重症肌无力患者汉密尔顿抑郁量表评分分析

目的探讨重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression rating scale,HDRS)评分情况及其影响因素分析。方法横断面研究2013-07—2015-03作者医院就诊的188例MG患者的临床资料和HDRS评分情况,并根据HDRS评分将其分为抑郁组和非抑郁组,分析两组MG患者的临床特点及其与HDRS评分间的关系。结果所纳入MG患者男女比例为1.02∶1,眼肌型重症肌无力(ocular myasthenia gravis,OMG)和全身型重症肌无力(generalized myasthenia gravis,GMG)的比例为1.2∶1,以OMG起病和以GMG起病患者的比例为6.2∶1,病程中位数为2年,四分位数间距为1.8年,平均量化重症肌无力评分(quantitative myasthenia gravis,QMG)为(6.7±2.3)分,平均HDRS评分为(8.7±3.4)分,并发抑郁者65例,未并发抑郁者123例。影响HDRS评分和抑郁发生的相关因素包括性别(P0.01)、MG类型(P0.01)、QMG得分(P0.01)和美国重症肌无力协会(myasthenia gravis foundation of America,MGFA)分型(P0.01)、有无甲状腺功能亢进(P0.05)。结论影响MG患者HDRS评分和抑郁发生的相关因素包括性别、MG类型、QMG评分和MGFA分型、有无甲状腺功能亢进,充分认识其抑郁发生情况有利于更好地治疗MG。     

Derivation of a definition of remission on the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale corresponding to the definition of remission on the Hamilton rating scale for depression

During the past decade the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) has been used with increasing frequency to measure outcome in antidepressant efficacy trials (AETs). In characterizing treatment outcome in AETs it is common to define treatment remission as a score below a predetermined cutoff score on the scale. Various cutoffs have been used to define remission on the MADRS. The goal of the present paper is to determine the cutoff on the MADRS that most closely corresponds to the cutoff most frequently used on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression to define remission. Three hundred and three psychiatric outpatients who were being treated for a DSM-IV major depressive episode were rated on the HRSD and the MADRS. A linear regression equation was computed to estimate MADRS scores from HRSD scores. After deriving the regression equation, we computed the MADRS score corresponding to an HRSD score of 7. We also examined the sensitivity, specificity and overall classification rate of the MADRS for identifying remission on the HRSD. Based on the equation from a linear regression analysis for the entire sample, a MADRS score of 11 would correspond to a score of 7 on the HRSD. We repeated the analysis after excluding the more severely depressed patients who currently met criteria for MDD, and based on the equation from this regression analysis a MADRS score of 10 would correspond to a score of 7 on the HRSD. In a complementary analysis, we examined the sensitivity, specificity and overall classification rate of the MADRS at different cutoff points for identifying remission, and found that a cutoff of 10 maximized the level of agreement with the HRSD definition of remission. In conclusion, the regression equation relating HRSD and MADRS scores is dependent, in part, on the range and severity of scores in the sample. To facilitate comparisons of studies using the HRSD and MADRS our results suggest that a cutoff of 10 on the MADRS is equivalent to the HRSD cutoff of 7.     

L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of depression. A review.

Trials performed do not provide evidence for an antidepressant effect of 5-HTP. L-TP, without interacting pharmaca, does not appear to be a well-documented antidepressant. The only convincing evidence for L-TP as an antidepressant is that L-TP enhances the effect of MAOI.     

文拉法辛与丙米嗪治疗抑郁症对照分析

目的:观察文拉法辛与丙米嗪治疗抑郁症的疗效。方法:80例抑郁症患者随机分为两组,分别以文拉法辛及丙米嗪治疗。疗程6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、临床疗效总评量表疾病严重程度(CGI-SI)评定疗效,用副反应量表(TESS)观察不良反应。结果:文拉法辛组显效率80%,丙米嗪组75%,两组相仿。HAMD焦虑/躯体化因子分下降以文拉法辛组更为显著,文拉辛组不良反应较少,程度较轻,不需处理。结论:文拉法辛治疗抑郁症的疗效与丙米嗪相当,不良反应较少,依从性好。     

The degree of depression in Hamilton rating scale is correlated with the density of presynaptic serotonin transporters in 23 patients with Wilson's disease

Objective: One of the most frequent psychiatric symptoms in patients with Wilson's disease (WD) is depression. It has been suggested that depression is associated with deficits in serotonergic neurotransmission, but, hitherto, no measurements have been performed in WD. Methods: We prospectively examined 23 adult patients (12 women, 11 men, mean age 40 years) with WD for symptoms of depression using the Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD). We correlated the data with the presynaptic serotonin transporter density (SERT density) in the thalamus–hypothalamus and the midbrain–pons regions measured with high resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 24 hours after the application of 180 MBq 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4 [¹²³I]iodophenyl)tropane ( [¹²³I]b-CIT). The regions of interest were determined by coregistration with a standard MRI dataset. Results: A significant negative correlation was found between HAMD and SERT density in the thalamus–hypothalamus region (r = −0.49, p = 0.02), but not in the midbrain–pons (r = −0.31, p = 0.15). Conclusions: We conclude that depression in patients with Wilson's disease is correlated with alterations of serotonergic neurotransmission in the thalamus–hypothalamus region. Received: 24 July 2002, Received in revised form: 20 November 2002, Accepted: 28 November 2002 Correspondence to Wieland Hermanns, MD     

Addition of L-tryptophan to electroconvulsive treatment in endogenous depression. A double-blind study.

The combination of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and i.v. L-tryptophan (T) was compared with ECT and saline in double-blind study comprising 20 patients with endogenous depression. No significant difference was found with regard to the number of ECT given nor in the rate of reduction of depressive symptoms. Except for a slight decrease of plasma total tryptophan in the palcepo group, no difference were found in plasma total and free tryptophan nor in the concentration of total tryptophan in the cerebrospinal fluid.     

A comparison of fluoxetine and imipramine in the treatment of outpatients with major depressive disorder

A double-blind clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of fluoxetine compared with imipramine in the treatment of 59 outpatients suffering from major depressive disorder. The mean scores of all depression rating scales showed that the drugs had comparable efficacy. The side effect profile of imipramine was found to be mainly anticholinergic, which was not the case for fluoxetine, where it was mainly found to be gastrointestinal, such as nausea and diarrhoea. In both groups the total number of adverse events reported were the same. Fluoxetine treatment resulted in weight loss, whereas imipramine treatment resulted in a slight but significant weight increase.     

A double blind study in out-patients with primary non-agitated depression treated with imipramine in combination with placebo, diazepam or dixyrazine

Sixty-three out-patients suffering from primary non-agitated depression were included in a double-blind, between-patient randomized study. All patients were treated with imipramine (100-200 mg-day) combined with either placebo, diazepam (10 mg/day) or dixyrazine (50 mg/day) for 8 weeks. The clinical efficacy assessed with a subscale of CPRS was significantly (p1 less than or equal to 0.05) better for the imipramine-dixyrazine combination than for the imipramine-diazepam or imipramine-placebo combination. Serum concentration of imipramine was significantly higher (p1 less than or equal to 0.05) in the group treated with dixyrazine than in the other two groups. Further, serum concentration of imipramine in the diazepam group was significantly lower (p1 less than or equal to 0.05) than in the placebo group. At the end of the study, 67% in both the placebo and the diazepam group and 86% in the dixyrazine group were practically symptom-free.     

Evaluation of the combination of tryptophan and ECT in the treatment of depression. II. Biochemical analysis.

Book reviews in this article: Hirsch, H. (ed.): The family. Klawans, H. L. (ed.): Clinical neuropharmacology, Vol. 1. W. L. Linford Rees: A short textbook of psychiatry, 2nd ed. Kaplan, A. R. (ed.): Human behavior genetics.     

不同时段脑卒中后抑郁的药物干预治疗对比研究

目的使用HAMD、MoCA、SAS和NIHSS四项量表综合评价脑卒中后72 h、1和2月发生脑卒中后抑郁(post-stroke depression,PSD)患者的抗抑郁药物干预效果,为不同时段的PSD药物干预提供临床研究依据。方法入选脑卒中病例223例,于脑卒中后72 h予HAMD评分,≥8分者随机分为72 h对照组和72 h治疗组;余患者于脑卒中后1月再次予HAMD评分,评分≥8分者随机分为1月对照组、1月治疗组;余患者于脑卒中后2月再次予HAMD评分,评分≥8分者同前再随机分为2月对照组、2月治疗组;各组均予常规药物及相同的康复治疗方案,治疗组加用帕罗西汀20 mg/d治疗。对以上各组病例于脑卒中后3个月随访,进行HAMD(24项版)量表、SAS量表、MoCA量表及NIHSS量表的评分。结果 (1)72 h治疗组与对照组比较,HAMD评分无显著差异(P>0.05),而MoCa、SAS和NIHSS评分均有显著差异(P≤0.01);1月治疗组与对照组比较,SAS评分无显著差异(P>0.05),而HAMD、SAS和NIHSS评分均有显著差异(P<0.01),2月治疗组与对照组的四项量表评分比较均有显著差异(P<0.01);(2)72 h、1月和2月治疗组在第3个月随访时的MoCa、SAS、HAMD及NIHSS评分均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 (1)脑卒中后不同时间出现PSD患者的抗抑郁干预效果有时间段差异,PSD出现时间越晚,抗抑郁治疗达到明显效果所需的时间越短;(2)脑卒中患者发生PSD后及早予抗抑郁药物治疗,不仅可改善抑郁,对焦虑、认知和神经功能康复也有积极效果。     

Effect of concurrent anxiety on response to sertraline and imipramine in patients with chronic depression

Anxiety commonly complicates the clinical presentation of depression and has been associated with poorer long-term outcome, but little information is available on the clinical correlates, and comparative effect on treatment response, of subsyndromic or secondary anxiety. Patients diagnosed with chronic major or double depression were randomized to 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with either sertraline or imipramine in a 2:1 ratio. A high anxiety subgroup was operationally defined by a HAM-D anxiety/somatization factor score > or = 7. The effect of study treatment was measured utilizing the HAM-D, CGI, HAM-D anxiety/somatization factor, as well as a quality of life measure (Q-LES-Q) and a measure of psychosocial functioning (the MOS-SF-36). Two hundred nine patients were treated with imipramine and 426 patients were treated with sertraline. Thirty-six percent of the total met criteria for the high anxiety subgroup. According to Kaplan-Meier probability estimates, patients with significant concurrent anxiety symptoms were more likely to respond by 12 weeks (66.4%) than those without significant anxiety symptoms (54.2%). There was no significant difference in response rates for sertraline vs. imipramine. Both drugs were effective at treating high baseline levels of anxiety, with 60% of sertraline patients and 58% of imipramine patients having 50% or greater reduction from baseline in HAM-D anxiety/somatization factor scores, and only 4.6% and 9.9%, respectively, reporting treatment-emergent worsening in anxiety at study endpoint. Despite the chronicity of depressive illness, acute treatment with both sertraline and imipramine significantly improved psychosocial and quality of life measures. High baseline levels of anxiety did not reduce overall antidepressant response but did somewhat delay the onset of response to sertraline or imipramine in patients with chronic depression.     

帕罗西汀对首发抑郁症患者治疗前后性激素水平 变化及与疗效的关系

目的 探索抑郁症患者性激素水平和治疗后的变化与治疗效果的关系.方法 收集抑郁症患者60例作为观察组,健康体检的志愿者60例作为对照组,检测患者治疗前后的血清雌二醇、孕酮及睾酮的水平,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)对抑郁患者进行评分,分析抑郁程度与性激素水平之间的相关性.结果 治疗前观察组男性和女性的血清雌二醇水平均低于对照组,男性的孕酮及睾酮水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),女性的孕酮和睾酮水平与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后男性和女性患者的血清雌二醇水平高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),男性患者的睾酮水平高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而男性和女性患者孕酮水平及女性患者的睾酮水平与治疗前的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后观察组男性和女性患者的孕酮及睾酮水平与对照组之间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组女性患者的血清雌二醇水平与对照组之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组男性患者血清雌二醇水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);HAMD减分率与血清雌二醇水平之间呈正相关(r=0.561,P=0.007);而与血清孕酮及睾酮之间无相关性(P>0.05).结论 抑郁症患者血清雌二醇与抑郁症之间呈负相关,睾酮水平的变化可能仅是男性抑郁症患者的一个危险因素.     

Rasch analysis in the development of a rating scale for assessment of mobility after stroke

The study describes the development of a rating scale for assessment of mobility after stroke. It was based on 74 first-stroke patients, 40 men and 34 women, each assessed three times during rehabilitation. Their median age was 69 years, and they represented all degrees of severity of paresis. Content, construct, criterion and convergent validity were examined, as well as the inter-rater reliability. The final rating scale has three special characteristics: 1) it reflects the regularity in the recovery of mobility after stroke; 2) the sum of item scores comprises the information contained in the 10-item subscores; 3) the score sum is independent of age, side of hemiparesis, and gender of the patient. Latent trait analysis (Rasch) was found to be an ideal model for statistical investigation of these properties.     

Paroxetine and imipramine treatment of depressive patients in a controlled multicentre study with plasma amino acid measurements.

In a 12-week double-blind study with 36 patients with major depressive episode (DSM-III), paroxetine (Seroxat, Aropax) showed significantly quicker onset of efficacy on the Melancholia Scale, and better tolerance than imipramine. Plasma concentration analyses showed no clear concentration-efficacy correlation in either treatment group. During long-term treatment paroxetine seemed to be superior to imipramine in preventing relapse; both treatments were well tolerated. A significant correlation between baseline plasma tryptophan: large neutral amino acids ratio and final Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) score and a trend towards an inverse correlation between this ratio and percentage reduction in HRSD score were seen in the paroxetine group but not in the imipramine group. In line with previous studies, these results support the hypothesis that paroxetine is an effective and well tolerated antidepressant.     

The structure of the Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale over the course of treatment for depression

The Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a widely used clinician‐rated measure of depressive severity. Empirical support for the factor structure of the MADRS is mixed; further, the comparison of MADRS scores within and between patients requires the demonstration of consistent instrument properties. The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate MADRS factor structure as well as MADRS factorial invariance across time and gender. The MADRS was administered to 821 depressed outpatients participating in a large‐scale effectiveness study of combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for depression. Treatment outcome did not differ across treatment groups. Factor structure and invariance was evaluated via confirmatory factor analysis. A four‐factor model consisting of Sadness, Negative Thoughts, Detachment and Neurovegetative symptoms demonstrated a good fit to the data. This four‐factor structure was invariant across time and gender. A hierarchical model, in which these four factors served as indicators of a general depression factor, was also supported. A limitation of the current study is the lack of comprehensive characterization of patient clinical features; results need to be replicated in more severely depressed or treatment refractory patients. Overall, evidence supported the use of the MADRS total score as well as subscales focused on affective, cognitive, social and somatic aspects of depression in male and female outpatients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maprotiline and doxepin in the treatment of depression. A double-glind multicentre comparison.

Maprotiline (Ludiomil) and doxepin were compared in the treatment of depression in a double-blind multicentre trial. Four centres and 95 in- and out-patients took part in the trial. The severity of depression was evaluated with the aid of a visual analogue scale and nine target symptoms. Both maprotiline and doxepin diminished neurotic as well as psychotic depression significantly. The mean time of onset of action was 7.0 days in the maprotiline group and 7.7 days in the doxepin group. No statistically significant differences in antidepressive effect were found between the treatments. Two patients in the maprotiline group and four patients in the doxepin group discontinued the treatment because of unwanted effects, one patient in each group because of lack of efficacy and nine patients due to reasons not related to the treatment.     

Sensitivity of the individual items of the Hamilton depression rating scale to response and its consequences for the assessment of efficacy

The Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D(17)) has been the gold standard in depression trials since its introduction in 1960 by Max Hamilton. However, several authors have shown that the HAM-D(17) is multi-dimensional and that subscales of the HAM-D(17) outperform the total scale. In the current study, we assess the sensitivity of the individual HAM-D(17) items in differentiating responders from non-responders over the typical treatment period used in clinical efficacy trials. Based on data from randomised, placebo-controlled trials with paroxetine, a graphical analysis and a statistical analysis were performed to identify the items that are most sensitive to the rate and extent of response irrespective of treatment. From these analyses, two subscales consisting of seven items each were derived and compared to the Bech and Maier and Philip subscales using a linear mixed-effects modelling approach for repeated measures. The evaluation of two clinical trials revealed endpoint sensitivity comparable to the existing subscales. Using a bootstrap technique, we show that the subscales consistently yield higher statistical power compared to the HAM-D(17), although no subscale consistently outperforms the others. In conclusion, this study provides further evidence that not all items of the HAM-D(17) scale are equally sensitive to detect responding patients in a clinical trial. A HAM-D(7) subscale with higher sensitivity to drug effect is proposed consisting of the HAM-D(6) and the suicide item. This response-based subscale increases signal-to-noise ratio and could reduce failure rate in efficacy trials with antidepressant drugs.     

Comparison of Vivalan (viloxazine hydrochloride) with imipramine in the treatment of depression. A double-blind study.

Twenty-eight hospitalized patients with depressive illness entered a double-blind trial to compare viloxazine hydrochloride (Vivalan) with imipramine. Both drugs produced a statistically significant improvement in the depressive symptoms as early as the 7th day, measured by the HRS. A side effects check-list showed no significant difference between Vivalan and imipramine. A lack of anticholinergic effects was noted in the Vivalan group although upper gastro-intestinal side effects were more frequent. Two patients in the Vivalan group withdrew due to gastric symptoms.     

Comparison of the serum levels in primary non-agitated depressed out-patients treated with imipramine in combination with placebo, diazepam or dixyrazine

Sixty-three non-agitated depressed out-patients were selected according to the Feighner-Robins-Guze criteria for primary depressions for a double-blind, between-patient randomized study for an 8 week duration. All the patients were treated with imipramine following a fixed dose schedule for the first 2 weeks and thereafter according to clinical response (100-200 mg/day). This treatment was combined with either placebo, diazepam (10 mg/day) or dixyrazine (50 mg/day). The serum concentration of imipramine both at 2 weeks and later was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the group treated with dixyrazine than in the other two groups. In the group treated with diazepam, the serum levels of imipramine and desipramine were significantly lower than in the placebo group. The serum concentrations of diazepam, desmethyldiazepam and dixyrazine were almost unchanged during the study. No significant correlation was found between the dosage and the serum concentration of imipramine or desipramine. The change in mean CPRS-score correlated neither with the imipramine nor with the desipramine serum levels, it did correlate but negatively with the degree of side effects. The degree of side effects correlated positively with the serum concentration of desipramine.     

Relapse prevention by means of paroxetine in ECT-treated patients with major depression: a comparison with imipramine and placebo in medium-term continuation therapy

In-patients with severe major depression were treated in the acute phase with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in combination with antidepressants. The drug treatment consisted of two randomized trials which were both extended into the post-ECT continuation phase. Patients with electrocardiological impairment were randomized to either 30 mg paroxetine daily or placebo under blind conditions. Patients without electrocardiological impairment were randomized to either 30 mg paroxetine daily or 150 mg imipramine daily. There was a high level of agreement between the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Melancholia Scale, demonstrating that the patients treated with ECT plus imipramine in the acute phase showed greater symptom reduction than those treated with ECT plus paroxetine. However, in the post-ECT phase paroxetine was superior to both imipramine and placebo in preventing relapse. Thus in the post-ECT phase 65% of the placebo-treated patients relapsed, compared to 30% of the imipramine-treated patients and 10% of the paroxetine-treated patients. The psychometric analysis of the Melancholia Scale in the continuation or post-ECT phase showed that relapsing patients displayed a pattern with lack of interests, impaired concentration, depressed mood and anxiety among the less severe symptoms (first-compartment symptoms). In other words, these symptoms represent the gate to full-blown depression (second-compartment symptoms). Serotonin-selective antidepressants such as paroxetine appear I to be more effective in controlling the first-compartment symptoms.