pharyngoplasty for correction of velopharyngeal dysfunction following repair of cleft palate

BackgroundManagement of severe velopharyngeal dysfunction is best performed by a multispecialty team. This team could include a speech-language pathologist, otolaryngologist, prosthodontist, and a plastic surgeon. The most commonly performed surgical procedures in complicated cases with scarred soft palate are sphincter pharyngoplasty and pharyngeal flaps. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach was applied for proper assessment and surgical intervention using sphincter pharyngoplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency after cleft palate repair.MethodsTwenty patients underwent sphincter pharyngoplasty. Preoperative diagnosis was performed using auditory perceptual assessment, nasoendoscopy assessment, nasometry, and videofluoroscopy.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative assessments. Bleeding occurred in two patients. Obstructive sleep apnea occurred in three patients and was resolved spontaneously within three months, and one patient experienced slight wound dehiscence.ConclusionVelopharyngeal dysfunction after cleft palate repair is best treated by a multidisciplinary team through speech therapy together with sphincter pharyngoplasty.     

旋肩胛动脉升支的解剖学研究

为明了旋肩胛动脉升支的解剖,在20例尸体40侧行旋肩胛动脉血管造影观察,发现旋肩胛动脉浅支的分支升、横、降三支的出现率均为100%。其中升支的出现情况可分为三种类型:Ⅰ型,由旋肩胛动脉主干发出,4例4侧,占10%。Ⅱ型,由旋肩胛动脉浅支分出,20例36侧,占90%。Ⅲ型,升支为两支型,10例12侧,占30%。并发现升支自发出后向内上方斜行,达到或超过肩胛岗,与肩胛上动脉、颈横动脉、胸肩峰动脉的分支形成丰富的岗上血管网,为临床上设计超过肩胛岗以上的肩胛皮瓣提供了解剖学依据。     

旋肩胛动脉升支的解剖学研究

为明了旋肩胛动脉升支的解剖，在２０例尸体４０侧行旋肩胛动脉血管造影观察，发现旋肩胛动脉浅支的分支升、横、降三支的出现率均为１００％。其中升支的出现情况可分为三种类型：Ｉ型，由旋肩胛动脉主干发出，４例４侧，占１０％。Ⅱ型，由旋肩胛动脉浅支分出，２０例３６侧，占９０％。Ⅲ型，升支为两支型，１０例１２侧，占３０％。并发现升支自发出后向内上方斜行，达到或超过肩胛岗，与肩胛上动脉、颈横动脉、胸肩峰动脉的分支形成丰富的岗上血管网，为临床上设计超过肩胛岗以上的肩胛皮瓣提供了解剖学依据。     

A technique for lining the palatopharyngeal flap with a single hinge flap

A new technique for lining the superiorly based pharyngeal flap is described. After the soft palate in the oral mucosa is incised, the muscular velum is dissected laterally. A flap is then prepared on the nasal side of the palate with its pedicle on one side of the posterior edge of the palate. The pharyngeal flap is sutured into the donor defect of the palatal flap, which is reflected and used to line the pharyngeal flap. Both surface and bulk are added to the pharyngeal flap and the obturating effect is increased. This method is therefore especially indicated in patients with primary velopharyngeal insufficiency and decreased lateral pharyngeal mobility. In 8 patients studied over a two-year period we achieved reduced nasality and no rhinolalia clausa.     

Contractility of sphincter pharyngoplasty: Relevance to speech outcomes

BACKGROUND:

Sphincter pharyngoplasty has demonstrated time-tested results as a surgical treatment for velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI). However, controversy surrounding the contractility of the transposed muscles persists. Completely unaddressed in the literature is whether the dynamism of the sphincter affects speech outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether active sphincter contraction following sphincter pharyngoplasty influences velopharyngeal closure, nasal emission and hypernasality.

METHODS:

A prospective analysis of patients with VPI after cleft palate repair undergoing sphincter pharyngoplasty by a single surgeon was performed. Video nasendoscopy and videofluoroscopy were performed preoperatively and postoperatively at three and 12 months. Eighteen consecutive patients with cleft palate with or without cleft lip and VPI were reviewed. The average age of the patients at initial evaluation was 7.3 years, with a range of three to 19 years. Dynamicity of sphincter pharyngoplasty, velar closing ratio (VCR), and lateral wall movement (LWM) were assessed by nasendoscopy and videofluoroscopy. Nasal emission and hypernasality were assessed by perceptual speech examination.

RESULTS:

For longitudinal comparison, three groups were created: dynamic at three and 12 months (n=12); adynamic at three months and dynamic at 12 months (n=4); and adynamic at three and 12 months (n=2). Perceived hypernasality scores significantly improved at three months (P=0.0001) and showed continued improvement at 12 months (P=0.03), despite no change in VCR and LWM from three to 12 months. There were no significant differences among the three groups at any time point.

DISCUSSION:

Sphincter pharyngoplasty effectively treats VPI in appropriately selected patients. Although the VCR and LWM remained stable between three months and one year, four of six adynamic sphincters became dynamic. Considering all patients, hypernasality showed continued improvement from three months to one year.

CONCLUSIONS:

There were no differences between dynamic and adynamic sphincters in terms of speech outcomes or the mechanical properties of velopharyngeal closure.     

Sphincter pharyngoplasty for the surgical management of speech dysfunction associated with velocardiofacial syndrome.

There are no reports in the literature that document the effectiveness of sphincter pharyngoplasty as a surgical alternative to pharyngeal flap for management of velopharyngeal dysfunction in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome. A retrospective review of patients with velocardiofacial syndrome was undertaken at our tertiary cleft care centre. All patients were managed between 1984 and 1996 at the Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Deformities Institute, St Louis Children's Hospital. Subjects (n = 19) underwent velopharyngeal surgical management on the basis of perceptual speech evaluations and instrumental assessments of inadequate velopharyngeal closure. All patients had a molecular diagnosis of velocardiofacial syndrome based on fluorescent in situ hybridisation analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and independent evaluation by a medical geneticist. Surgical outcome was classified as successful if perceptual speech assessment indicated elimination of hypernasality, nasal emission and turbulence, and instrumental assessment indicated 100% velopharyngeal closure. Results showed that 18 of 19 patients were managed successfully with sphincter pharyngoplasty. Our data corroborate that sphincter pharyngoplasty is a reasonable alternative to pharyngeal flap in patients with velopharyngeal dysfunction secondary to velocardiofacial syndrome.