恶性血液疾病患者发生医院感染的影响因素

目的探讨恶性血液疾病患者发生医院感染的影响因素。 方法选取本院血液科2012年1月至2015年5月收治的86例恶性血液疾病患者,根据是否发生医院感染,分为医院感染组和非医院感染组。统计患者的一般临床资料,分析潜在可疑危险因素与恶性血液病患者发生医院感染的关系,筛选发病的相关因素。 结果86例恶性血液病患者中34例发生医院感染,医院感染的发生率为39.53%。医院感染组和非医院感染组在合并糖尿病、预防性使用抗菌药物、使用糖皮质激素、住院时间、营养不良、中性粒细胞计数、中粒细胞缺乏时间、白细胞计数、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白和住院季节方面差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。应用Logistic回归分析显示,合并糖尿病、预防性使用抗菌药物、使用糖皮质激素、住院时间、营养不良、中性粒细胞计数、白细胞计数、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白和住院季节为恶性血液疾病患者发生医院感染的独立影响因素（P均< 0.05）。 结论合并糖尿病、预防性使用抗菌药物、使用糖皮质激素、住院时间、营养不良、中性粒细胞计数、白细胞计数、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白和住院季节为恶性血液疾病患者发生医院感染的独立影响因素。     

重症监护室患者肺部感染危险因素与预防对策研究

目的探讨重症监护室住院患者肺部感染发生相关影响因素,并提出合理的防治对策。方法选取2016年1月至2018年6月重症监护室收治的322例患者作为此次研究对象,分析重症监护室治疗患者发生肺部感染的相关因素。结果 322例患者中肺部感染发生率为22.05%(71/322);经单因素分析发现,ICU入住时间15天、基础疾病、单纯气管切开、气管插管/气管切开机械通气、留置中心静脉导管、雾化吸入、使用抗菌药物2种和抗菌药物使用时间2周为重症监护室患者肺部感染发生危险因素,P0.05。多因素分析发现,气管插管/气管切开机械通气、ICU入住时间15天、使用抗菌药物2种和抗菌药物使用时间2周及单纯气管切开为重症监护室患者发生肺部感染的独立性危险因素,P0.05。结论重症监护室患者发生肺部感染影响因素较多,因此可针对高危因素采取合理的防控措施以降低肺部感染发生率,促进其康复。     

传染病患者医院感染监测分析

目的 了解传染病住院患者的医院感染特点及相关因素,以采取相应预防控制措施.方法 采用北京市医院感染管理监测系统软件对所有传染病住院患者实时监测医院感染相关资料,并对2006年7月至2007年6月共12个月期间发生的医院感染病例资料进行汇总统计分析.结果 在传染病住院患者中,医院感染的人次感染率3.54%.其中,肝病科医院感染率5.7%,感染病科医院感染率1.49%,外科医院感染率3.6%,妇产科医院感染率为0.2%.重症肝炎的医院感染率最高,人次感染率为21.7%. 肝炎肝硬化患者中发生医院感染的病例数多达为107例,占医院感染病例的51.7%.主要医院感染诊断为腹腔感染,其次为肺炎.肝硬化及免疫力低下是医院感染相关的主要危险因素.真菌及多重耐药的肠杆菌是医院感染的主要病原体.结论 传染病医院的医院感染工作管理重点除了防控传染病院内交叉感染外,也应注重预防重症肝炎和肝硬化患者发生真菌和多重耐药菌的感染.     

成人医疗保健相关性复杂性腹腔感染的危险因素分析

背景与目的:复杂性腹腔感染(cIAI)是外科术后并发的第二大最常见的感染,虽然目前诊疗水平在不断提高,但是cIAI的病死率仍高,住院期间并发cIAI,不仅危及患者的生命,并且对患者的长期预后产生不利影响。本研究探讨医疗保健相关性cIAI(HA-cIAI)的危险因素,为临床诊疗活动中采取适当的干预措施提供依据,以期降低HA-cIAI的发生率。方法:回顾性分析2011年11月—2016年7月在中南大学湘雅医院住院期间留取腹腔积液标本行快速细菌需氧培养阳性并临床诊断为cIAI的359例成人患者的临床资料,其中社区获得性cIAI患者143例(CA-cIAI组),HA-cIAI 216例(HA-cIAI组)。比较两组患者的一般资料、治疗情况及实验室指标,对HA-cIAI进行相关危险因素分析。结果:与CA-cIAI组比较,HA-cIAI组≥60岁的患者比例增高、平均住院时间延长、腹部恶性肿瘤及住院期间行腹部手术患者比例增加、血红蛋白与降钙素原水平降低,而谷丙转氨酶水平升高(均P0.05);两组住院期间行腹部手术的患者中,HA-cIAI组手术持续时间≥3 h、术中出血量≥200 mL、留置腹腔引流管时间≥10 d、留置导尿管及留置时间≥7 d和术前使用抗菌药物患者的比例均明显高于CA-cIAI组(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,住院时间≥15 d(OR=6.946,95% CI=3.786～12.743,P0.05)及腹部恶性肿瘤(OR=2.880,95% CI=1.538～5.390,P0.05)是HA-cIAI的独立危险因素。结论:中老年、腹部恶性肿瘤、住院时间长及手术持续时间长、术中出血量大、留置腹腔引流管时间长、留置导尿管及留置时间长和术前使用抗菌药物,特别是住院时间≥15 d及腹部恶性肿瘤为HA-cIAI的危险因素,对于有以上因素的患者,需根据情况采取有效的预防措施,以防HA-cIAI的发生。     

重症肝炎行原位肝移植术及肝肾联合移植术的疗效比较

目的 总结重症肝炎患者行原位肝移植或肝肾联合移植的结果,探讨肝肾联合移植的手术适应证.方法 分析52例重症肝炎患者单纯行原位肝移植(orthotopic liver transplantation,OLT)和肝肾联合移植(combined liver-kidney transplantation,CLKT)两组患者死亡率、术后肾功能不全的发生率、ICU天数、住院天数等.结果 CLKT组患者术前肾功能明显差于OLT组,术后发生严重感染的患者明显多于OLT组.但OLT组中28例(70％)患者术后早期发生肾功能不良,其中11例需血液透析;而CLKT组患者中需血液透析仅2例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).CLKT组患者在围手术期2例(16.7％)死亡.OLT组围手术期死亡16例(40％),其中死于急性肾衰9例,两组死亡率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 重症肝炎患者若术前肾功能较差,术后易并发严重感染,肝移植后急性肾衰的发病率和死亡率较高,可考虑行CLKT术.     

呼吸内科院内感染患者耐药菌的感染原因及治疗分析

目的：对呼吸内科院内感染患者耐药菌感染原因进行分析,探讨有效治疗和干预措施。方法选取我院呼吸内科近2年来57例多重耐药菌感染患者作为观察组,同期收治的57例未出现多重耐药菌感染患者为参考组,分析观察组耐药菌感染原因,给予针对性治疗措施。结果两组年龄、住院时间、侵入性治疗、抗生素调换次数、抗生素连续使用时间、激素的不合理使用、合并慢疾病等因素观察结果比较差异均极显著或显著（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。结论年龄、住院时间、侵入性治疗、合并慢性疾病以及抗生素和激素的不合理使用等是导致呼吸内科患者院内耐药菌感染的危险因素,因此在患者住院期间要针对危险因素给予相应治疗和干预,合理使用抗生素,预防耐药菌感染的发生。     

重症肌无力患者医院感染的回顾性分析

目的:探讨医院感染对重症肌无力(MG)患者的影响和患者发生医院感染的相关因素。方法:对270例 MG 住院患者医院感染的资料进行回顾性统计分析。结果:医院感染可使部分 MG 患者的病情加重。与MG 患者医院感染相关的危险因素包括病型、住院时间和侵袭性操作等。结论:提示医院感染是 MG 患者病情加重的重要因素,尤其是对病型严重的患者。尽可能减少住院时间和侵袭性操作有助于降低医院感染的机率。     

骨科住院患者肺部感染的影响因素

目的探讨骨科住院患者肺部感染的相关危险因素。方法收集2010年1月至2014年12月于本院骨科住院并发生肺部感染的82例患者作为实验组,同时收集未发生肺部感染的82例患者作为对照组。然后采用单因素与多因素Logistics统计分析方法来寻找骨科住院患者肺部感染的相关危险因素。结果本研究中骨科住院患者肺部感染的发病率为4.1%;骨科住院并发肺部感染与患者年龄、低体质量指数、低蛋白血症、入侵性操作、机械通气、入住重症加强护理病房(ICU)、下床时间、住院时间、吸烟史、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)及糖尿病史密切相关(P均0.05);患者年龄(OR=0.369、95%CI:0.118~0.514、P=0.024)、COPD(OR=0.541、95%CI:0.232~0.841、P=0.008)、吸烟(OR=0.211、95%CI:0.121~0.812、P=0.031)、糖尿病(OR=0.442、95%CI:0.041~0.758、P=0.016)及住院的时间(OR=0.328、95%CI:0.178~0.651、P=0.029)均为骨科住院患者发生肺部感染的独立危险因素。结论年龄、慢性肺部疾病、吸烟、糖尿病及住院的时间是骨科住院患者发生肺部感染的独立危险因素。     

基于Logistic回归分析的风险评估对医院感染的预防作用

目的探讨基于Logistic回归分析的风险评估对医院感染的预防作用。 方法回顾性分析本院2008年1月至2014年12月武汉科技大学附属孝感市中心医院1 626例住院患者的临床资料,根据患者住院期间是否发生医院感染分为感染组（520例）和对照组（1 106例）。通过Logistic回归分析确定医院感染危险因素并形成风险评估量表,对2015年1月至2016年2月收治的352例住院患者进行医院感染风险评估。 结果住院时间> 15 d、使用三联抗菌药物、使用呼吸机、留置导尿管、全身麻醉、合并肝病、合并血液性疾病、合并糖尿病、激素治疗、放疗或化疗、手术时间> 3 h以及侵入性操作均为医院感染的独立危险因素（P均< 0.05）。建立风险评估量表后医院感染发生率为25.00%,低于评估量表建立前的31.98%（χ² = 6.622,P < 0.05）。 结论基于Logistic回归分析的风险评估模型可有效评估患者感染风险,为医院感染的预防提供依据,并可有效降低医院感染风险。     

脑血管疾病患者医院感染的影响因素分析

目的探讨脑血管疾病患者发生医院感染的影响因素,寻找预防控制医院感染的措施.方法对1712例住院脑血管疾病患者发生医院感染情况进行回顾性调查分析.结果医院感染154例(162例次).感染率9.0%.感染部位以下呼吸道为最常见,占58.6%,其次分别为泌尿道、胃肠道、上呼吸道.急性期、实施侵入性操作、住院时间长、冬春季发病及老年患者等医院感染率显著升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论脑血管科为医院感染的高危科室,应针对医院感染的高危因素.进行综合管理,重点监控,采取预防措施,提高医护质量,降低医院感染的发病率.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.