北京市高碑店地区9月龄婴儿喂养情况分析

目的 了解北京市朝阳区高碑店地区9月龄婴儿喂养现状,分析该地区婴儿喂养中存在的问题。方法 采用横断面调查,使用联合国儿童基金会标准化问卷,对北京市朝阳区高碑店地区529名9月龄婴儿的喂养情况进行调查,分析世界卫生组织(WHO)2008年版《婴幼儿喂养评估指标》中的8个指标。结果 调查地区早开奶率为64.9%,9个月时持续母乳喂养率为92.5%,适龄喂养率(即6个月以下进行纯母乳喂养,6~9月的婴儿在母乳喂养的同时添加辅食)为75.0%,辅食添加种类合格率为64.1%,但9月龄母乳喂养婴儿辅食添加频率合格率仅为17.6%,且辅食合理添加率仅为14.2%。结论 调查地区婴儿中母乳喂养情况较好,但存在适龄喂养率较低及辅食种类和辅食添加频率偏少的问题,应引起重视。     

伊犁察布查尔县婴儿代乳品、辅食添加现状及原因分析

目的 了解伊犁察布查尔地区6个月以内婴儿母乳喂养与辅食添加现状,分析影响婴儿过早添加辅食的可能因素。方法 队列研究方法,对伊犁察布察尔地区2008年出生的婴儿母亲进行问卷调查及产后6个月的逐月随访,样本量226例。结果 （1）婴儿出生时纯母乳喂养率是82.06%,3个月时纯母乳喂养率（72.81%）开始明显下降,4个月时纯母乳喂养率降到55.92%,6个月仅有43.09%的婴儿是纯母乳喂养。（2）婴儿1月、2月、3月、4月、6月时辅食添加率分别是16.4%、16.8%、20.8%、27.4%、41.6%,其中有27.4%的婴儿在4个月前已经开始添加了一种或一种以上的辅食,已添代乳品、水、水果蔬菜、谷类、蛋类的比例分别占62.9%、53.2%、27.4%、27.4%、35.5%;6个月时大部分婴儿未及时添加辅食,辅食添加率仅为41.6%,代乳品、水、水果蔬菜、谷类、蛋类的比例分别占77.7%、40.4%、42.6%、35.1%、57.4%。（3）代乳品添加中鲜牛奶的比例最高,4个月时已达82.1%,6个月时所占比例为84.9%。（4）婴儿辅食添加过旱的影响因素有：母亲年龄、孩子是否第一个、吸吮时间、孩子每天睡眠时间等。结论伊犁察布查尔地区纯母乳喂养率低;在辅食添加时间上存在较大的问题;加强少数民族母亲婴儿喂养知识的教育,重点在及时合理的添加辅食。     

北京市农村部分4～12月龄婴儿喂养状况调查分析

目的了解北京市农村4~12月龄婴儿喂养现状。方法采取随机抽样与整群抽样相结合的方法,选择北京市中等收入经济发展水平的4个乡镇,结合乡镇卫生院的母子健康档案,选取4~12月龄的婴儿及其主要喂养人进行问卷调查,调查婴儿的母乳喂养以及辅食、调味品等的使用情况。结果共调查北京市农村4个乡镇137名婴儿,其中128名婴儿为部分或纯母乳喂养,婴儿母乳喂养率为93.43%,4个月内纯母乳喂养率为43.07%。自觉乳汁不足、因上班不能保证哺乳时间和因病不能喂养是非纯母乳喂养的主要原因,分别占71.79%(56/78)、10.26%(8/78)和7.69%(6/78)。16.06%的婴儿辅食添加时间不当,其中分别有8.76%、7.30%的婴儿辅食开始添加时间过早或过晚。有36.3%(45/124)的婴儿经常食用盐和香油等调味品。结论北京市农村部分4~12月龄婴儿的4个月内纯母乳喂养率较低,辅食添加时间不当及过多食用调味品是婴儿喂养的主要问题,应该大力宣传婴幼儿喂养知识,通过实施健康干预项目,改善北京农村地区婴儿喂养中存在的问题。     

惠东县4个月婴儿喂养方式调查

目的 了解惠东县4个月婴儿喂养的现状,为指导婴儿科学喂养提供依据.方法 采用随机抽样的方法,对375名婴儿家长进行问卷调查.结果 4个月时婴儿母乳喂养率为59.2%;纯母乳喂养率为28.3%.375例婴儿中有25.3%的婴儿在3个月前已添加谷类食物.结论 惠东县4个月婴儿母乳喂养率偏低,过早添加辅食现象较突出,家长缺乏婴儿早期科学喂养的知识.     

婴幼儿喂养方式对生长发育影响的流行病学分析

目的 了解武汉市东西湖区0～2岁婴幼儿母乳喂养、辅食添加现状及对生长发育的影响.方法 采取分层随机整群抽样的原则,从武汉市东西湖农场中抽取0～2岁以下婴幼儿1 742名,对其进行生长发育状况测量,同时对其母亲进行问卷调查.结果 4个月内完全母乳的喂养率76.13%,混合喂养率为19.03%,人工喂养率为4.85%;4个月内婴儿辅食添加率为1.76%,4～6 月龄婴儿辅食添加率为50.4%,6个月～1岁辅食添加率为87.6%;辅食添加以淀粉类、蛋类为主,蔬菜水果、肉类、豆制品相对不足;18月龄以上前囟闭合率为11.2%,Logistic回归显示前囟闭合率与喂养方式显著相关.结论 武汉市东西湖区母乳喂养率、辅食添加率仍需进一步提高,辅食添加种类应多元化,采用正确的喂养方式,以促进婴幼儿的健康生长.     

重庆市南岸区婴儿喂养及影响因素分析

【目的】 了解重庆市南岸区婴儿母乳喂养及辅食添加现状,并探索其影响因素,为加强科学喂养提供依据。 【方法】 通过整群随机抽样方式抽取两社区卫生服务中心,对来两中心进行儿童保健的0~12月婴儿母亲或看护人进行婴儿喂养及其影响因素调查。采用非条件Logistic回归分别分析母乳喂养和辅食添加影响因素。 【结果】 <4月婴儿母乳喂养率为76.56%,纯母乳喂养率占45.63%。4~6月婴儿喂养方式以部分母乳喂养和人工喂养为主,分别为52.8%、42.23%;7月~和10~12月,婴儿喂养方式以人工喂养为主,分别占69.66%、87.00%。辅食添加基本从4月龄开始,米粉/米糕和菜泥/果泥添加率分别在5、6月龄达到最高,分别为84%、84.5%;到7月以后粥/面条、碎菜/水果、蛋类和肉类添加率逐渐增加,到12月时基本能达到90%左右。辅食添加顺序大致为米粉/米糕、菜泥/果泥、碎菜/水果、蛋黄、粥/面条、蛋羹、肉类。 【结论】 该区婴儿母乳喂养情况有待改善,辅食添加情况可观。妇幼保健等相关部门应做好普及科学喂养知识的宣传工作,提高人群母乳喂养意识,从而改善婴儿母乳喂养情况和辅食添加行为。     

婴幼儿家长喂养行为的调查分析

目的了解婴幼儿家长喂养行为,提高家长科学喂养知识水平。方法采用自制问卷在儿保门诊调查了213例1~24月龄婴幼儿家长喂养方式情况;对2013年出生的204例婴儿的保健资料进行回顾性分析,了解6月龄时的喂养方式及贫血情况,采用BC-3200全自动血液细胞分析仪检测血常规。结果 "6个月内应纯母乳喂养"知晓率为96.2%,1~3月龄添加配方奶原因母婴暂时分离占39.1%,4~6月龄混合喂养占76.6%,家长准备母乳喂养持续时间平均为10.1个月,13~24月龄人工喂养占94.8%。204例婴儿中6月龄贫血患病率26.5%。有160例在6月龄前添加含铁辅食,有44例未添加含铁辅食,差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.39,P0.01)。结论基层社区卫生服务中心迫切需要开展"家庭教育指导服务",促进新生儿母亲纯母乳喂养至6个月。在儿保门诊指导母亲正确哺乳,合理添加辅食。     

甘肃省贫困县6～23月龄婴幼儿喂养状况调查

目的了解甘肃省贫困县永靖县和榆中县6～23月龄婴幼儿喂养方式和辅食添加现状。方法采取整群抽样的方法,对6～23月龄的婴幼儿的主要喂养人进行问卷调查,调查婴幼儿的喂养方式以及辅食添加情况。结果共调查两县7个乡镇836名婴幼儿,其中18.2%的婴幼儿在出生1小时之内喂过母乳,母乳喂养率达到84.1%,12～15月龄持续母乳喂养率为29.6%,20～23月龄持续母乳喂养比例为8.7%,6个月内喂养方式:42.7%为基本纯母乳喂养,41.4%为混合喂养,15.9%为人工喂养。68.7%的婴幼儿辅食添加时间不当,其中分别有35.2%、33.5%的婴幼儿辅食开始添加时间过早或不及时,6～月龄婴幼儿辅食添加满足最少辅食添加品种的情况显著低于12～,18～23月龄组,且在6～月龄组中,母乳喂养的婴幼儿的辅食添加满足最低可接受膳食的情况显著低于非母乳喂养婴幼儿。结论甘肃省永靖和榆中两个贫困县6～23月龄婴幼儿的6个月内基本纯母乳喂养率较低,辅食添加时间、种类和次数不当是婴幼儿喂养的主要问题。     

陕西部分农村母亲婴幼儿喂养知信行现况调查

目的:了解农村婴幼儿喂养现状,为进一步干预提供依据。方法:采用定量方法利用自编问卷对陕西泾阳县6个乡的311名儿童母亲进行现况调查;采用定性方法组织12名儿童母亲进行专题小组讨论,了解影响母亲喂养行为的因素。使用中位数、均数、标准差、频数、卡方检验等方法分析定量资料;使用分类归纳法分析定性资料。结果:定量调查显示,88.4%的母亲认为婴儿6个月内纯母乳喂养好,但6个月内纯母乳喂养率为55.3%;44.4%的母亲了解正确添加辅食的时间,但适时添加辅食率为26.1%;分别有92.9%、97.4%、76.2%的母亲认为应该每天给6个月及以上的孩子吃鸡蛋、蔬菜或肉类,但每周给6个月及以上的孩子添加6次及以上鸡蛋的比例为38.9%、蔬菜47.9%;给7个月及以上孩子每周添加1次以上肉类的比例只有21.6%。定性结果表明,没有坚持纯母乳喂养的母亲主要是自认为母乳不足而过早加辅食;过晚添加辅食的母亲主要是认为8个月以下的孩子对乳类以外的食物难以消化;不给孩子添加肉类食物的母亲主要是认为孩子1岁牙长好了才能消化肉类。结论:6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率和适时添加辅食率低于同期其他农村地区水平,辅食种类单调,动物性食物摄入明显不足。建议加强对妇幼保健人员的培训,更新相关知识,提高健康教育技能;开发适合农村家长的科普书报、杂志等健康教育材料。     

湖北省荆门中心城区婴儿喂养情况调查

目的了解湖北荆门中心城区婴儿喂养状况及其影响因素,为制定本地区儿童系统管理及健康教育方案、促进儿童健康提供依据。方法对荆门中心城区190名出生情况正常、愿意坚持母乳喂养的婴儿,自出生开始按月进行生长发育监测、喂养和辅食添加指导及食物频率调查至1岁,并在满周岁时进行喂养情况回顾性调查。结果本地区4个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养率58.42%,6.84%家长选择在孩子3～6个月间断母乳,71.58%的家长选择在孩子7～12个月间断母乳,21.58%的家长能够坚持到孩子1岁后断母乳。婴儿谷类食物添加比例在4～6个月时96.84%,7个月时达100%;婴儿水果、蔬菜添加比例在4～6个月时分别是87.9%、90%,9个月时二者均达到100%;婴儿蛋类、鱼类、肉类、豆制品的添加比例在8个月时分别是100%、99.47%、92.63%、71.58%,1岁时,鱼类、肉类添加比例均达到100%,奶类、豆制品的添加比例分别为95.79%、85.26%。结论社区保健人员通过社区健康干预使婴儿辅食添加时间、种类及顺序等更合理,喂养决策人的婴儿喂养和辅食添加知识水平明显提高,但婴儿喂养方式仍存在很多不合理现象。     

石河子市婴儿母乳喂养持续时间现状及其影响因素

目的了解石河子市婴儿的母乳喂养持续时间及其影响因素。方法队列研究,问卷随机调查石河子市人民医院和妇幼保健院2003年出生的399名婴儿的喂养方式和断奶情况。用Cox回归分析2岁前断奶的因素。结果石河子市母乳喂养持续时间中位数为6个月,25％的四分位数为5个月,75％的四分位数为11个月,断奶高峰在6个月,有21．8％和0．5％的婴儿持续母乳喂养至12个月和24个月。影响母乳喂养持续时间的主要因素是母亲工作。结论石河子母乳喂养持续时间短。     

分娩方式与母乳喂养的相关性

目的:了解石河子市婴幼儿母乳喂养与分娩方式的相关性,分析原因并提出对策,提高母乳喂养率。方法:回顾性调查5所幼儿园321名3~5岁小儿的母亲有关母乳喂养情况。结果:母乳喂养率为91.3%,剖宫产的婴儿母乳喂养率低于自然分娩者。结论:剖宫产影响母乳喂养率。     

An Online Cross-Sectional Survey of Complementary Feeding Practices during the COVID-19 Restrictions in Poland

This cross-sectional online survey performed in Poland aimed to improve understanding of how COVID-19 pandemic restrictions affected complementary feeding practices among parents of infants aged 4 to 12 months. Self-selected parents were recruited through the internet. The anonymous questionnaire was opened during two intervals during COVID-19 restrictions. The primary outcome was an assessment of sources of information and infant feeding practices in the context of COVID-19 restrictions. Data from 6934 responders (92.2% mothers) were analyzed. Most responders received information from multiple sources, with other parents, family members, or friends being the most frequently reported (48.6%), followed by webinars and experts’ recommendations (40.8%). COVID-19 restrictions largely did not impact the method of feeding, changes in feeding patterns, or complementary feeding introduction, although the latter was more likely to be impacted in families with average versus the best financial situations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis also most consistently showed that parents with a tertiary education and living in a city above 500 k were at higher odds of using webinars/experts’ recommendations, internet/apps, and professional expert guides and lower odds of claiming no need to deepen knowledge. This study clarifies major issues associated with complementary feeding practices during the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions in Poland.     

噻托溴铵改善COPD患者急性加重和气流受限的疗效研究

目的评估噻托溴铵在COPD患者急性加重及其气流受限方面的作用。方法以到广州市第一人民医院门诊就诊的COPD患者为对象,符合标准的患者随机分成两组,分别吸入18μg噻托溴铵或安慰剂,每天一次,持续48周。在随机分组时（第1天）、治疗第6、12、24、36、48周,采集患者COPD急性加重、因急性加重入院情况以及伴随用药等详细信息。结果共入选COPD患者173名,噻托溴铵治疗组87名,安慰剂组86名,在研究前一年内,患者的急性加重次数为（2.32±1.36）次,晨间呼气峰流速（PEF）的周均值为（225.7±94.3）L/min,平均第一秒钟用力呼气量（FEV1）为（1.36±0.76）L。噻托溴铵将首次出现急性加重的时间显著延迟了约91天,将急性加重超过一次以上的患者比例减少了17%;与安慰剂组相比,急性加重次数减少了34%,天数减少了36%。从研究的第一周起直至结束,噻托溴铵组晨间PEF周均值也较安慰剂组明显提高。研究结束时可见,噻托溴铵相对于安慰剂组明显提高了患者的FEV1谷值（用药前）、最大肺活量（FVC）和深吸气量（IC）。结论噻托溴铵在研究一年期间减少了COPD患者急性加重次数,改善了气流受限状况。     

剖宫产指征与高危因素分析

目的:了解2004年石河子市孕妇分娩方式、剖析剖宫产指征和高危因素,为指导合理的分娩方式提供依据。方法:对2004年石河子人民医院、石河子大学医学院第一附属医院、石河子妇幼保健院分娩记录共2620例进行分析。结果:①分娩方式中剖宫产率为56.87%,自然分娩占14.20%,会阴直切或侧切占26.22%,裂伤占2.21%,阴道手术产占0.05%。②剖宫产指征居于前4位的是要求手术、胎儿窘迫、臀位、头盆不称,居于前4位的高危因素是胎儿窘迫、妊高征、头盆不称、先兆子痫。③要求剖宫产的产妇中最主要的高危因素是脐带和羊水因素。④不同民族、住址、职业的孕妇选择剖宫产有差别,并与母亲年龄、生产次数和新生儿出生体重有关。结论:2004年石河子孕妇剖宫产率较高,孕妇要求剖宫产是最主要的原因。     

Introduction of complementary foods to infants within the first six months postpartum in Xinjiang, PR China

The aim of this study was to document the introduction rates of complementary foods to infants in the Han, Uygur and other ethnic groups living in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China. A longitudinal study of infant feeding practices was undertaken using a random sample that included all of the ethnic groups in the region. Mothers were randomly recruited and interviewed in hospitals and maternal and child health institutes in the region. A total of 1219 mothers (578 Han, 360 Uygur and 281 from "other minority" groups), who delivered babies during 2003 and 2004, were recruited. After discharge they were contacted at approximately monthly intervals during the first six months of their infant's life to obtain details of feeding practices. The overall introduction rates of water, cow's milk and solid food in Xinjiang were, respectively, 23%, 2% and 6% before discharge and 76%, 39% and 78% at six months. The rates were different between ethnic groups. Uygur mothers were most likely to feed water to their babies, with introduction rates of 57% before discharge and 95% at six months, while the corresponding rates were 6% and 77% for Han and 12% and 52% for other minority groups. Mothers from Uygur and other minorities introduced cow's milk earlier than Han mothers. Uygur mothers also introduce solid foods earlier (10% pre discharge and 91% by six months) when compared to Han (3% pre discharge and 85% by six months) and other minorities (4% pre discharge and 48% by six months). The pattern of introduction of complementary foods in this region does not follow internationally recognized practices, suggesting the need for further education of health professionals and parents.     

苏州城区婴幼儿幽门螺杆菌感染危险因素研究

目的 了解苏州城区婴幼儿幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染危险因素,为婴幼儿Hp感染的预防提供积极有效的措施,降低儿童Hp的感染率。方法 随机抽取441名在苏州市立医院儿童保健科进行健康体检的婴幼儿进行问卷调查,并采用幽门螺杆菌唾液检测试剂(HPS)方法检测口腔Hp感染。通过单因素配对资料χ²检验及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选出危险因素。结果 441名婴幼儿HPS检测阳性者212例(48.1%),其中0月～、6月～、1岁～、2～3岁HPS的阳性率分别为27.6%、56.1%、56.7%、63.5%,感染率呈现随年龄增长而增加的趋势。而辅食添加、年龄、家庭人口数多、儿童的个人卫生如爱啃手指等、照养人的带养方式如喂食前咀嚼或咬断食物等,照养人的个人习惯如饭前不洗手,父母及家庭成员胃病史等为婴幼儿幽门螺杆菌感染的高危因素。结论 婴幼儿的Hp感染主要通过口-口和粪-口途径传播。实行家庭分餐制或应用公筷,注意手卫生(母乳喂养前和准备食物前应洗手),教育小儿从小养成良好的饮食卫生习惯,改善家庭生活水平,对预防感染有重要意义。     

How Parenting and Family Characteristics Predict the Use of Feeding Practices among Parents of Preschoolers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Beijing,China

Parental coercive and structured feeding practices are linked with children’s weight gain. Thus, identifying their predictors will assist in childhood obesity prevention. We explored how parents’ concerns and perceptions of children’s weight, parenting stress, parenting competence, parents’ family roles, and only child status (of both parent and child) predict the use of restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring practices among parents of preschoolers. Parent–child dyads (n = 2990) were recruited in Beijing in 2019. Parenting competence, parents’ weight perceptions and feeding practices were assessed using the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ), respectively. Parenting stress and other variables were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Multivariate linear associations between parents’ weight perceptions and feeding practices were significant among normal-weight children. Parents’ concerns about children being overweight were positively associated with restriction and monitoring, and negatively associated with pressure to eat. Higher levels of parenting stress and parenting competence significantly improved the adoption of restriction and pressure to eat. Parents’ only child status and that of children had an impact on parents’ feeding practices. The fathers’ feeding preferences were substantially different from what mothers preferred. In conclusion, such parenting and family characteristics significantly influenced feeding practices of preschoolers’ parents. These were long neglected in China.     

The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and breastfeeding in a neonatal unit

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative on breastfeeding practices among newborns admitted to a neonatal unit, during hospitalization and during the first six months of life. METHODS: The medical records of all newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of a teaching hospital in 1994 (N=285) and 1998 (N=368) were reviewed, and information on the infants' feeding practices during hospitalization and during the first six months of life was analyzed. The duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding and the differences between the two years were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier technique and the Log-Rank test. Logistic regression and Cox analysis were performed for confounder control. RESULTS: There was an important increase in the percentage of infants given breast milk exclusively (1.9% in 1994 to 41.7% in 1998) during hospitalization, and feeding with formula alone, observed in 17.7% of infants in 1994, was no longer noted in 1998. With respect to breastfeeding practices during the first six months of life, the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding increased from 12 days in 1994 to 45 days in 1998. As to breastfeeding, which includes the ingestion of other types of food, no significant difference was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the initiative in the studied hospital contributed towards an increase in the exclusive breastfeeding of newborn babies during neonatal unit admission and during the first six months of life.