黄斑囊样水肿患者白发荧光与黄斑色素密度的关系

目的探讨黄斑囊样水肿（CME）眼底自发荧光与黄斑色素密度的相关性,以提供对其预后有临床价值的技术参数。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象2009年8月至2010年7月于北京同仁医院确诊CME的视网膜中央静脉阻塞、视网膜分支静脉阻塞及糖尿病视网膜病变的患者18例（24眼）。24只正常眼选自年龄及性别相匹配者。方法对所有患眼及正常对照眼行彩色眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）及相干光断层扫描（OCT）确诊CME。采用海德堡公司HRA一2共焦激光扫描系统的IR（infrared）及FA（不注入荧光素钠）模式进行眼底自发荧光及黄斑色素密度的检测。黄斑色素密度按Zhang等分期法分为完整的黄斑色素、部分黄斑色素及黄斑色素缺失三级。采用MonteCarlo精确检验说明不同分级的黄斑色素密度与自发荧光的相关性,线性相关卡方检验分析两个变量之间的变化趋势。主要指标眼底自发荧光的分布及形态、黄斑色素的分布及密度。结果24只CME眼自发荧光均为阳性（100％）,并在黄斑区呈花瓣样表现,而正常对照眼的黄斑自发荧光均为阴性。CME眼中黄斑色素缺失22眼（91．7％）,部分黄斑色素2眼（8．3％）;正常对照眼黄斑色素密度均为完整的黄斑色素（100％）。黄斑色素密度与自发荧光的出现在本次研究中呈现负相关（x2=45．123,P=0．0001）。结论CME患者中黄斑色素密度大小与黄斑区自发荧光呈负相关,黄斑区自发荧光可做为其随诊的临床评价指标。     

黄斑囊样水肿

黄斑囊样水肿 (cystoid macularedema,CME)是眼底的常见病 ,但它不是一种独立的特发性疾病 ,而是很多眼底疾病在黄斑区的表现。引起黄斑囊样水肿最常见的疾病有 :视网膜静脉阻塞、糖尿病性视网膜病变、视网膜血管炎、黄斑区视网膜前膜、视网膜毛细血管扩张症、视网膜色素变性、葡萄膜炎、白内障或其它内眼手术后、黄斑区脉络膜的新生血管 ,以及少见的特发性黄斑囊样水肿、烟酸中毒、青年性视网膜劈裂、Gold-mann- Favre综合症等多种疾病。Gass指出 :在正常的生理情况下 ,眼内的液体和电解质是从玻璃体通过视网膜和脉络膜引流到血循环中的…     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿的光学相干断层成像

目的:观察糠尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)的光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)图像特征,分析其黄斑视网膜厚度与视力的关系.方法:对50例80眼经检眼镜或荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)检查确诊为糖尿病视网膜病变伴黄斑水肿的患者进行经黄斑中心凹水平和垂直线性扫描的OCT检查.结果:10眼表现为黄斑中心凹局限性水肿改变,21眼表现为黄斑中心凹囊样改变伴神经上皮层浆液性脱离,49眼表现为黄斑区视网膜神经上皮层弥漫性增厚.DME患者黄斑视网膜厚度与视力呈负相关关系(r=-0.60,P=0.000).结论:DME的主要OCT图像特征为黄斑视网膜弥漫性水肿、黄斑囊样水肿伴神经上皮层脱离和黄斑局限性水肿改变;DME患者黄斑水肿越严重,视力越差.     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞伴视盘水肿与黄斑水肿相关性分析

目的 研究视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)患者发生视盘水肿程度与黄斑水肿程度的相关性.方法 回顾分析我院经荧光素眼底血管造影确诊不伴其他视网膜疾病的CRVO患者113例(113眼),以荧光素眼底血管造影(60±30)s时间点视盘荧光情况及造影后期黄斑荧光情况分别对视盘水肿及黄斑水肿程度进行分级、分型;同时应用双变量等级相关分析方法对其进行相关性分析.结果 93.81%(106/113)的CRVO患眼发生视盘水肿,87.61%(99/113))的CRVO惠眼发生黄斑水肿.113眼中未发生视盘水肿者占6.19%(7/113),轻度视盘水肿者占19.47%(22/113),中度视盘水肿者占41.59%(47/113),重度视盘水肿者占32.74%(37/113).未发生黄斑水肿的14眼中7眼无视盘水肿,3眼轻度视盘水肿,4眼中度视盘水肿,无重度视盘水肿.黄斑水肿程度与视盘水肿程度呈正相关(r=0.588,P＜0.001).结论 绝大多数CRVO患眼可出现视盘水肿,视盘水肿可能在黄斑水肿出现之前发生;视盘水肿的程度与黄斑水肿的程度呈正相关,视盘水肿的严重程度可能是影响黄斑水肿程度的一个重要因素.     

光学相干断层扫描对糖尿病性黄斑水肿的诊断意义

目的:观察黄斑水肿的光相干断层扫描(OCT)图像特征;探讨糖尿病黄斑水肿与视力、糖尿病性视网膜病变分期和糖尿病病程的关系。方法:对58例(97眼)患者通过荧光血管造影分期分组,OCT测量各组厚度后,采用SPSS10.0软件进行统计学分析,分析各型黄斑水肿构成比及其与视力、糖尿病病程、分期的关系。结果:黄斑水肿的OCT图像主要包括视网膜海绵样肿胀、黄斑囊样水肿及神经上皮浆液性脱离;随糖尿病病程延长,糖尿病视网膜病变的发展,黄斑水肿构成比逐渐增加、病变加重,黄斑区视网膜厚度有增加趋势,视功能受损程度加重。结论:糖尿病性视网膜黄斑水肿的OCT图像为临床提供类似病理学的直观资料,尤其对治疗的随诊及判定预后具有重要参考价值。     

上海北新泾社区2型糖尿病患者黄斑水肿患病情况调查

目的 了解社区糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑水肿的患病情况。方法对上海北新泾街道社区100例（151只眼）15岁以上2型糖尿病患者进行直接检眼镜、眼底照相、超声波及相干光断层扫描（OCT）检查,并对检查结果进行统计学分析。结果实际调查对象795人,发现有糖尿病视网膜病变者215例,随机抽取100例糖尿病患者,有151只眼发生糖尿病视网膜病变,其黄斑中心凹平均厚度195．7μm;有46只眼的黄斑增厚,其中黄斑视网膜海绵样肿胀35只眼（76．1％）,黄斑囊样水肿8只眼（17．4％）,神经上皮层脱离3只眼（6．5％）。黄斑中心凹厚度与最佳矫正视力的负对数之间有相关性（r=0．2869,P=0．0004）。不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变者其黄斑水肿的患病情况有所不同（P=0．0003）。糖尿病黄斑水肿的发生与玻璃体后脱离情况的关联无统计学意义（P=0．472）。结论社区糖尿病视网膜病变患者中黄斑水肿患病率为37．1％。患眼的OCT图像归为三种类型：视网膜海绵样肿胀、黄斑囊样水肿及神经上皮层脱离。糖尿病视网膜病变的程度越重,发生黄斑水肿的可能性越大。糖尿病黄斑水肿与有无玻璃体后脱离无明显联系,与总胆固醇水平呈负相关。（中华腰科杂志．2007,43：626-630）     

降低视网膜脱离术后囊性黄斑水肿发病率探讨

目的 探讨降低视网膜脱离手术后囊性黄斑水肿发病率的方法。方法 ３５例３６只视网膜脱离手术成功眼，术后２周、４或６周和２～６月共三次进行荧光眼底血管造影术检查。手术：巩膜表面环扎加压和巩膜外手术联合玻璃体切除手术。严格局限中等强度冷凝于视网膜破口区，大破口或多个破口加用玻璃体切除术。结果 荧光血管造影证实３６只眼中有８只眼（２２．７％）黄斑改变，其中囊性黄斑水肿２只眼（５．５％），视网膜色素上皮脱离     

黄斑水肿的光相干断层扫描分析

目的 观察黄斑水肿的光相干断层扫描（OCT）图像特征；探讨黄斑中心凹厚度与最佳矫正视力之间的关系。 方法 对50例正常对照者以及47例54只经直接、间接检眼镜、三面镜及荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）诊断为黄斑水肿的患眼进行OCT检查，通过黄斑中心凹的水平或垂直方向线性扫描，测量黄斑中心凹的厚度，对比分析两组受检者的黄斑形态及中心凹厚度值，根据形态学特点对黄斑水肿者的OCT图像进行分类并将其中心凹厚度与其最佳矫正视力进行相关分析。 结果 正常对照组与黄斑水肿组黄斑形态及中心凹厚度差异有显著性的意义。黄斑水肿患眼的OCT图像表现为3种特征，20只眼表现为黄斑区视网膜海绵样肿胀，占37.1%；26只眼表现为黄斑囊样水肿，占48.1%；8只眼表现为浆液性视网膜神经上皮脱离，占14.8%。黄斑水肿者黄斑中心凹厚度与其最佳矫正视力呈负相关（r=－0.569, P=0.000）。 结论 黄斑水肿的OCT图像主要包括视网膜海绵样肿胀、黄斑囊样水肿及神经上皮浆液性脱离。黄斑水肿患者的黄斑中心凹厚度明显增厚，黄斑中心凹厚度越厚，视力越差。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：152-155）     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿的光学相干断层成像

目的：观察糠尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)的光学相干断层成像(optical colnerence tomographly,OCT)图像特征,分析其黄斑视网膜厚度与视力的关系。方法：对50例80眼经检眼镜或荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)检查确诊为糖尿病视网膜病变伴黄斑水肿的患者进行经黄斑中心凹水平和垂直线性扫描的OCT检查。结果：10眼表现为黄斑中心凹局限性水肿改变,21眼表现为黄斑中心凹囊样改变伴神经上皮层浆液性脱离,49眼表现为黄斑区视网膜神经上皮层弥漫性增厚。DME患者黄斑视网膜厚度与视力呈负相关关系(r=-0．60,P=0．000)。结论：DME的主要OCT图像特征为黄斑视网膜弥漫性水肿、黄斑囊样水肿伴神经上皮层脱离和黄斑局限性水肿改变;DME患者黄斑水肿越严重,视力越差。     

黄斑囊样水肿的OCT与FFA对比观察

目的 观察不同疾病所致黄斑囊样水肿(cystoid macular edema,CME)的光相干断层扫描(Optical coherence tomograph,OCT)特征,并与眼底荧光血管造影结果 对比分析.方法 经FFA确诊的各种原因引起的黄斑囊样水肿患眼进行OCT检查,通过黄斑中心的水平或垂直方向线性扫描.根据眼底荧光血管造影(Fundus Fluorescence angiography,FFA)对CME进行水肿分级,并根据分级情况对比分析其OCT的形态特征.结果 93例CME患者,其中糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)23例,静脉阻塞(RVO)27例,VKH,白塞病10例,AMD8例,白内障摘除及抗青光眼术后8例,视网膜脱离扣带术后5例,玻璃体黄斑牵引综合征3例,视网膜色素变性3例,特发性CME4例,黄斑板层裂孔及脉络膜血管瘤各1例.黄斑囊样水肿分为Ⅲ级.Ⅰ级:小囊泡形成,荧光素渗漏范围约1/4视乳头直径,共9例(9.7%).OCT图像显示,黄斑神经上皮增厚,中心凹变浅或消失,中心凹下神经上皮层内形成一个明显液性囊腔,两侧囊壁增厚,囊腔内淡绿色点状浆液性弱反射,隐约见淡绿色囊壁结构.Ⅱ级:黄斑区荧光素渗漏占黄斑1/2视乳头直径,共50例(53.7%),OCT图像显示:黄斑区呈"丘样"隆起.神经上皮下呈蜂窝状改变,中央囊腔较大,囊壁薄,周围囊壁较厚.Ⅲ级:黄斑荧光色素渗漏占据整个黄斑区,超过1个视乳头直径,共34例(36.6%).OCT图像黄斑区神经上皮高度隆起,囊腔的腔隙互相融合,分隔囊腔的组织断裂,或增厚呈红黄中强反射.结论 根据FFA黄斑囊样水肿分级,Ⅲ级CME的OCT图像显示黄斑区神经上皮高度隆起,水肿波及整个黄斑,神经上皮层反射增强或神经上皮下囊样结构融合消失.OCT提示Ⅲ级CME,又进而推判视力预后不佳.     

Segmentation and accuracy in copying and drawing: Experts and beginners

As part of an ongoing investigation into real-world copying and drawing, I recorded the eye-hand drawing strategies of 16 subjects with drawing experiences ranging from expert to novice while they copied a line drawing of a standing nude. The experts produced accurate copies whereas all the beginners produced marked inaccuracies of overall scaling, proportion and shape. Analysis of eye and hand movements showed that the experts alone segmented the original drawing into simple line sections that were copied one at a time using a direct eye-hand strategy not requiring intermediary encoding to visual memory. The results suggest that segmentation into simple lines defines the task-specific process of accurate copying, and that this process is restricted to experts, i.e. acquired through training and practice. Additional preliminary tests also suggest that a similar process may apply to drawing a model from life.     

Proximal and accommodative convergence and age

The authors have estimated the phoria for distant and near fixation in two groups of subjects (mean age 27.5 ± 4.4 and 59.2 ± 8.2 years). Different accommodative stimuli were induced by adding minus lenses for distant fixation and plus lenses for near fixation. Statistical analysis of the experimental data indicates that, for distant fixation, the value of phoria per unit of accommodative stimulus is significantly lower in presbyopic than in nonpresbyopic subjects. Also, during near fixation, the accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio) is more reliable in the presbyopic subjects when the accommodative stimulus is progressively reduced. This varying behavior indicates in presbyopic subjects that proximal convergence is of greater relative importance in the determination of the fusion-free position. In nonpresbyopic subjects, accommodative convergence is the more important component.     

Anesthesia and preoperative and postoperative medications

Although certain methods such as retrobulbar blocks are used extensively, improvements in procedure can always be implemented. The use of ultrasound, low concentrations of anesthesia, careful monitoring, and, in the case of risk patients, anesthesia standby are all important considerations to ensure uneventful treatments. Topical anesthesia eliminates needle risk as well as risk of ptosis and bruising. Because it has been demonstrated that bacteria routinely enter the anterior chamber during uncomplicated cataract surgery, certain irrigation solutions are helpful, but still debatable. Postoperatively, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, and timolol have all been proven to be effective in reducing ocular inflammation, reducing incidence of CME, and controlling pressure increase, respectively.     

Paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic retinopathy and optic neuropathy: Evaluation and management

Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the visual system are a heterogeneous group of disorders occurring in the setting of systemic malignancy. Timely recognition of one of these entities can facilitate early detection and treatment of an unsuspected, underlying malignancy, sometimes months before it would have otherwise presented, and gives the patient an increased chance at survival. We outline the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for the retinal- and optic nerve–based paraneoplastic syndromes: cancer-associated retinopathy; melanoma-associated retinopathy; paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy; bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation; paraneoplastic optic neuropathy; and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome. Distinguishing these disorders from their non-paraneoplastic counterparts (e.g., autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy) and determining appropriate systemic evaluation for the responsible tumor can be challenging. In addition, we discuss the utility and interpretation of autoantibody testing.     

Anesthesia and preoperative and postoperative medications

Retrobulbar blocks, although widely used, still have potentially serious complications. Topical anesthesia presents less risk of injury to the globe and less pain but requires careful usage and an experienced surgeon. New techniques, however, allow for an increase in the percentage of patients able to have topical anesthesia. Preoperatively, 2.5% phenylephrine is found to be just as effective as 10% phenylephrine, and, when compared with wound closure and surgeon's experience, the effect of prophylactic medications was found to be negated. Postoperatively, diclofenac is found to be as effective an anti-inflammatory agent as prednisolone. Also, the addition of 10% phenylephrine to 4% pilocarpine drops enhances the effectiveness of pharmacologic treatment of postoperative iridocorneal adhesions. In addition, ophthalmologists should be aware of emerging antibiotic resistance.     

Sensitivity to first- and second-order motion and form in children and adults

We compared the sensitivity of adults and children aged 3-10 years to first- and second-order motion and form. For first-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for motion than form, and motion thresholds were better at 6 Hz than at 1.5 Hz. For second-order stimuli, at all ages sensitivity was better for form than motion, and motion thresholds were better at 0.25 cyc/deg than at 1 cyc/deg. Thresholds became adult-like later for motion than for form and later for first-order than second-order stimuli. For first-order stimuli, the changes with age were larger and more protracted.     

Nodes and nodal points and lines in eyes and other optical systems

The typical stigmatic optical system has two nodal points: an incident nodal point and an emergent nodal point. A ray through the incident nodal point emerges from the system through the emergent nodal point with its direction unchanged. In the presence of astigmatism nodal points are not possible in most cases. Instead there are structures, called nodes in this paper, of which nodal points are special cases. Because of astigmatism most eyes do not have nodal points a fact with obvious implications for concepts, such as the visual axis, which are based on nodal points. In order to gain insight into the issues this paper develops a general theory of nodes which holds for optical systems in general, including eyes, and makes particular allowance for astigmatism and relative decentration of refracting elements in the system. Key concepts are the incident and emergent nodal characteristics of the optical system. They are represented by 2 × 2 matrices whose eigenstructures define the nature and longitudinal position of the nodes. If a system's nodal characteristic is a scalar matrix then the node is a nodal point. Otherwise there are several possibilities: Firstly, a node may take the form of a single nodal line. Second, a node may consist of two separated nodal lines reminiscent of the familiar interval of Sturm although the nodal lines are not necessarily orthogonal. Third, a node may have no obvious nodal line or point. In the second and third of these classes one can define mid-nodal ellipses. Astigmatic systems exist with nodal points and stigmatic systems exist with no nodal points. The nodal centre may serve as an approximation for a nodal point if the node is not a point. Examples in the Appendix , including a model eye, illustrate the several possibilities.     

Corneal and external disorders and refractive surgery

A review of disorders of the anterior segment of the eye may show new avenues of research as well as clinical perspectives arising from recently accumulated data. It will have to select new theoretical and clinical findings, which may most probably be apt to survive the test of time, thus providing a long-standing stimulus in science. This body of scientific work in corneal and external disorders may be divided into infectious and noninfectious entities as well as refractive and tectonic or structural problems. In this review, we will focus on the inflammatory implications of anterior segment ocular disease, and mention some evolving diagnostic features and new treatment modalities, as well as opinions on refractive surgery complicated by inflammation.