Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation of the proximal humerus: case report

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP), or Nora’s lesion, is a rare lesion of bone occurring predominantly in the long bones of the hands and feet. It exists as a puzzling clinical entity of uncertain origins and high recurrence rates after surgical resection. To our knowledge, this clinical entity has not been reported in the proximal aspect of the humerus. An interesting report of a lesion occurring in the proximal humerus, which initially was misinterpreted as a parosteal osteosarcoma, is discussed outlining the clinical, radiographic and pathologic features of the BPOP lesion.     

Fibrosarcoma in bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) is a rare benign lesion predominantly involving the small bones of the hands and feet. Malignant transformation in BPOP has not been documented in the English literature. This report presents the coexistence of fibrosarcoma with BPOP in the right distal fibula of an 18-year-old woman. Received: 18 April 2000 Revision requested: 2 June 2000 Revision received: 23 June 2000 Accepted: 28 June 2000     

Florid reactive periostitis and bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation: pre-biopsy imaging evolution, treatment and outcome

Objective. To report on the imaging evolution of florid reactive periostitis (FRP) and bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) of the phalanges of the hands from prospective diagnosis to operation and on postsurgical outcome. Design and patients. Three patients (2 female, 1 male; age range 11–34 years) presented with a swollen digit of the hand. Following presumptive radiographic diagnosis of FRP, they were closely observed both clinically and radiographically until operation. All three patients had radiographs of the involved digit, and one patient had an MR imaging examination. The interval between presumptive diagnosis and operation ranged from 2 to 8 months. Following operation, the patients have been clinically followed for 9–13 months (mean 10 months). Results. In each of the patients, maturing of periosteal reaction without bone destruction was observed within 1–2 weeks of the presumptive diagnosis of FRP. Periosteal reaction was initially minimal in relation to the extent of soft tissue swelling and subsequently became more florid. In one patient, the lesion ossified, became adherent to the phalanx, and had an ”osteochondromatous” appearance. In another patient, periosteal reaction was seen on both sides of the phalanx with an intact phalanx. In the sole patient who had MR imaging, edema was seen in the phalanx distal to the symptomatic site and the metacarpal proximal to the symptomatic site. Conclusions. Close clinical and radiographic correlation permits an accurate pre-biopsy diagnosis of FRP. The first follow-up radiograph taken within 2 weeks usually provides reassurance of the accuracy of the diagnosis. FRP may progress to BPOP. Arbitrary antibiotic treatment can be avoided, and a planned surgical approach can be adopted. Received: 21 August 2000 Revision requested: 8 December 2000 Revision received: 26 December 2000 Accepted: 26 December 2000     

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation of bone

A 47-year-old man presented with a painless mass of 7 months’ duration, on the plantar aspect of the great toe of the right foot. Radiographs and CT images initially suggested an osteochondroma arising from the proximal phalanx of the great toe but there was no continuity between the medullary canal of the phalanx and the lesion. The mass was excised and a histological diagnosis of bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation of bone (Nora’s disease) was made. The aggressive growth of this lesion may clinically suggest a neoplasm. Histological features, however, are those of a reactive lesion.     

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation with cortical invasion

A 15-year-old male presented with an 18-month history of increasing swelling on the radial aspect of his left forearm. Radiographs and MR images showed a partly calcified mass on the lateral border of the radius with erosion of the underlying cortex. Following a CT-guided needle biopsy, the mass was excised by segmental resection of the radial shaft with replacement by a vascularised fibular graft. Histological examination of the resected specimen showed many features typical of a bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) but with destruction of the underlying cortical bone by cellular spindle cell tissue. Although there were no cytological signs of malignancy, we believe that this unusual disease should be regarded as a particularly aggressive form of BPOP and treated by wide excision. Clinical follow-up of our patient at 2 years shows no sign of local recurrence or metastasis. Received: 29 September 2000 Revision requested: 23 October 2000 Revision received: 10 January 2001 Accepted: 11 January 2001     

Nora病的影像与病理对照分析

目的 探讨Nora病的影像、病理学特征及鉴别诊断,以期提高对本病的认识及诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的5例Nora病的影像学表现并复习相关文献.由影像科医师及病理科医师共同阅片,将影像学与病理学结果进行对照分析.结果 5例Nora病均因发现局限性包块就诊,X线及CT均表现为骨旁斑片状欠均匀高密度影,边界清楚,病变与附着骨间骨髓腔不相连续,3例病变基底部存在低密度间隙.1例病变表面于MRI上见“软骨帽”样长T2信号.镜下表现为5例病变由分化成熟的软骨、骨和纤维组织3种成分无序排列,软骨形成帽状结构及掺杂在其他两种成分中,部分软骨细胞表现轻度异型性,骨基质蓝染表现为特征性的“蓝骨”.结论 有助于Nora病的影像诊断指标为:(1)骨旁不规则结节灶;(2)病变直径多＜30mm;(3)X线及CT上病灶表现为欠均匀高密度结节;(4)X线及CT上病灶与附着骨间低密度间隙;(5)MRI上病变表面“软骨帽”样长T2信号.最终确诊仍需病理组织学检查.     

CT and MR imaging of unusual locations of extra-adrenal paragangliomas (pheochromocytomas)

Our review was undertaken to describe CT and MRI features of unusual extra-adrenal paragangliomas (pheochromocytomas). We retrospectively reviewed CT and MRI findings in 29 patients with 39 extra-adrenal paragangliomas. For each tumour, site, size, MRI characteristics, CT appearances and enhancement after gadolinium and iohexol were recorded. There were 17 carotid body tumours, 1 mediastinal, 1 intra-cardiac, 15 retroperitoneal extra-adrenal paragangliomas, 2 bladder, 1 pelvic sidewall and 2 intra-spinal paragangliomas within the lumbo-sacral spine. All 39 paragangliomas were shown on MRI. Of the 32 lesions studied by MRI and CT, CT detected 30. Of the two lesions missed on CT, one was an intra-cardiac paraganglioma and the second a bladder wall paraganglioma. At detection, 25 tumours were larger than 4 cm, of which 20 were heterogeneous lesions on CT and MRI with variable contrast enhancement. The 14 smaller paragangliomas were smooth in contour and demonstrated avid, homogeneous contrast enhancement. Our review of extra-adrenal paragangliomas highlights their unusual sites and appearances. MRI demonstrated the greatest variability in the appearances of larger tumours, provided additional information compared to CT for surgical planning and is a useful screening tool for patients at high risk of extra-adrenal paragangliomas.     

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone: conventional X-ray and MR imaging features

Objective. To evaluate the conventional X-ray and MR imaging features of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of bone. Design. MRI examinations and conventional radiographs were reviewed in 39 patients with biopsy-proven MFH. Imaging characteristics were analyzed and the differential diagnoses assessed in a masked fashion by two experienced radiologists. Results. Typical X-ray features included aggressive, destructive tumor growth centrally located in the metaphysis of long bones. Periosteal reactions and expansive growth were rarely seen. On MR images extraosseous tumor spread was frequently noted. On T2-weighted images and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images most of the tumors displayed an inhomogeneous, nodular signal pattern with peripheral Gd-DTPA enhancement. Conclusions. Although several MR imaging criteria were typical for MFH none of them was specific. X-ray diagnosis of MFH may also prove difficult, with the main differential diagnosis being metastasis in the older and osteosarcoma in the younger population.     

核素骨显像对肺癌骨转移诊断的价值

目的：了解核素骨显像对诊断肺癌骨转移的价值。方法：我院１９９４～１９９８ 年所做肺癌骨显像２８０ 例中原发灶经病理证实的１０８ 例（鳞癌５９ 例,腺癌２９ 例,未分化癌２０ 例）全身骨显像资料进行分析。结果：１０８ 例中５１ 例有骨转移,阳性率为４７ ．２ ％ ,其中单发转移灶１１ 例,多发转移灶４０ 例。肺癌骨转移以腺癌阳性率最高（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;不同区域骨转移分布的发生率有差别（Ｐ＜０．０１）,以胸肋部最为多见;而不同类型肺癌在同一区域骨转移发生率无差异（ Ｐ＞０ ．０５） 。结论：核素骨显像诊断肺癌骨转移准确率高,发现早,为一种安全有效的方法。     

Quantitative assessment of bone marrow edema-like lesion and overlying cartilage in knees with osteoarthritis and anterior cruciate ligament tear using MR imaging and spectroscopic imaging at 3 Tesla

PURPOSE: To quantitatively assess bone marrow edema-like lesion (BMEL) and the overlying cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA) or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injured knees using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight healthy controls and 30 patients with OA and other injuries who showed BMEL were scanned at 3.0T. A regression model was constructed to automatically calculate the volume of BMEL. Normalized T(1rho) z-scores were calculated within BMEL-overlying cartilage. Three-dimensional (3D) MRSI was acquired in the BMEL and surrounding bone marrow. RESULTS: The mean T(1rho) z-score was significantly higher in BMEL-overlying cartilage than that in surrounding cartilage in the lateral tibia of patients with ACL tears (P < 0.001). Significantly elevated water and unsaturated lipids, and decreased saturated lipids were observed in BMEL. The volume of elevated water correlated with the volume of BMEL. Water content was significantly higher within BMEL than that outside BMEL. The unsaturation index outside BMEL was significantly higher in patients with ACL tears than that in OA. CONCLUSION: 3D MRSI and T(1rho) mapping provide tools to quantitatively evaluate BMEL in OA and knee injury. This may allow us to better understand pathophysiology and evolution of injuries and degenerative conditions of the knee.     

骨原发性淋巴瘤影像学特点分析

目的探讨骨原发性淋巴瘤(PLB)的影像学特点,提高临床骨原发性淋巴瘤的影像诊断率。方法回顾性分析18例经临床和病理证实的骨原发性淋巴瘤的X线平片、CT及MRI特点。结果男10例,女8例,平均年龄(40.6±5)岁,单发16例,多发2例。股骨5例次,腰椎4例次,髂骨、胸椎各3例次,颅骨、胫骨各2例次,骶椎、肱骨各1例次;X线及CT表现为浸润型4例,溶骨型7例,硬化型1例,混合型5例,囊变型1例,明显骨膜反应3例,合并病理骨折5例,16例有明显软组织肿块,MRI检查:病变在T1WI多呈低或等信号,T2WI多呈等或稍高信号,呈明显均匀或不均匀强化。结论 (1)骨原发性淋巴瘤影像学上缺乏特征性表现,X线、CT及MRI综合分析,有助于明确诊断、鉴别诊断。(2)全身症状轻,骨皮质破坏的范围相对小而软组织肿块大,骨膜反应轻,MRI的T2WI信号不高,增强扫描多呈明显强化,是其相对特征性影像学特点。     

Open MR imaging of the unstable shoulder in the apprehension test position: description and evaluation of an alternative MR examination position

The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate an alternative MR assessment procedure for analysis of unstable shoulders. Twelve patients with unilateral recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation had both shoulders examined. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed with an open-MR system in the apprehension position with the shoulder in 90 degrees of abduction and maximum tolerable external rotation. Contrast enhancement was achieved with intravenous gadolinium. Correlations were made to the findings at operation. In 10 of 12 unstable shoulders the inferior glenohumeral ligament labral complex (IGHLLC) was detached from the glenoid as seen on MR and later verified during surgery. In one shoulder MR was unable to show a capsulolabral detachment that was verified at surgery, whereas in one shoulder both MR and surgical assessment revealed no soft tissue detachment (accuracy 92 %). A Hill-Sachs lesion was visualized and verified in all unstable shoulders, whereas the stable controls revealed normal IGHLLC and no Hill-Sachs lesion. Open-MRI evaluation of the shoulder in the apprehension test position may become a useful tool for the evaluation of anterior shoulder instability.     

颌面骨骨折时间窗动态影像分析

目的探讨颌面骨骨折随时间变化的影像特征,为临床判断病人受伤程度、受伤时间提供依据。方法回顾性分析2016年1月—2017年3月间在河北医科大学第三医院进行CT检查,且受伤时间及受伤原因明确的500例颌面骨骨折病人,男369例,女131例。平均年龄(40.24±18.71)岁。按CT扫描距受伤时间间隔分为6组:超早期(3 d)、早期(4~7 d)、中早期(8~14 d)、中期(15~21 d)、中晚期(22 d~2个月)、晚期(2个月)。采用卡方检验对不同受伤时间组的骨折征象进行比较分析。结果统计额骨骨折共42例,均为高能量暴力骨折,均伴多发伤。骨折线1周内清晰、锐利,2~3周后骨折边缘部分吸收圆钝、硬化,2个月以上仍常见骨折线。伤后1~2周内均存在明显的软组织肿胀和鼻旁窦窦腔积液。骨折涉及额窦和/或其他含气窦壁时,伤后3 d内邻近软组织和/或颅内可见积气。12例(28.6%)伴颅内血肿,5例(10%)出现硬膜下积液。蛛网膜下腔出血吸收多在1周内,硬膜外血肿吸收在3周以上。观察期间除伴随的硬膜外血肿、硬膜下血肿和硬膜下积液征象,其他征象的动态变化差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察眶内壁骨折40例,早期骨折线锐利,均伴有筛窦积液,2~3周后骨折处出现平滑的凹陷征象,筛窦积液吸收。观察期间,除内直肌增粗变化无统计学意义,其余征象变化均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察鼻骨骨折50例,早期骨折线锐利,伴邻近软组织肿胀,1周后肿胀逐渐消失,3周后常可见光滑的骨折边缘。鼻骨骨折伴随的软组织肿胀及骨折边缘随时间的变化具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2个月以上组观察可见长期存在的鼻骨骨折线。结论认识颌面骨骨折动态变化的规律,有助于临床判断骨折程度和骨折时间。     

Metastatic bone tumor mimicking spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial condyle of the femur: misleading appearance on MR imaging

We report a case of a metastatic bone tumor that mimicked spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial condyle of the femur on magnetic resonance imaging. Received: 5 October 1999 Revision requested: 11 November 1999 Revision received: 10 January 2000 Accepted: 17 January 2000     

Comparison of inversion recovery fast spin-echo (FSE) with T2-weighted fat-saturated FSE and T1-weighted MR imaging in bone marrow lesion detection

 Objective To prospectively compare inversion recovery (IR) fast spin-echo (FSE) with T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) and T2-weighted chemical-shift fat-saturated (FS) FSE magnetic resonance sequences in the detection of bone marrow abnormality. Design. Twenty-nine sets of T1-weighted SE [400–640/10–20 (TR/TE)], T2-weighted FS-FSE [2400–3800/91–112/8 (TR/TE/ETL)], and IR-FSE [3700–6000/12–14/170/8 (TR/TE/T1/ETL)] images were acquired with a 1.5-T magnet in 27 patients with bone marrow lesions. The visibility, margination, and extent of 41 lesions, image quality, contrast, and artifacts were qualitatively and quantitatively compared. Results. The lesions were more conspicuous on the IR-FSE than on the T1-weighted SE and T2-weighed FS-FSE images. The extent of lesions was similar for all three sequences. Image quality was better and there were fewer motion artifacts on the T1-weighted images. The mean lesion contrast-to-noise ratio was significantly higher on the T1-weighted images (p<0.05). Conclusion. The IR-FSE sequence is highly sensitive for detecting bone marrow pathology, with scan time comparable to the T1-weighted SE and T2-weighted FS-FSE sequences.     

Combined quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and (1)H MR spectroscopic imaging of human prostate cancer

PURPOSE: To differentiate prostate carcinoma from healthy peripheral zone and central gland using quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and two-dimensional (1)H MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) combined into one clinical protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three prostate cancer patients were studied with a combined DCE-MRI and MRSI protocol. Cancer regions were localized by histopathology of whole mount sections after radical prostatectomy. Pharmacokinetic modeling parameters, K(trans) and k(ep), as well as the relative levels of the prostate metabolites citrate, choline, and creatine, were determined in cancer, healthy peripheral zone (PZ), and in central gland (CG). RESULTS: K(trans) and k(ep) were higher (P < 0.05) in cancer and in CG than in normal PZ. The (choline + creatine)/citrate ratio was elevated in cancer compared to the PZ and CG (P < 0.05). While a (choline + creatine)/citrate ratio above 0.68 was found to be a reliable indicator of cancer, elevated K(trans) was only a reliable cancer indicator in the diagnosis of individual patients. K(trans) and (choline + creatine)/citrate ratios in cancer were poorly correlated (Pearson r(2) = 0.07), and thus microvascular and metabolic abnormalities may have complementary value in cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The combination of high-resolution spatio-vascular information from dynamic MRI and metabolic information from MRSI has excellent potential for improved localization and characterization of prostate cancer in a clinical setting. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:279-287. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Synovial recesses of the knee: MR imaging review of anatomical and pathological features

The knee joint is a complex anatomical structure playing host to a wide variety of pathological processes. Knowledge of the anatomy of the synovial recesses and plicae relating to the knee is important, as the appearance of pathology in these unusual locations may, even for commonly encountered conditions, lead to diagnostic uncertainty. This review article discusses the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomy of the knee joint with an emphasis on the synovial recesses and plicae. The MRI appearance of a variety of synovial and osteochondral diseases that may involve these sites is illustrated.     

1．5T磁共振全身弥散加权成像对肺癌骨转移的应用

目的：探讨背景抑制快速全身磁共振弥散成像（WB-DWI）技术在肺癌骨转移中的初步应用价值。方法：对40例健康志愿者和56例经病理证实为肺癌的患者进行WB-DWI检查,经三维-最大密度投影（3D-MIP）重建和黑白翻转后处理,将骨骼系统分为8个区域,分别记录每个患者各区域WB-DWI阳性病例数。对所有WB—DWI影像与同位素骨扫描（SPECT）影像表现比较分析。结果：WB-DWI阳性病例为42例,受累区域85处,共检出病灶数为207处;SPECT阳性病例为39例,受累区域81处,共检出病灶数为199处。结论：WB-DWI与SPECT有非常好的一致性,且WBCDWI检查廉价快捷无辐射,重复性好,在肺癌骨转移检出和治疗后随访方面具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Staging of Klatskin tumours (hilar cholangiocarcinomas): comparison of MR cholangiography, MR imaging, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography

The aim of the study was to compare prospectively magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in the diagnosis and staging of Klatskin tumours of the biliary tree (hilar cholangiocarcinomas). Forty-six patients with suspected Klatskin tumours of the biliary tract underwent MRI and heavily T2-weighted, non-breathhold, respiratory-triggered fast spin-echo MRC. Forty-two patients underwent ERC within 24 h; in four patients, ERC was not feasible, and percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangiography (PTC) was carried out instead. Two independent investigators evaluated imaging results for the presence of tumour, bile duct dilatation, and stenosis. Clinical and histopathological correlation revealed Klatskin tumours in 33 patients. MRI revealed a slightly hyperintense signal of infiltrated bile ducts in T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences. The malignant lesion was regularly visualized as a hypointense area in T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences with substantial contrast enhancement along the involved bile duct walls. MRC revealed the location and extension of the tumour in 31 of 33 cases correctly (sensitivity 94%, specificity 100%, diagnostic accuracy 95%). In 27 of 31 cases, ERC enabled accurate staging and diagnosis of Klatskin tumours with a sensitivity of 87%. ERC and PTC combined yielded a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 97%. Tumours were grouped according to the Bismuth classification, with MRC allowing correct identification of type I tumour in seven patients, type II tumour in four patients, type III tumour in 12 patients, and type IV tumour in ten patients. MRC provided superior visualization of completely obstructed peripheral systems. MRC in combination with MRI is a reliable non-invasive diagnostic method for the pre-therapeutic staging of Klatskin tumours.