酶联免疫吸附试验检测尿半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C在糖尿病肾病中的应用

目的建立酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测尿半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(Cys C),探讨其在糖尿病肾病(DN)中的临床意义.方法检测129名正常对照、55例糖尿病(DM)患者、59例DN患者的血、尿Cys C,59例DN组又分为A组[24h尿白蛋白(Alb)30～300mg/24 h]39例,B组(ALb＞300mg/24 h)20例,比较各组结果,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析其诊断效率.结果该方法的灵敏度为0.283μg/L.工作曲线的范围为0.39～25.0μg/L.A组与正常组比较,尿Cys C差异有显著性(P＜0.01),而血Cys C差异无显著性(P＞0.05);B组与A组比较,血、尿Cys C差异均有显著性(P＜0.01).A组血、尿Cys C的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.448±0.081、0.811±0.055,B组血、尿Cys C的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.813±0.060、0.928±0.037.结论本研究建立的ELISA方法检测尿Cys C,灵敏度、稳定性及准确性高.研究结果表明,尿Cys C对DN的诊断具有较高的敏感性及特异性.     

联合检测三种生化指标对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的临床价值分析

目的 探讨血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、胱抑素C(CysC)和尿微量清蛋白(U-mALB)三种生化指标联合检测在糖尿病肾病(DN)早期诊断中的临床价值。方法 根据24 h尿微量清蛋白的定量检测结果将198例2型糖尿病患者分为三组:A组为单纯糖尿病组(n=65),B组为早期糖尿病肾病组(n=68),C组为临床糖尿病肾病组(n=65),分别对这三组患者进行血清Hcy,CysC和24 h U-mALB含量检测,并与50例健康对照组结果进行比较。结果 B组Hcy,CysC和U-mALB水平分别为18.62 ±3.63 μmol/L,2.89±0.54 mg/L和198.33±52.69 mg/24 h; C组分别为23.15±4.16 μmol/L,5.23±1.35 mg/L和383.23±109.52 mg/24 h,均高于对照组和A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); C组Hcy,CysC和U-mALB水平均高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); C组和B组的异常率明显高于A组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且异常率随患者肾损害程度的加重而升高。以单一指标异常作为诊断标准,Hcy,CysC和U-mALB对糖尿病肾损害的异常率分别为72.06%,76.47%和80.88%,三种指标联合检测异常率为95.64%,明显高于单项检测(P<0.05)。结论 联合检测CysC,Hcy和U-mALB三种生化指标对于糖尿病肾病早期诊断、治疗及预后监测具有重要的临床价值。     

尿Ⅳ型胶原酶免疫测定法的建立及其在糖尿病肾病中的应用

目的通过建立一种简便、灵敏的双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测尿Ⅳ型胶原(ⅣC),探讨糖尿病(DM)患者肾小球基底膜代谢状况以及尿ⅣC对糖尿病肾病(DN)的诊断价值.方法检测50名正常人和127例DM患者的血清ⅣC及尿ⅣC.并将127例DM患者根据其24 h尿白蛋白(Alb)排泄率(UAE)分成3组UAE<30 mg/24 h(A组)、30 mg/24 h<UAE<300 mg/24 h(B组)、UAE>300 mg/24 h(C组).结果双抗体夹心ELISA检测尿ⅣC,灵敏度为1.2 ng/ml;批内变异系数(CV)为5.4%～10.6%,批间CV为7.8%～18.5%.在3组DM患者中,A组患者血清、尿ⅣC的阳性率分别为28.3%、31.7%,明显高于对照组(P<0.01);C组19例DM患者中有18例已发展为DN,尿ⅣC的阳性率(63.2%)显著高于A组(28.3%)(P<0.01),C组血清ⅣC的阳性率(36.8%)与A组(31.7%)比较差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论本研究建立了一种简便、灵敏的检测尿ⅣC的ELISA方法,该法对DN的诊断具有较高的敏感性和特异性.     

视黄醇结合蛋白和血清胱抑素C以及同型半胱氨酸在糖尿病肾损伤患者中的检测意义

目的 探讨视黄醇结合蛋白和胱抑素C以及同型半胱氨酸在糖尿病肾损伤患者早期检测的意义.方法 将80例糖尿病患者接尿清蛋白排泄率(U-rinary albumin excretion rate,UAER)分为3组:A组为正常清蛋白尿组(UAER＜20 g/min或尿蛋白＜30 mg/24 h)30例 ;B组,微量清蛋白尿组(UAER为20～200 g/min或尿蛋白30～300mg/24 h)28例;C组,临床糖尿病肾病组(UAER＞200 g/min或尿蛋白＞0.5 g/24 h)22例.另择40例健康人作为正常对照(NC)组.同时检测血尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、尿微量清蛋白排泄率(UAER)、胱抑素C(Cys C)和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy),进行相关的统计学分析.结果 组间血RBP,UAER,尿RBP,Hcy和Cys C值比较差异有统计学显著性意义(P＜0.01).NC组血RBP,UAER,尿RBP,Hcy和CysC水平和A组相比差异无统计学显著性意义(P＞0.05);均低于B和C组(P＜0.01);C组血RBP,UAER,尿RBP,Hcy和CysC水平都高于A和B组(P＜0.01);A组和B组相比差异也有统计学显著性意义(P＜0.01).结论 RBP和CysC以及Hcy联合检测可以作为鉴别糖尿病肾损伤患者病变程度的早期指标.     

尿Ⅳ型胶原和尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值用于糖尿病肾病早期诊断的研究

目的 探讨尿Ⅳ型胶原(IVC)、尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值(UmAlb/UCr)两种指标用于糖尿病肾病(DN)早期诊断的临床价值.方法 收集糖尿病(DM)无DN期[24 h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAE)＜30 mg/24 h]病例52例(A组),DM合并DN早期(UAE为30～300 mg/24 h)病例35例(B组),健康对照组50例,比较A、B 2组尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr检测结果及与健康对照组的差异,并利用ROC曲线评价尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr 2种指标在DN早期中的诊断效能,以及对尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr与UAE作相关性分析和显著性检验.检测方法:尿IVC采用化学发光法,尿UmAlb采用免疫比浊法,UCr检测采用酶法,统计工具采用SPSS 13.0统计软件.结果 A组、B组和健康对照组的尿IVC检测结果分别为(2.64±0.91)、(3.91±1.93)、(10.08±6.50)μg/L,UmAlb/UCr检测结果分别为(1.50±0.40)、(2.58±2.10)、(17.95±13.38)mg/mmol,A组与B组的尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr和健康对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr的ROC曲线下面积(AUCBOC)分别为0.724、0.945,2种指标用于DN早期诊断有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr与UAE的pearson相关系数分别为0.529、0.919(P均＜0.01),根据相关系数,UmAlb/UCr与UAE的相关性好于尿IVC.结论 尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr用于DN早期诊断均有统计学意义,可作为DN早期的敏感诊断指标,UmAlb/UCr与UAE的相关性好于尿IVC.     

尿mALB、RBP、CysC及其联合检测在Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨尿微量清蛋白(mALB)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)和胱抑素C(CysC)及其联合检测在Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病(DN)早期诊断中的应用价值。方法收集该院2014年6月至2015年12月住院的DN患者92例(DN组)和体检健康者90例(对照组),对所有受试者的尿mALB、尿RBP和尿CysC水平进行检测,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果DN组患者的尿mALB、尿RBP和尿CysC水平均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。三项指标中,尿mALB检测DN的阳性率最高,为94.57%,三项联合检测的阳性率(97.83%)显著高于各项单独检测,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三项指标联合检测的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和Youden指数均高于各项单独检测。ROC曲线结果显示,尿mALB诊断DN的AUC为0.732,诊断阈值为43.58mg/L;尿RBP的AUC为0.685,诊断阈值为1.47mg/mL;尿CysC的AUC为0.701,诊断阈值为1.42mg/L,联合检测的AUC为0.928。结论尿mALB、尿RBP和尿CysC为反映肾脏损伤的较好指标,三者联合检测可提高诊断DN的阳性率、灵敏度和特异度。监测糖尿病患者的尿mALB、尿RBP和尿CysC水平,对诊断糖尿病早期肾损伤的发生、发展和DN的预防、治疗和延缓疾病的进程具有重要意义。     

尿Ⅳ型胶原、N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶和血清胱抑素C、β2-微球蛋白用于糖尿病肾病辅助诊断的效能比较

目的 通过对糖尿病患者的尿Ⅳ型胶原(ⅣC)、N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、血清胱抑素C(CysC)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)进行检测,比较四种指标用于糖尿病肾病(DN)早期诊断的诊断效能大小,并建立四种指标的多元回归方程.方法 收集108例糖尿病病例,参照目前糖尿病合并DN的公认诊断指标,以24 h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAE)=30 mg/24 h为界,把糖尿病分成2组,分别为非DN组(UAE＜30 mg/24 h)与DN组(UAE≥30 mg/24 h),建立尿ⅣC、NAG、血清CysC、β2-MG对DN的诊断效能的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),再根据ROC曲线下面积(AUCBOC)的大小评价四种指标在DN中的诊断效能,并以全变量回归法建立四种指标的回归方程.统计工具采用SPSS 13.0统计软件.结果 2组的尿ⅣC、NAG、血清CysC、β2-MG的检测结果非DN组分别为(3.91±1.93)μg/L、(12.20±3.46)U/L、(1.18±0.41)mg/L、(2.50±0.74)g/L;DN组分别为(14.14±11.17)μgL、(23.12±13.57)U/L、(2.69±1.69)mg/L、(5.21±2.78)g/L;非DN组与DN组的四种指标比较差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).尿ⅣC、NAG、血清CysC、β2-MG的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.747、0.732、0.764、0.823,对DN的诊断效能β2-MG＞CysC＞ⅣC＞NAG,四种指标用于辅助诊断DN均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);尿微量白蛋白排泄率与四种指标的回归方程为UAE=-242.624+6.362ⅣC+8.662 NAG+64.622 CysC+29.488 β2-MG,方程经方差分析检验有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 尿ⅣC、NAG、血清CysC、β2-MG用于辅助诊断DN均有显著性意义,可作为诊断糖尿病肾病的敏感指标.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the efficacy of urinary type Ⅳ collagen( Ⅳ C), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase( NAG ), serum cystatin C ( CysC ), β2 microglobulin ( β2-MG ) in early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy(DN) ,and to develop a multiple regression equation using above mentioned indices. Methods One hundred and eight cases of DM patients were enrolled in the study. All those DM patients were divided into two groups according to 24 hr urinary albumin excretion(UAE): non-DN group( UAE ＜30 mg/24 h)and DN group (UAE ≥30 mg/24 h). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC)curve was developed using urinary IVC, NAG,serum CysC and β2-MG,and the efficiency of the four indices for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy were assessed by area under the curve ROC (AUCROC). Furthermore, the regression equation of four indicators was developed. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0. Results The levels of urine Ⅳ C, NAG,CysC,β2-MG,were(3.91±1.93)ng/ml, ( 12.20 ±3.46)U/L, ( 1.18 ±0.41 )mg/L , (2. 50 ±0. 74)mg/ml in the non-DN group, respectively; and ( 14.14 ± 11.17 ) ng/ml, ( 23.12 ± 13.57 ) U/L, ( 2.69 ± 1.69 ) mg/L and(5.21 ± 2.78)mg/ml in the DN group, respectively. There were significant differences in the comparison of the four indicators between the two groups ( Ps ＜ 0.01 ). AUCROC of Ⅳ C, NAG, CysC and β2-MG were 0. 747,0.732,0.764 and 0.823 respectively;which meant the diagnostic efficacy for DN decended from β2-MG, CysC,Ⅳ C, to NAG in order. All these indices showed significant efficiency in assisting diagnosis of early DN ( Ps ＜0.01 ). The regression equation of UAE and the four indices was: UAE = - 242.624 + 6.362IVC + 8.662NAG + 64. 622CysC + 29.488β2-MG, and the equation had statisticl significance( P ＜ 0.O1 ). Conclusion Urine Ⅳ C, NAG,serum CysC, and β2-MG showed significant value in assisting diagosis of early DN, and could be sensitive indices for DN.     

联合检测血清胱抑素C、β2微球蛋白和尿微量白蛋白对早期糖尿病肾病的诊断价值

目的:探讨联合检测血清胱抑素C(CysC)、β2微球蛋白(β2MG)和尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)对早期糖尿病肾病(DN)的诊断价值.方法:采用免疫比浊法分别检测80例早期DN患者(DN组)、63例无肾病的糖尿病患者(NDN组)和60例健康成年人(对照组)血清CysC、β2MG和晨尿中mAlb的含量,并分析比较三者单项、两两联合及三项指标联合检测对早期DN的诊断效能.结果:早期DN组的血清CysC、β2MG和尿mAlb含量及异常检出率均显著高于对照组和NDN组(P＜0.05);三者诊断DN的灵敏度分别为79.7%、50.6%和75.9%,三项指标联合检测灵敏度达89.9%,明显高于任一单项和两两联合检测组合(P＜0.05);三项指标诊断早期DN的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.896、0.832、0.890,以血清CysC最优.结论:CysC、β2 MG与mAlb,都是诊断早期DN较敏感的指标;三项指标联合检测能大大提高检测灵敏度,对于监测早期DN的发生和病情发展程度有重要意义.     

2型糖尿病肾病的早期诊断探讨

目的探讨血清胱抑素C（CysC）、视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）和尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）在2型糖尿病肾病（DN）早期诊断中的临床价值。方法对115例2型糖尿病患者血清CysC、RBP、24小时尿mALB及NAG进行检验分析。根据24小时尿mALB定量将患者分为A组（无DN组）、B组（DNIII期组）、C组（DNIV期组）、D组（DNV期组）,比较4组CysC、RBP、24小时尿mALB及NAG的数值及阳性检出率。结果随着DN病情进展,血CysC、RBP、尿mALB、NAG水平呈现逐渐升高趋势。B组尿mALB、NAG水平较A组已明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而血CysC、RBP水平较A组略升高,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.25）,C组血CysC、RBP水平较A组明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。B、C、D组各指标阳性率依次为尿mALB〉尿NAG〉血CysC〉血RBP。结论血清CysC、RBP和尿NAG可作为早期诊断2型DN的参考指标,联合检测有助于提高DN的早期检出率,具有临床实用价值。     

尿Ⅳ型胶原酶免疫测定法的建立及其在糖尿病肾病中的应用

目的　通过建立一种简便、灵敏的双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)检测尿Ⅳ型胶原 (ⅣC) ,探讨糖尿病 (DM )患者肾小球基底膜代谢状况以及尿ⅣC对糖尿病肾病 (DN)的诊断价值。方法　检测 5 0名正常人和 12 7例DM患者的血清ⅣC及尿ⅣC。并将 12 7例DM患者根据其 2 4h尿白蛋白 (Alb)排泄率 (UAE)分成 3组 :UAE <30mg/ 2 4h(A组 )、30mg/ 2 4h 30 0mg/ 2 4h(C组 )。 结果　双抗体夹心ELISA检测尿ⅣC ,灵敏度为 1.2ng/ml;批内变异系数 (CV)为 5 .4 %～ 10 .6 % ,批间CV为 7.8%～18.5 %。在 3组DM患者中 ,A组患者血清、尿ⅣC的阳性率分别为 2 8.3%、31.7% ,明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;C组 19例DM患者中有 18例已发展为DN ,尿ⅣC的阳性率 (6 3.2 % )显著高于A组 (2 8.3% ) (P <0 .0 1) ,C组血清ⅣC的阳性率 (36 .8% )与A组 (31.7% )比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　本研究建立了一种简便、灵敏的检测尿ⅣC的ELISA方法 ,该法对DN的诊断具有较高的敏感性和特异性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.