Waterborne Diseases of Bacterial Origin in Relation to Quality of Water in a Suburb of Uttar Pradesh

INTRODUCTIONWaterbornedisordersofbacterialoriginareamajorpublichealthprobleminIn-dia.Theoccurrenceismostlyduetopoorqualityofwater.Avicenna(lO25AD)de-scribingthepollutedwaterwhentherewasnoconceptofbacteriaatallwrotethat"cleanandpurewaterisneverpolluted,itbecomespollutedonlywhenitcontainsearthenmalignantorganism".Healsodescribedthedetailsofdifferentsourceofwa-ter,theirqualitiesetc.Lateron,aboutoneandahalfcenturyago,JohnSnowre-portedarelationshipbetweencholeraandpoorsanitarycondition.Hisa…     

Quality Problems in Waters Used for Drinking Purposes in ltaly

With a grant from the Italian Ministry of the Environment, the National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) promoted and coordinated some activities aimed at determining the extent and the intensity of contamination of waters used for human consumption by some chemical agents, and describing causes and modalities of contamination and human health implications. The chemical agents examined were herbicides, nitrates, trihalomethanes, asbestos, manganese and fluoride. In this paper a first nationwide picture of these problems is reported.     

Quality Problems in Waters Used for Drinking Purposes in Italy

With a grant from the Italian Ministry of the Environment, the National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) promoted and coordinated some activities aimed at determining the extent and the intensity of contamination of waters used for human consumption by some chemical agents, and describing causes and modalities of contamination and human health implications. The chemical agents examined were herbicides, nitrates, trihalomethanes, asbestos, manganese and fluoride. In this paper a first nationwide picture of these problems is reported.     

Relationship Between Microcystin in Drinking Water and Colorectal Cancer

Objective To investigate the association of microcystin (MC) in drinking water with the incidence of colorectal cancer. Methods The study was designed as a retrospective cohort. Eight townships or towns were randomly selected as the study sites in Haining City of Zhejiang Province, China. 408 cases of colon and rectum carcinomas diagnosed from 1977 to 1996 in the study sites were included, and a survey on types of drinking water of these patients was conducted. Samples of different water sources (well, tap, river and pond) were collected separately and microcystin concentrations were determined by indirect competitive ELISA method. Results The incidence rate of colorectal cancer was significantly higher in population who drank river and pond water than those who drank well and tap water. Compared to well water, the relative risk (RR) for colorectal cancer was 1.88 (tap), 7.94 (river) and 7.70 (pond) respectively. The positive rate (>50 pg/mL) of microcystin in samples of well, tap, river and pond water was 0, 0, 36.23% and 17.14% respectively. The concentration of microcystin in river and pond water was significantly higher than that in well and tap water (P<0.01). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that in the study sites, the microcystin concentration of river and pond water was positively associated with the incidence of colorectal cancer (rs= 0.881, P<0.01). Conclusions The types of drinking water are positively associated with the incidence of colorectal cancer in the study sites, and this may be related to microcystin contamination of drinking water. Further biological study is needed to support the possible causative role of mycrocystin in carcinogenesis of colon and rectum.     

Water Quality Assessment of the River Nile System： An Overview

Objectives The main objective of the present article is to assess and evaluate the characteristics of the Nile water system, and identify the major sources of pollution and its environmental and health consequences. The article is also aimed to highlight the importance of water management via reuse and recycle of treated effluents for industrial purpose and for cultivation of desert land. Method An intensive effort was made by the authors to collect, assess and compile the available data about the River Nile. Physico-chemical analyses were conducted to check the validity of the collected data. For the determination of micropollutants, Gas Chromatography (GC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used. Heavy metals were also determined to investigate the level of industrial pollution in the river system.Results The available data revealed that the river receives a large quantity of industrial, agriculture and domestic wastewater. It is worth mentioning that the river is still able to recover in virtually all the locations,with very little exception. This is due to the high dilution ratio. The collected data confirmed the presence of high concentrations of chromium and manganese in all sediment samples. The residues of organo-chlorine insecticides were detected in virtually all locations. However, the levels of such residues are usually below the limit set by the WHO for use as drinking water. The most polluted lakes are Lake Maryut and Lake Manzala.Groundwater pollution is closely related to adjacent (polluted) surface waters. High concentrations of nutrients, E.coli, sulfur, heavy metals, etc. have been observed in the shallow groundwater, largely surpassing WHO standards for drinking water use. Conclusion A regular and continuous monitoring scheme shall be developed for the River Nile system. The environmental law shall be enforced to prohibit the discharge of wastewater (agricultural, domestic or industrial) to River Nile system.     

Clinical Experience in Application of the Acupoint Futu

Futu (LI 18) is an acupoint of the LargeIntestinal Meridian of Hand-Yangming.Based on theTCM theories of Zang-fu organs and meridianstogether with the clinical practice for many years,theauthor has gained new experience in clinical use of     

Clinical Experience in Application of the Point Wangu

Wangu (GB 12) is a point of the GallbladderChannel of Foot Shaoyang,located in the depressionposteroinferior to the temporal process.And it is ahui point of Foot Taiyang and Shaoyang Channels,with the effects of eliminating pathogenic wind andheat,and tranquilizing the mind.This point is locatedsuperior to the attachment point of thesternocleidomastoid muscle,in which there distributethe stem of the lesser occipital nerve,and branches of     

Clinical Experience in Application of the Point Zhaohai

Zhaohai(KI 6)is a point on the KidneyChannel of Foot Shaoyin,and it is one of the eightconfluent points,connecting with the YinqiaoChannel.It is located in the depression of the lowerborder of the medial malleolus,indicated for thedisorders along the distributing courses of the FootShaoyin Channel and Yinqiao Channel.Connectingwith the kidney and bladder collaterally,it gives theeffect of reinforcing the kidney and strengthening qi,     

Clinical Experience in Application of the Point Zhongzhu

In recent years,based on the experience ofpredecessors,the authors of this article have appliedZhongzhu point (TE 3) in treatment for variousdiseases and obtained satisfactory therapeutic resultsSome of the illustrative cases are introduced below.The OperationA No.30 1.5 cun stainless steel filiform needleis sterilized and inserted perpendicularly into theZhongzhu point 0.3-0.5 cun deep,followed by     

延边朝鲜族自治州2005—2010年生活饮用水检测结果分析

[目的]了解延边朝鲜族自治州居民饮用水的水质卫生状况.[方法]对延边朝鲜族自治州部分饮用水进行取样,按照卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范（GB 5749-2006）》进行检测,包括微生物学指标、毒理学指标、感官性状及一般化学指标.[结果]饮用水微生物学指标合格率较低,仅为73.5%;不同年份饮用水理化指标不合格率间差异具有统计学意义;不同水源水样理化指标不合格检出率间差异具有统计学意义,其中桶装水合格率最低.[结论]延边朝鲜族自治州居民生活饮用水微生物污染较严重,卫生质量不高.     

新乡市近郊农村生活饮用水水质调查分析

目的　了解新乡市近郊农村生活饮用水卫生状况 ,为水质监测提供依据。方法　按照常规方法进行 10 0个水源采样 ,以《生活饮用水标准检验方法》GB5 75 0 - 85对所采集的水样进行检测 ,检测项目有物理学指标、化学性指标以及细菌学指标。结果　所有水样感观指标均达到国家卫生标准 ,其它指标除 pH值、硝酸盐氮合格率在 90 %以上外 ,其余指标合格率均较低 ,其中总硬度、氨氮及挥发酚的合格率分别为 5 3 %、5 2 %和 5 2 %。丰水期与枯水期重要污染指标有显著性差别 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　新乡市近郊农村生活饮用水已经受到不同程度的污染 ,主要是细菌和有机物的污染     

2013-2014年六安市农村生活饮用水水质影响因素分析

目的:了解六安市农村生活饮用水的水质现状及其影响因素,为改善六安市农村生活饮用水卫生状况和保障农村居民饮水安全提供科学依据。方法:对2013-2014年六安市1154份农村生活饮用水检测结果进行评价,选择可能对农村生活饮用水水质造成影响的因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果:2年度总合格率38.45%,其中2013年合格率为39.30%,高于2014年的31.92%(P<0.05)。单因素分析显示,年度、地区、水源类型、水处理方式、水消毒设施的使用、是否使用消毒剂及供水工程运营年度均是全市农村生活饮用水水质的影响因素(P<0.05~P<0.01)。多因素分析显示,年度、地区、水处理方式及供水工程运营年度均是全市农村生活饮用水水质的独立影响因素(P<0.05~P<0.01)。结论:六安市农村生活饮用水水质合格率低,微生物指标超标较高,供水设施不完善、消毒设施不健全,应加强对水源和供水设施的保护,完善供水设施建设;相关部门应采取措施,加强对农村饮用水的卫生监管。     

眩晕疾病鉴别诊断的模糊综合评判

目的 :探讨眩晕疾病鉴别诊断的方法。方法 :通过分析眩晕症 4 5 2例中确诊为梅尼埃病、迷路炎、良性阵发性位置眩晕、耳药物中毒、前庭神经炎、颈椎病、脑动脉硬化等的临床资料 ,建立广义症状—疾病之间的模糊矩阵关系 ,据矩阵中元素rij表示第i种广义症状与ni 第j种疾病Wj 的模糊相关程度 ,并确立权重因素行向量 ,最后进行模糊矩阵运算与合成 ,依据最大隶属原则作出评判。结果 :此法例证临床病例评判诊断与实际诊断基本相符。结论 :为眩晕症鉴别诊断提供了客观、定量的研究方法     

2010年广州市越秀区中小学校直饮水机直饮水卫生状况调查

目的 了解2010年广州市越秀区中小学校直饮水机卫生状况.方法 随机抽取42所学校作为调查对象,其中中学20所、小学22所,共设监测点54个.每个监测点分别采集管网分梢近端水、人机自来水、直饮水各1份水样.每份水样均检测浑浊度、臭和味、色度、肉眼可见物、pH值、挥发酚类、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、耗氧量、锰、铅、三氯甲烷、砷、四氯化碳、亚硝酸盐等共15个项目.结果 检测管网分梢近端水、人机自来水、直饮水共162份水样,臭和味、色度、肉眼可见物、挥发酚类、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、锰、铅、三氯甲烷、砷、四氯化碳等共11项全部合格,耗氧量、亚硝酸盐、pH值、浑浊度等4项均存在不合格的情况.结论 越秀区学校直饮水机总体情况良好,直饮水的主要不合格项目为耗氧量、亚硝酸盐、pH值和浑浊度,总合格率需进一步提高.     

深圳市2016年生活饮用水水质影响因素

目的 分析深圳市生活饮用水水质的影响因素。方法 全市2016年枯水期和丰水期共采集出厂水样101份、末梢水样218份和二次供水样20份,合计339份饮用水样进行水质检测分析。水样的采集和检验按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)进行。水样的评价按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行。使用SPSS 18.0进行水质影响因素的Logistic回归分析,构成比及率的比较用χ²检验。结果 深圳市2016年饮用水样品合格率为94.39%,项次合格率为99.86%。饮用水水质影响单因素和多因素分析结果表明,水源类型、水期类型、水厂供水能力、饮用水消毒方式、水厂是否进行深度和特殊处理以及水样检测指标数量是影响饮用水水质结果的重要因素(P<0.05)。其中制水环节消毒方式的OR值为3.246,对水质的影响程度最大。结论 饮用水从源水到末端龙头水,存在多环节多次污染的风险,影响水质合格率的因素众多,应加强饮用水的系统和全面管理,确保饮用水水质。     

综合评价方法在湖南省三甲医院服务质量评价中的应用

目的在医院服务质量评价体系基础上,利用综合评价方法对湖南省三甲医院服务质量进行实证研究。方法在湖南省随机抽取三甲医院10所,从结构质量、过程质量和结果质量3个维度评价和比较各所医院的服务质量,分别采用综合评分法、加权TO PSIS法和综合指数法,并比较不同方法的相关性。结果 3种综合评价方法的结果呈正相关,10所医院服务质量由优到劣依次为(编号)E、H、I、G、F、A、D、C、J和B。结论评价指标综合了主观和客观因素,代表性和可靠性良好,科学、合理、准确地对评价对象进行了比较分析。     

模糊数学综合评判法在乙型脑炎传播媒介筛选中的应用

目的：筛选流行性乙型脑炎(简称乙脑)的主要蚊虫传播媒介。方法：通过模糊综合评判法。设立蚊虫监测数据集合，筛选传播媒介集合，分析蚊虫种群数量的动态变化与蚊传疾病乙脑间的关系，及对乙脑的隶属程度。结果：在我国北方地区主导乙脑流行趋势的主要蚊虫传播媒介为三带喙库蚊和淡色库蚊。结论：为预测乙脑情况提供了一种行之有效的方法，对进一步的研究工作具有重要的理论意义。     

多元化饮用水时代背景下饮水与健康关系研究的思考

The whole world has entered into an era of diversified drinking water with different water qualities and accesses.However, the studies on health effects of newly marketed water still remain backward, and are far from meeting the social needs, so is the case in China.Thus, a methodological system suitable for assessing the health effects of drinking water should be established at first.Secondly, for low mineral water, comprehensive assessments of health risks should be conducted and safety artificial mineralization processes for this kind of water also should be researched.Thirdly, medical studying on natural mineral water that has been mostly accepted by the public should be intensified.Fourthly, the means of controlling the new water-borne pollutants, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and bromate in bottled or filtered water, should be developed.Finally, it is also highly necessary to develop personalized drinking modes based on different individuals.     

清远市农村饮用水水质监测状况及健康风险评价

目的了解清远市2013—2015年农村饮用水水质卫生状况及其可致的健康风险水平。方法按照《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法》GB/T 5750-2006进行检测分析,数据按GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》进行评价;采用美国环保署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对2015年清城区农村饮用水中部分有害污染物进行初步评价。结果2013—2015年连续3年采集清远县(市、区)水样共1 500份,合格率为43.13%;通过饮用农村饮用水途径所致健康风险中,致癌物引起的年均风险Cr~(6+)(1.47×10~(-4)/a)As(2.77×10~(-5)/a)Cd(8.24×10~(-7)/a),总风险值为1.76×10~(-4)/a。非致癌物引起的年均风险Al(1.49×10~(-7)/a)F(1.72×10~(-9)/a)Pb(1.61×10~(-9)/a)Hg(4.50×10~(-10)/a)Se(1.26×10~(-10)/a)Mn(1.22×10~(-10)/a)Zn(1.13×10~(-10)/a)NH3-N(6.03×10-12/a),总风险值为1.53×10~(-7)/a。结论清远市3年来所监测的农村饮用水合格率不高;通过饮用农村饮用水产生风险中,致癌物超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的最大可接受风险水平(5.00×10~(-5)/a),而非致癌物低于最大可接受值。监测点饮用水中铬可能存在一定的健康风险,希望引起有关部门的关注,加强对农村饮用水安全工程的建设和管理,提高饮用水质量,保护公众健康。