The Effectiveness of a Physical Activity Educational Campaign in a Rural Obstetrics and Gynecology Office

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an early intervention health education campaign to positively influence physical activity (PA) knowledge, intention, and performance among prenatal women and women of reproductive age. Methods This study employed a quantitative, quasi-experimental, control-group comparison design with nonprobability sampling methodology. Implemented in rural healthcare settings located in the Southeastern portion of the United States, participants included prenatal patients and patients of reproductive age (n = 325) from two separate obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) offices. While the intervention group was solicited from an OB/GYN office where the information-based health education campaign was implemented, the comparison group was solicited from a comparable OB/GYN office that did not implement the health education campaign. Results The women exposed to the PA health education campaign were significantly more likely to report that PA information was provided at their physician’s office, scored higher on PA knowledge, and were more likely to meet the guidelines for vigorous PA and strength training (p < 0.05). Conclusions Physical activity educational campaigns are a cost effective intervention that can be implemented in healthcare settings to promote maternal and child health.     

福建省政和县农村居民及中学生结核病防治知识知晓率调查

目的了解福建省南平市政和县农村居民及中学生结核病防治知识知晓率,为开展健康教育和防治结核病工作提供依据。方法对该县平原区与高山区农村居民进行入户面对面询问式问卷调查,对抽样选中的平原区与高山区乡镇中学初三学生进行面对面询问式问卷调查。结果农村居民共调查584人,结核病防治知识总知晓率为55.8%,其中平原区农村居民为60.2%,高山区农村居民为51.8%,初三学生知晓率为72.5%,学生高于农村居民,平原区高于高山区。结论农村居民单项知识知晓率间差距较大,应采取适合该县的健康教育方式,力争在短时间内使农村居民结核病防治知识知晓率达80%的目标。     

Impact of a Rural Domestic Violence Prevention Campaign

Domestic violence is a prevalent health problem that in rural areas is further complicated by limited services, social isolation and the lack of privacy. Little is known about the impact of public health education on awareness, attitudes and behavior of the general public regarding domestic violence. This study sought to measure change in societal attitudes and behavioral intention in response to a seven-month public health education campaign targeting domestic violence in a rural county. From October 1998 to April 1999, the campaign used radio advertisements, posters, mailings to libraries and clergy, printed media articles, printed advertisements and health facility modifications. A random-digit-dialing telephone survey was used to evaluate attitudinal and behavioral changes in the intervention and comparison counties before and after the campaign. The response rates for the pre- (n =378) and postcampaign (n=633) surveys were 73 percent and 65 percent, respectively. Statistically significant increases in slogan and advertising recognition occurred in the intervention county (P=0.03), particularly among men recalling the campaign slogan (P=0.006). In a vignette regarding actions to be taken if the neighbor next door was abusing a partner, significant increases occurred in the intervention county in the percentage of respondents who thought that most people would talk to the victim (P=0.04), consult with friends (P=0.002) or talk to a doctor (P=0.004). Domestic violence agency hotline calls in the intervention county doubled following the campaign. Local public health education campaigns in a rural setting may be a valuable adjunct to national efforts, especially in reaching men.     

Barriers to Clinical Trial Participation: A Comparison of Rural and Urban Communities in South Carolina

Analyzing data from a telephone survey of rural and urban residents in South Carolina, this study attempts to understand how to better promote clinical trials (CTs) in rural areas. To explore why participation is lower among the rural population, we examine two groups of potential barriers: structural and procedural barriers (limited accessibility, lack of awareness, lack of health insurance) and cognitive and psychological barriers (lack of knowledge, misperceptions, distrust, fear). We then make a series of comparisons between rural and urban residents to see whether rural residents are significantly different from urban residents in terms of structural/procedural and cognitive/psychological barriers they are facing. Findings indicate that there are no significant differences between rural and urban residents in their willingness to participate in a CT. However, rural residents were more likely to perceive limited access to CT sites and lack of awareness of available trials. Rural residents also indicated greater lack of knowledge about CTs. Finally, we found that distrust and fear were important barriers in shaping one’s willingness to participate in a CT. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail.     

湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州艾滋病知晓率调查

目的了解湘西土家族苗族自治州城乡居民艾滋病基本知识熟悉情况,为湘西少数民族地区艾滋病防治知识的健康教育模式与方法探索的制定提供数据支持。方法采用《大众人群艾滋病基本知识知晓率专题调查方案》并结合实际情况,增加艾滋病知识获取途径、艾滋病三大传播途径与＂四免一关怀＂政策等三个问题,对湘西自治州8县市城乡居民艾滋病基本知识知晓率状况进行调查。结果湘西地区8县市城乡居民艾滋病基本知识知晓率（75.0%,49.7%）、艾滋病三大传播途径熟悉率（62.9%,48.6%）、＂四免一关怀＂政策了解率（44.0%,36.5%）。结论湘西土家族苗族自治州城乡居民艾滋病基本知识知晓率结果与国内不同地区开展的城乡居民艾滋病基本知识知晓率的调查结果基本一致,即城市居民的艾滋病知晓率高于农村居民的结果。但不足之处是,湘西土家族苗族自治州的城乡居民的艾滋病基本知识知晓率均低于全国与湖南省平均水平,差异有统计学意义。     

安徽省农村居民健康教育现状与需求调查分析

目的了解安徽省农村居民健康教育的需求与现状,为制定农村健康教育工作规划提供依据。方法采取多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,抽取15岁～64岁的村民2400名;使用国家统一编制的问卷进行入户询问调查。结果农村居民总的健康知识知晓率为39.0%,健康行为形成率为45.8%;高血压防治等方面的特定知识和行为水平较低,他们最希望获得的卫生知识依次为营养与饮食、传染病防治和慢性病防治;使用较多的传播媒介依次为电视、医生、报纸和广播。结论农村居民的卫生知识水平和自我保健能力有所提高,但总体水平仍比较低,安徽省农村健康教育工作有待加强。     

Urban/Rural Differences in Decision Making and the Use of Advance Directives Among Nursing Home Residents at Admission

CONTEXT: Advance directives promote patient autonomy and encourage greater awareness of final care options while reducing physician and family uncertainty regarding patient preferences. PURPOSE: To investigate differences in decision making authority and the use of advance directives among nursing home residents admitted from urban and rural areas. METHODS: A total of 551,208 admission assessments in the Minimum Data Set were analyzed for all residents admitted to a nursing facility in 2001. Using the Rural Urban Commuting Areas (RUCA) methodology and ZIP code of primary residence before admission, these residents were classified into 4 urban/rural areas. FINDINGS: Residents from rural areas were significantly more likely to have executed a durable power of attorney for health care or for financial decisions than residents admitted from the other areas, with the largest differences observed between residents admitted from urban and rural areas. Almost 6 residents in 10 from urban areas had no advance directives in place at admission compared with only 4 residents in 10 admitted from rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Health providers and social workers in both rural and urban areas should advise patients about the value of advance directives.     

汕头市蚊媒传染病健康教育干预研究

目的评价在汕头市社区居民中开展的登革热、流行性乙型脑炎、疟疾等蚊媒传染病健康教育干预效果。方法用自行设计的调查表，人户对712名城市居民、农村居民进行现场调查。结果调查对象相关知识总知晓率为78．72％，城市居民与农村居民知晓率有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；城乡居民相关态度及行为形成情况在干预前后均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论汕头市蚊媒传染病健康教育干预取得明显效果，但农村仍是薄弱环节。     

Mental health literacy as a function of remoteness of residence: an Australian national study

Background

Although there have been many population studies of mental health literacy, little is known about the mental health literacy of people who reside in rural areas. This study sought to determine the impact of remoteness on public knowledge of depression and schizophrenia.

Methods

The mental health literacy of residents of major cities, inner regional, and outer-remote (including outer regional, remote, and very remote) regions were compared using data from a 2003–04 Australian national survey of the mental health literacy of 3998 adults. Measures included the perceived helpfulness of a range of professionals, non-professionals and interventions, and the causes, prognosis, and outcomes after treatment for four case vignettes describing depression, depression with suicidal ideation, early schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia. Participant awareness of Australia's national depression initiative and depression in the media, their symptoms of depression and exposure to the conditions depicted in the vignettes were also compared.

Results

Mental health literacy was similar across remoteness categories. However, inner regional residents showed superior identification of the disorders depicted in the suicidal ideation and chronic schizophrenia vignettes. They were also more likely to report having heard of Australia's national depression health promotion campaign. Conversely, they were less likely than major city residents to rate the evidence-based treatment of psychotherapy helpful for depression. Both inner regional and outer-remote residents were less likely to rate psychologists as helpful for depression alone. The rural groups were more likely to rate the non-evidence based interventions of drinking and painkillers as helpful for a depression vignette. In addition, outer-remote residents were more likely to identify the evidence based treatment of antipsychotics as harmful for early schizophrenia and less likely to endorse psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and general practitioners as helpful for the condition.

Conclusion

Mental health awareness campaigns in rural and remote regions may be most appropriately focused on communicating which interventions are effective for depression and schizophrenia and which mental health and other professionals are trained in the best-practice delivery and management of these. There is also a need to communicate to rural residents that alcohol and pain relievers are not an effective solution for depression.     

Marketing a hard-to-swallow message: recommendations for the design of media campaigns to increase awareness about the risks of binge drinking

BACKGROUND: Binge drinking, commonly defined as having more than five drinks on a single occasion, is a public health issue affecting two thirds of Canadian young adults between the ages of 19-24 years. To educate young adults about alcohol poisoning, a network of 16 Ontario Health Units developed and implemented a mass-media campaign. The focus of this article is to report on post-secondary students' perceptions about key media campaign strategies, elements and messages for future campaigns designed to increase awareness about the risks of binge drinking. METHODS: As part of a multi-method process evaluation, nine focus groups were facilitated to explore the young adults' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about binge drinking and the campaign messages. Participants were also asked to identify specific marketing messages and techniques that would increase their level of awareness about the risks of binge drinking. RESULTS: Participants recommended that campaigns be targeted towards parents and high school and post-secondary school students. Participants provided recommendations for the types of messages, images, and language they perceived would capture the attention of young adults. Television, posters and the internet were identified as key media channels for disseminating health information about the risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: The problem of binge drinking is pervasive across Canadian campuses and students are largely unaware of the risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption. To reach this target population, it is important for future media campaign developers to utilize language, definitions, graphics and channels of communication to which this group relates.     

陕西省世界银行贷款/英国赠款中国农村卫生发展项目第三领域健康促进活动效果评估

目的评估陕西省世界银行贷款/英国赠款中国农村卫生发展项目第三领域健康促进活动效果,了解健康促进干预前后项目县居民和中小学生基本健康知识知晓率和健康行为形成率。方法对比分析健康促进干预前后各项目县基线调查问卷监测数据,采用Epidata 3.0软件录入数据,用SPSS 13.0进行统计分析。结果项目县居民和中小学生基本健康知识知晓率分别为70%～80%、80%～85%,健康行为形成率分别为51%～63%和65%～75%。健康促进干预后,5个项目县居民和中小学生基本健康知识知晓率均已达到并超过预期目标,健康行为形成率在基线调查的基础上均有大幅度的提高。结论结合性别、年龄、文化程度、民族、职业和家庭经济水平等影响因素,继续探索适合陕西省农村地区的健康促进干预方法。     

四川省公众应对突发公共卫生事件知识与技能影响因素分析

目的分析四川省公众突发公共卫生事件知识与技能影响因素,为制定有效的干预策略提供依据。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法,抽取四川省18岁以上符合条件的居民2000人进行问卷调查。结果女性对食物中毒应对知识知晓率显著高于男性(P<0.01),男性知晓放射性事故的比例显著高于女性(P<0.01),其他知晓率无性别差异。高年龄组(≥60岁和50～59岁)对各项知识知晓率都较低,30～39岁年龄组知晓率最高。文化程度越高,知识知晓率越高。农村居民麻疹预防知识答对率显著高于城市居民,其他知识知晓率城市居民显著高于农村居民。结论影响四川省公众应对突发公共卫生事件知识与技能最主要的因素是文化程度和城乡差别。今后应加强对农村居民的宣传教育,并采用通俗易懂的方式在低文化程度人群中普及应对突发公共卫生事件的知识与技能。     

2010年北京市大兴区部分农村居民健康教育需求调查

目的了解北京市大兴区农村居民健康知识掌握情况和健康教育需求现状,为改善健康教育与健康促进干预对策提供参考依据。方法 2010年,在北京市大兴区抽取部分农村居民进行调查。结果 调查548名农村居民,导致高血压发病的9个问题全部认知的占12.23%,导致糖尿病发病的9个问题全部认知的占2.74%,预防流感6项措施全部认知的占31.93%,预防痢疾等肠道传染病7项措施全部认知的占2.37%。目前获取健康知识的途径为电视的占67.30%、健康大课堂占43.43%、广播占38.14%。最希望获取健康知识的渠道为电视的占62.41%、健康大课堂的占54.56%和广播的占33.58%。最希望得到的健康知识为合理饮食、预防慢性病知识分别占72.99%、63.50%。结论大兴区农村居民健康知识有待提高;今后开展健康教育与健康促进应以电视、健康大课堂和广播为主要传播方式。     

北京市顺义区农村居民健康知识知晓结果分析及健康需求调查

目的了解北京市顺义区农村居民健康知识掌握情况和健康教育需求现状,为改善健康教育与健康促进干预对策提供参考依据。方法按照分层随机整群抽样的原则,抽取570名农村居民进行问卷调查。结果顺义区农村居民对高血压8个主要危险因素全部认知的占22.5%,对糖尿病7个主要危因素全部认知的占25.0%,居民对流感的4个主要预防措施全部认知的占80.4%,对预防肠道传染病的4个主要措施全部认知的占81.1%。居民主要希望通过电视(60.9%)、医生咨询(59.8%)、健康大讲堂(41.8%)的方式来获取健康知识;而目前主要是通过电视(72.7%)、广播(50.1%)和报纸(40.09%)方式获取知识。不同年龄、文化程度的被调查对象健康需求情况有所不同,年龄越大健康知识需求越强烈。结论北京市农村居民需要掌握慢性病预防知识,今后开展健康教育与健康促进应以电视、健康大课堂和广播为主要传播方式。     

地震灾区居民健康素养干预效果调查

目的调查研究地震之后汶川、北川、绵竹和都江堰4个极重灾区人群的健康素养状况在综合行为干预后的效果,对干预活动进行评价。方法采用问卷调查方法,于干预活动开展的前后分别调查了480名和468名居民的健康相关知识、健康相关行为等内容。结果灾区居民健康素养基本知识知晓率于干预前后分别为57.4%和79.7%;健康行为形成率于干预前后分别为69.2%和77.4%。知晓率和形成率的改善均有统计学意义(χ2=57.7,P0.01;χ2=36.9,P0.01)结论健康素养干预活动后,地震灾区居民掌握了更多健康知识,更多人自觉采取有利健康的行为和生活方式。     

四川地震极重灾区人群健康素养现状调查

目的了解地震之后汶川、北川、绵竹和都江堰4个极重灾区群众的健康素养状况。方法采用问卷调查方法,调查480名普通居民和767名2岁以下儿童看护人的健康素养状况。结果灾区居民健康素养基本知识知晓率为57.4%;健康行为形成率为69.2%。结论灾区的健康教育工作必须因地制宜,因材施教,有针对性地开展健康素养的宣传和普及,在此过程中,应注重多媒体传播材料的开发和制作。     

陕西省农村居民健康传播需求调查

目的了解卫生下乡活动中农村居民的基本健康需求,探求卫生科普宣传活动的有效方式和内容,为有效开展卫生健康知识传播活动提供依据。方法采用现场随机拦截调查的方法,对西安市阎良区关山镇参加卫生下乡活动的农村居民进行问卷调查。结果广大农村居民的健康知识需求排名依次为妇幼保健、科学饮食、慢性非传染病、用药知识和传染病;卫生宣传方式中,小册子、文艺表演、宣传画、年历画等受到欢迎。结论经常性地开展卫生科普宣传活动,针对农村常住居民中妇女、儿童和老人居多的现状和健康需求,选择图文并茂、浅显易懂、形式多样的卫生宣传方式,开展有针对性的健康知识传播。     

Twelve-month effects of Canada on the Move: a population-wide campaign to promote pedometer use and walking

Canada on the Move is a national campaign to promote pedometer use and walking among adult Canadians. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the initiative's impact on sufficient walking, defined here as at least an hour daily in the week prior to the survey. Data were collected via the national Canadian Physical Activity Monitor's rolling monthly sample throughout 2004. Population prevalence rates of walking were compared using Bonferroni-adjusted confidence intervals. Correlates of sufficient walking were estimated using odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, income and education. Message recall and pedometer ownership were associated with increased odds of self-reported walking. There was evidence of a campaign effect on walking behavior independent of secular trends. The increased likelihood of sufficient walking suggests an ongoing role for nationally funded public awareness campaigns. The effectiveness of health promotion to increase walking may be enhanced by combining motivational health-related messages with the dissemination and adoption of an easy-to-use tool for self-monitoring purposes.     

北京市顺义区农村居民健康素养监测结果分析

目的了解北京市顺义区农村居民健康素养知识知晓情况,并探讨健康教育干预效果。方法采用整群随机抽样方法,抽取该区农村地区2个行政村,采用北京市健康教育所统一的调查问卷进行入户调查。结果农村地区居民在干预之前（2008年）和干预后（2009年）的主要卫生知识知晓率由68.5%提高到77.6%、主要卫生行为形成率由57.9%提高到65.2%,主要卫生技能提高不明显。结论对人群开展健康教育干预措施能有效提高居民主要卫生知识知晓率及主要卫生行为形成率,应针对提高健康相关技能方面探索有效的健康教育干预方法。     

Decline in smoking prevalence--New York City, 2002-2006

In 2002, after a decade with no decrease in smoking prevalence, New York City began implementation of a five-point tobacco-control program consisting of increased taxation in 2002, establishment of smoke-free workplaces in 2003, public and health-care--provider education, cessation services, and rigorous evaluation, including annual cross-sectional, citywide telephone surveys using the same measures as CDC's state-based Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). During 2002-2004, estimated adult smoking prevalence decreased from 21.5% to 18.4%, representing nearly 200,000 fewer smokers. However, in 2005, no change in adult smoking prevalence occurred, either among New York City residents overall or among demographic subpopulations. In 2006, to further reduce smoking in New York City, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) implemented an extensive, television-based anti-tobacco media campaign using graphic imagery of the health effects of smoking; the campaign aired simultaneously with a large New York state anti-tobacco media campaign. This report describes the two campaigns and analyzes citywide survey data before and after the campaigns. In 2006, during the first year of the media campaigns, adult smoking prevalence decreased significantly among men (11.6% decrease) and among Hispanics (15.2% decrease). These findings confirm the importance of comprehensive tobacco-control programs and suggest that this intensive, broad-based media campaign has reduced smoking prevalence among certain subgroups.