Enhanced killing of human small cell lung cancer by hyperthermia and indium-111-bleomycin complex.

Indium-111-bleomycin complex (111In-BLMC) is a radiopharmaceutical agent that produces tumor regression in mouse glioma in vivo and kills human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells in vitro. The interaction between hyperthermia and 111In-BLMC against human SCLC (N417) cells was studied for bleomycin (BLM) (15 micrograms/ml) or 111In-BLMC (40-50 microCi carried by 15 micrograms BLM/ml) for 5 min or 1.5, 2, or 4 hr at 37 degrees C or 43 degrees C exposures. Cell survival was determined by colony formation in soft agarose. There was a synergistic effect for 111In-BLMC and hyperthermia for cell killing. At 37 degrees C, the percent survival of N417 cells for BLM alone was 25.9%, and for 111In-BLMC it was 13.2%; at 43 degrees C, survival was 5.3% for BLM alone and 1.2% for 111In-BLMC by a 4 hr treatment. Effectiveness was greater when 111In-BLMC was combined with hyperthermia.     

Distribution of 111In-bleomycin complex in small cell lung cancer cells by autoradiography.

The distribution of 111In-bleomycin Complex (111In-BLMC) in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells was studied by autoradiography. SCLC cells were exposed to 111In-BLMC and 111Indium chloride (111InCl3) for 1 hour, 3 hours, and 4 hours; washed with fresh medium; and spread on slides. The slides were smeared with NTB2 (NTB3) emulsion by wet or dry-mount technique and exposed 3 to 15 days. 111In-BLMC was found to localize in the cell nucleus and nuclear membrane (78.3%); 111InCl3 located mainly in the cytoplasm (52.3%). This distribution of labeled BLM may explain the mechanism of killing SCLC cells by 111In-BLMC.     

Chromosome aberrations of human small cell lung cancer induced by a new 111In-bleomycin complex.

A new 111Indium labeled bleomycin complex (111In-BLMC) was prepared and found to be effective for tumor imaging and therapy both in mouse glioma and human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Chromosome aberrations were studied in human SCLC cells to explore its mechanisms of killing cancer cells. SCLC cells (N417) were exposed to 111In-BLMC, BLM, or 111InCl3 (for control) for 1 hour, treated with colcemid, and chromosomal changes were analyzed. A dramatic increase in chromatic gaps, breaks, chromosome breaks, double minutes, rings, triradii, quadriradii, and chromosome stickiness were observed in the cells treated by 111In-BLMC compared to BLM or 111InCl3. These results indicated that 111In-BLMC has therapeutic potential for combination chemo-radiotherapy of cancer (e.g., by Auger electrons and local energy deposition).     

FAM111B enhances proliferation of KRAS‐driven lung adenocarcinoma by degrading p16

Lung cancer is a common type of cancer that represents a health problem worldwide; lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a major subtype of lung cancer. Although several treatments for LUAD have been developed, the mortality rate remains high because of uncontrollable progression. Further biological and clinicopathological studies are therefore needed. Here, we investigated the role of family with sequence similarity 111 member B (FAM111B), which is highly expressed in papillary‐predominant LUAD; however, its role in cancer is unclear. An immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that papillary‐predominant adenocarcinomas exhibited higher expression of FAM111B, compared with lepidic‐predominant adenocarcinomas. Additionally, FAM111B expression was significantly correlated with clinical progression. In vitro functional analyses using FAM111B‐knockout cells demonstrated that FAM111B plays an important role in proliferation and cell cycle progression of KRAS‐driven LUAD under serum‐starvation conditions. Furthermore, FAM111B regulated cyclin D1‐CDK4‐dependent cell cycle progression by degradation of p16. In summary, we revealed the clinical importance of FAM111B in human tumor tissues, as well as its function as a degradative enzyme. Therefore, FAM111B has potential as a clinicopathological prognostic marker for LUAD.     

微小RNA-202对A549细胞增殖和周期的作用及机制

目的：探讨miRNA-202对肺癌细胞A549的调控作用和可能机制。方法：应用DIANA TOOLs及KEGG数据库对miR-202进行生物信息学分析,探讨其可能参与的信号通路和潜在靶基因。通过慢病毒转染,分别上调和下调A549细胞中miR-202的表达,应用MTT法和流式细胞技术检测miR-202对细胞增殖、周期和凋亡的影响。应用qPCR和Western blot技术分别检测miR-202对其预测靶基因PIK3R3的mRNA和蛋白表达水平的调控作用。结果：生物信息学分析显示,miR-202参与的信号通路可能通过对PIK3CA的靶向调控发挥作用。功能研究表明,与阴性对照组相比,上调miR-202表达可抑制A549细胞增殖（P < 0.05）,引起细胞周期G1/S期阻滞（P < 0.05）,对细胞凋亡无明显影响（P > 0.05）。靶基因研究结果显示,与阴性对照组相比,上调miR-202表达可引起PIK3CA蛋白表达量下降（P < 0.05）,但其mRNA的表达无显著改变（P > 0.05）。结论：miR-202可能通过对PIK3CA的负向调控影响A549细胞的增殖和周期,本研究为深入了解miRNA在肺癌中的作用与机制提供了新的线索。     

负载肺癌干细胞膜微粒的 DC －CIK 对耐药肺癌细胞的靶向杀伤作用及对肺癌干细胞凋亡的影响

目的：探讨负载肺癌干细胞膜微粒的 DC －CIK 细胞对 EGFR －TKI 耐药肺癌细胞的杀伤作用及对肺癌干细胞凋亡的影响机制。方法：无血清悬浮细胞培养法富集 EGFR －TKI 耐药肺癌细胞 A549、H292干细胞样细胞,RT －PCR 检测干细胞标志物,裸鼠成瘤实验鉴定致瘤性。超滤和差速离心法获取肺癌干细胞膜微粒。流式细胞术分别测定共孵育组和常规培养组 DC 成熟标志 CD86和 CD83,测定两组 DC －CIK 细胞表型CD3＋、CD3＋CD8＋、CD3＋CD56＋、CD3＋CD4＋;形态观察及 MTT 法分别测定不同效靶比两组 DC －CIK 对A549、H292的杀伤效应;ELISA 法分别检测两组 DC －CIK 上清中 IL －2、IFN －γ、TNF －α分泌水平;流式细胞术分别测定两组 DC －CIK 对肺癌干细胞凋亡的影响。结果：富集培养获得的 EGFR －TKI 耐药肺癌干细胞样细胞高表达干细胞标志物 Sox2和 Oct4,并具较强裸鼠致瘤性。负载膜微粒的 DC 成熟标志 CD86和 CD83较常规 DC 表达显著升高;负载膜微粒的 DC －CIK 较常规 DC －CIK 细胞表型 CD3＋、CD3＋CD8＋、CD3＋CD56＋、CD3＋CD4＋升高,对 EGFR －TKI 耐药肺癌细胞杀伤效应高于常规 DC －CIK,并具有显著提高的靶向趋向性;负载膜微粒的 DC －CIK 分泌因子对 EGFR －TKI 耐药肺癌干细胞样细胞凋亡的影响与常规 DC －CIK 不同。结论：与常规培养 DC －CIK 相比,负载膜微粒的 DC －CIK 活性提高,对 EGFR －TKI 耐药肺癌细胞的体外特异靶向杀伤效应显著提高。细胞分泌因子可显著上调耐药肺癌干细胞的细胞凋亡率。     

MiR-195 suppresses non-small cell lung cancer by targeting CHEK1

MiR-195 suppresses tumor growth and is associated with better survival outcomes in several malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our previous study showed high miR-195 plasma levels associated with favorable overall survival of non-smoking women with lung adenocarcinoma. To further elucidate role of miR-195 in NSCLC, we conducted in vitro experiment as well as clinical studies in a cohort of 299 NSCLC samples. We demonstrated that miR-195 expression was lower in tumor tissues and was associated with poor survival outcome. Overexpression of miR-195 suppressed tumor cell growth, migration and invasion. We discovered that CHEK1 was a direct target of miR-195, which decreased CHEK1 expression in lung cancer cells. High expression of CHEK1 in lung tumors was associated with poor overall survival. Our results suggest that miR-195 suppresses NSCLC and predicts lung cancer prognosis.     

榄香烯联合紫杉醇诱导肺癌细胞凋亡和调控细胞周期的体外研究

目的：观察榄香烯和紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞的诱导凋亡和周期调控作用。方法：榄香烯和紫杉醇单独及联合作用于肺癌A549细胞,MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡及细胞周期,免疫印迹法检测蛋白的表达。结果：榄香烯（20μg/ml、80μg/ml）和紫杉醇（2μg/ml）两种药物联合作用A549细胞时,产生协同的增殖抑制作用。榄香烯只诱导A549细胞少量凋亡,紫杉醇使细胞阻滞在G2/M期。榄香烯和紫杉醇联合应用时,细胞凋亡率提高,并检测到PARP的裂解。榄香烯没明显改变survivin的表达,紫杉醇能上调survivin表达。低浓度榄香烯和紫杉醇联合后survivin仍高表达,而高浓度榄香烯和紫杉醇联合后,sur-vivin表达明显下调。结论：榄香烯和紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞有诱导凋亡和调控细胞周期的作用。     

肺癌患者外周血循环中癌细胞的流式细胞仪分析

目的：用流式细仪分析肺癌患者外周血循环中的癌细胞,方法：外周血经Ficoll梯度离心分离单核细胞组分,后者用CD45、细胞角蛋白（CK）及肺癌特异性抗体（2F／S5A）染色后,应用流式细胞仪检测CD45^-CK^ /S5A^ 细胞。结果检测了165例肺癌患者外周血,发现50例（30．3％）患者外周血癌细胞呈阳性。其中非小细胞肺癌阳性率为30．67％（45／150）,小细胞肺癌为33．33％,阳性率为与患者的病理分期有显著相关性（P＜0．05）。结论：利用流式细胞仪分析检测癌患者外周血循环中的癌细胞不驻有助于临床病理分期,而且对预测肺癌转移潜能具有应用价值。     

Malten, a new synthetic molecule showing in vitro antiproliferative activity against tumour cells and induction of complex DNA structural alterations

Background:

Hydroxypyrones represent several classes of molecules known for their high synthetic versatility. This family of molecules shows several interesting pharmaceutical activities and is considered as a promising source of new antineoplastic compounds.

Methods:

In the quest to identify new potential anticancer agents, a new maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone)-derived molecule, named malten (N,N′-bis((3-hydroxy-4-pyron-2-yl)methyl)-N,N′-dimethylethylendiamine), has been synthesised and analysed at both biological and molecular levels for its antiproliferative activity in eight tumour cell lines.

Results:

Malten exposure led to a dose-dependent reduction in cell survival in all the neoplastic models studied. Sublethal concentrations of malten induce profound cell cycle changes, particularly affecting the S and/or G2-M phases, whereas exposure to lethal doses causes the induction of programmed cell death. The molecular response to malten was also investigated in JURKAT and U937 cells. It showed the modulation of genes having key roles in cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Finally, as part of the effort to clarify the action mechanism, we showed that malten is able to impair DNA electrophoretic mobility and drastically reduce both PCR amplificability and fragmentation susceptibility of DNA.

Conclusion:

Taken together, these results show that malten may exert its antiproliferative activity through the induction of complex DNA structural modifications. This evidence, together with the high synthetic versatility of maltol-derived compounds, makes malten an interesting molecular scaffold for the future design of new potential anticancer agents.     

Naftopidil, a selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, inhibits growth of human prostate cancer cells by G1 cell cycle arrest

Alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonists are generally prescribed for benign prostate hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms. Naftopidil, a selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, is frequently used in Japan because it has fewer side effects. Here we demonstrate for the first time that naftopidil has growth inhibitory effect in androgen-sensitive and -insensitive human prostate cancer cell lines. The concentrations causing 50% inhibition (IC50) of cancer cell growth were 22.2 +/- 4.0 microM in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells and 33.2 +/- 1.1 microM in androgen-insensitive PC-3 cells. FACS analysis revealed that cell growth inhibition by naftopidil was due to the arrest of the G1 cell cycle. Expressions of p27(kip1) and p21(cip1) were significantly increased in LNCaP cells treated with naftopidil. In PC-3 cells, naftopidil induced p21(cip1) but not p27(kip1). In vivo, oral administration of naftopidil to nude mice inhibited the growth of PC-3 tumors as compared to vehicle-treated controls. These results suggest that naftopidil may be useful in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer and the intervention of hormone refractory prostate cancer.     

榄香烯联合紫杉醇诱导肺癌细胞凋亡和调控细胞周期的体外研究

目的:观察榄香烯和紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞的诱导凋亡和周期调控作用。方法:榄香烯和紫杉醇单独及联合作用于肺癌A549细胞,MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡及细胞周期,免疫印迹法检测蛋白的表达。结果:榄香烯(20μg/ml、80μg/ml)和紫杉醇(2μg/ml)两种药物联合作用A549细胞时,产生协同的增殖抑制作用。榄香烯只诱导A549细胞少量凋亡,紫杉醇使细胞阻滞在G2/M期。榄香烯和紫杉醇联合应用时,细胞凋亡率提高,并检测到PARP的裂解。榄香烯没明显改变survivin的表达,紫杉醇能上调survivin表达。低浓度榄香烯和紫杉醇联合后survivin仍高表达,而高浓度榄香烯和紫杉醇联合后,sur-vivin表达明显下调。结论:榄香烯和紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞有诱导凋亡和调控细胞周期的作用。     

丙戊酸对耐药细胞株A549/DDP增殖和凋亡作用的实验研究

目的:探讨丙戊酸(valproic acid,VPA)抑制肺癌耐药细胞株A549/DDP增殖和凋亡的作用.方法:0-4mmol/L丙戊酸作用于A549/DDP细胞48h,观察细胞数量和形态的变化,MTT法分析细胞生长抑制,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期动力学变化,细胞免疫组化测定Caspase-3.结果:VPA干预后细胞数量明显减少,形态不规则,细胞核固缩,胞质减少;与对照组比较,VPA可造成A549/DDP细胞生长抑制,且随着VPA浓度的增加,抑制率增加;G1期比例明显升高,S期明显降低;与对照组比较,各实验组细胞胞质中Caspase-3表达明显增加,Caspase-3表达与VPA的浓度成正相关.结论:VPA可明显抑制A549/DDP的生长,诱导凋亡和G1期阻滞作用,在肺癌耐药方面具有重要理论价值和实践意义.     

EHMT1 knockdown induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lung cancer cells by increasing CDKN1A expression

Dozens of histone methyltransferases have been identified and biochemically characterized, but the pathological roles of their dysfunction in human diseases such as cancer remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of EHMT1, a histone lysine methyltransferase, in lung cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the expression levels of EHMT1 are significantly elevated in human lung carcinomas compared with non‐neoplastic lung tissues. Through gene ontology analysis of RNA‐seq results, we showed that EHMT1 is clearly associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle process. Moreover, FACS analysis and cell growth assays showed that knockdown of EHMT1 induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest via upregulation of CDKN1A in A549 and H1299 cell lines. Finally, in 3D spheroid culture, compared to control cells, EHMT1 knockdown cells exhibited reduced aggregation of 3D spheroids and clear upregulation of CDKN1A and downregulation of E‐cadherin. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that EHMT1 plays a critical role in the regulation of cancer cell apoptosis and the cell cycle by modulating CDKN1A expression. Further functional analyses of EHMT1 in the context of human tumorigenesis may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer.     

丙戊酸对耐药细胞株A549／DDP增殖和凋亡作用的实验研究

目的：探讨丙戊酸（valproicacid,VPA）抑制肺癌耐药细胞株A549／DDP增殖和凋亡的作用。方法：0—4mmol／L丙戊酸作用于A549／DDP细胞48h,观察细胞数量和形态的变化,MTT法分析细胞生长抑制,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期动力学变化,细胞免疫组化测定Caspase-3。结果：VPA干预后细胞数量明显减少,形态不规则,细胞核固缩,胞质减少;与对照组比较,VPA可造成A549／DDP细胞生长抑制,且随着VPA浓度的增加,抑制率增加;G1期比例明显升高,S期明显降低;与对照组比较,各实验组细胞胞质中Caspase-3表达明显增加,Caspase-3表达与VPA的浓度成正相关。结论：VPA可明显抑制A549／DDP的生长,诱导凋亡和G1期阻滞作用,在肺癌耐药方面具有重要理论价值和实践意义。     

Stellettin B对非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

目的 探讨Stellettin B 对非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及可能的作用机制。方法采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）比色法检测不同浓度（01、1、10、100μmol／L）Stellettin B处理A549细胞和NCI-H1299细胞24、48、72和92h的增殖抑制率;采用Hoechst染色检测处理A549细胞24、48h后的凋亡指数;流式细胞术Annexin-FITC／PI双染法和PI染色法分别检测处理A549细胞48h后的凋亡率和细胞周期分布情况;采用Western blotting检测处理48h后A549细胞周期相关蛋白（Cyclin A、CDK2及p21CIP1）的表达水平。结果 不同浓度Stellettin B可显著增强对A549细胞的增殖抑制作用,且呈剂量和时间依赖性（P＜0.05）。不同浓度Stellettin B处理24、48h后,A549细胞的凋亡指数、凋亡率均升高且呈剂量依赖性（P＜0.05）。随着Stellettin B浓度的增加,G0／G1期细胞比例及p21CIP1蛋白的表达水平逐渐升高,S和G2／M期细胞比例及Cyclin A和CDK2蛋白的表达水平逐渐降低,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 Stellettin B 可抑制A549细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡及细胞周期阻滞,可能与其对细胞周期相关蛋白表达的调控有关。     

Downregulation and growth inhibitory role of FHL1 in lung cancer

Four and a half Lin-11, Isl-1, Mac-3 (LIM) protein 1 (FHL1) has been linked to carcinogenesis. However, the role of FHL1 in lung cancer remains unclear and the detailed mechanism underlying its tumor suppressive role is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine FHL1 expression in lung cancer patients and to investigate how it was associated with lung cancer cell growth. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry showed that FHL1 protein was downregulated in over 90% of 80 lung cancer patients. FHL1 expression was strongly correlated with tumor histological types (p < 10(-4) ) and the differentiation of the tumor (p = 0.002). FHL1 inhibited anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of human lung cancer cell lines. The inhibitory effects of FHL1 on lung cancer cell growth were associated with both the G1 and the G2/M cell cycle arrest concomitant with a marked inhibition of cyclin A, cyclin B1 and cyclin D as well as the induction of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 (WAF1/CIP1) and p27 (Kip1). Direct intratumoral injection of an adenovirus expressing FHL1 dramatically suppressed the growth of A549 lung cancer cells in nude mice. Our data suggest that reduced expression of FHL1 may play an important role in the development and progression of lung cancer and that FHL1 may be a useful target for lung cancer gene therapy.     

Ectopic expression of herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase gene in human non-small cell lung cancer cells conferred caspase-activated apoptosis sensitized by ganciclovir

Human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells were transfected with recombinant prodrug herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) cDNA, and the selected clones underwent apoptosis in response to induction by antiviral ganciclovir (GCV). The efficiency of GCV-induced growth inhibition and the extent of the bystander effect were associated with the expression level of HSV-TK in stable transfectants. Development in the HSV-tk/GCV system toward cell death was initiated with cell-cycle accumulation at S and G(2)/M phases, immediately followed by the appearance of sub-G(0)/G(1) cells after drug exposure. To investigate the regulation of cell-cycle modulators during drug treatment, we analyzed release of the apoptosis initiator cytochrome c and activation of the downstream effectors caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 16 hr after GCV sensitization, followed by transient escalation of tumor-suppressor p53 and cell-cycle modulators cyclin A and B(1) before committing to programmed cell death. Furthermore, tumor regression was proportional to the degree of ectopic expression of the transferred HSV-tk gene. Our results demonstrate that the HSV-tk/GCV system effectively inhibits the proliferation of NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo through potent induction of apoptosis, thus providing a rationale for further development.     

Overexpression of 14-3-3gamma causes polyploidization in H322 lung cancer cells

The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved proteins that participate in a wide variety of cellular processes. Mounting evidence suggests that 14-3-3 proteins have a role in human cancers, however their role in tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we report that over-expression of 14-3-3 gamma protein in human lung cancer cell line H322 results in abnormal DNA replication and polyploidization. Cells that overexpress 14-3-3 gamma are resistant to microtubule inhibitors and can reenter the cell cycle in the absence of mitosis suggesting that elevated levels of 14-3-3 gamma may enable cells to bypass the mitotic checkpoint. Taken together, our data indicate that 14-3-3gamma may contribute to tumorigenesis by promoting genomic instability.