Kasai术后肝内胆管囊性扩张的诊治与预后

目的 总结胆管闭锁术后肝内胆管囊性扩张的诊治经验,分析其对患儿预后的影响.方法 1998年6月至2008年3月,对胆管闭锁行葛西手术的患儿进行追踪随访.通过超声检查,发现8例患儿存在肝内胆管扩张.其中3例再行MRI检查,6例再行CT平扫加增强检杳以明确诊断.此8例患儿术后均有不同程度胆管炎症状.5例行PTCD显示肝内胆管囊性扩张.3例患儿行囊肿与空肠胆支再吻合术,2例患儿仪行PTCD置管引流,2例患儿暂未予任何处理.结果 3例经手术治疗的患儿,术后黄疸消退或减轻.仅行PTCD的患儿肝内胆管扩张长期存在.结论 对反复发作的胆管炎应定期行超声检查,尽早发现肝内囊肿;对肝内胆管囊性扩张,无论其影像学分型如何,应根据其具体临床表现进行相应的积极治疗;PTCD无法长期放置,仅是暂时性的治疗,但对手术时寻找囊肿有指示作用,使手术时囊肿的定位相对容易;囊肿的大小、位置与门静脉的关系,压迫的时间、治疗是否及时有效都可影响患儿的预后.     

Intrahepatic biliary tract abnormalities in children with corrected extrahepatic biliary atresia

Three children with surgically corrected extrahepatic biliary atresia developed recurrent cholangitis associated with bile lakes that failed to drain via the hepatoportoenterostomy. Surgical or percutaneous drainage of these cysts was followed by both resolution of the infection and spontaneous internal drainage. We postulate that the ongoing inflammatory process resulted in intrahepatic biliary obstruction, which caused cholangitis and bile cysts. Successful treatment required not only antibiotics but drainage of the bile lakes. Development of bile cysts is a new cause of recurrent cholangitis seen in extrahepatic biliary atresia.     

I型胆管闭锁的外科治疗

目的探讨I型胆管闭锁的外科治疗以及临床意义。方法2003—2011年,作者收治胆道闭锁患儿98例,其中伴有胆总管闭锁的I型胆管闭锁患儿5例,男3例,女2例,年龄62～127d。行胆囊-空肠吻合术2例,肝管-空肠吻合术3例。结果2例胆囊-空肠吻合术患儿退黄时间分别为术后10d和术后17d（退黄标准为总胆红素〈20μmol／L）;3例肝管-空肠吻合术患儿退黄时间分别为术后20d、1个月和2个月（退黄标准同前）。术后随访时间1—5年;2例胆囊-空肠吻合术患儿术后未见黄疸反复。3例肝管-空肠胆道重建手术患儿中,1例术后未见黄疸反复,1例术后5个月出现黄疸,诊断为胆管炎,经抗炎治疗后好转;1例反复发作胆管炎最终选择肝移植。结论术中胆道造影是诊断胆道闭锁的金标准;如果术中造影证实为胆总管闭锁,且胆囊与左、右肝管通畅,主张采取胆囊-空肠吻合术。肝管-空肠吻合容易造成吻合口狭窄;过度解剖肝门对于术后恢复不利。     

Hepatic calcification in an anicteric patient with biliary atresia after hepatic portoenterostomy

Hepatic calcification was found in an anicteric infant with biliary atresia after hepatic portoenterostomy. When she was 2 years of age, ultrasonography detected an echogenic structure with acoustic shadowing. Computerized tomography located it at the proximal portion of Segment 6 in the right lobe. Although both techniques failed to exhibit dilatation of the peripheral bile ducts, we believe intrahepatic cholelithiasis provides the most likely diagnosis. Although seven cases with biliary atresia were reported to have this complication, all of them were icteric when the diagnosis was confirmed. The patient should be carefully followed up since the succeeding stones may cause jaundice by obstructing the main duct.     

Long-term external catheter biliary drainage for recurrent cholangitis after hepatoportoenterostomy

An infant developed relapsing cholangitis following hepatoportoenterostomy for extrahepatic biliary atresia. The source of recurrent infection seemed to be an intrahepatic cyst. Short-term percutaneous cholangio-drainage of such cysts, resulting in eradication of infection, has been described. However, this child required continuous drainage because of persistence of infection in the reaccumulating bile. The insertion of a nephrostomy catheter and use of enterostomal appliances have allowed continuous uneventful biliary drainage for 15 months.     

Biliary atresia with a “cyst at porta”: management and outcome as per the cholangiographic anatomy

The purpose of this study is to classify biliary atresia (BA) with a "cyst at porta" according to the cholangiographic anatomy and to define management strategy and outcome in each group. A cyst at porta was identified in 13 of 58 babies (22.4%) with BA at first presentation. The cholangiographic anatomy was classified as; Group A (n = 7), type III BA with extrahepatic cyst; Group B (n = 2), type I or II BA with extrahepatic biliary cyst; and Group C (n = 4), type I or II BA with both extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary cysts. The remaining 45 patients were comprised of type III BA without a cyst. A Kasai's portoenterostomy (PE) was performed for all Group A patients. Groups B and C were treated by hepaticojejunostomy (n = 5) or portoenterostomy (n = 1). All 45 patients with type III BA without a cyst were treated by a Kasai's PE. The median age at surgery was 92 days (ranges 28-342 days). There were three early post-operative deaths, all in patients with type III BA without cyst. Overall 18/55 (32.7%) patients achieved a jaundice free state. In Group A, 5/7 (71.4%) patients had bile flow, 2/7 (28.6%) are anicteric and 2/7(28.6%) had 1-2 episodes of post-operative cholangitis. In Group B, both patients are anicteric and none had post-operative cholangitis. In Group C, all four babies had bile flow but, significant morbidity because of recurrent severe cholangitis. Only one patient reached a jaundice free state. Of the remaining 42 patients with type III BA without a cyst, 27 (64.3%) had bile flow, 13 (31%) became jaundice free and 14 (33.3%) have had 1-2 episodes of post-operative cholangitis. In conclusion, thirteen of 58 (22.4%) babies with BA had a "cyst at porta" at first presentation in this series. The outcome was most satisfactory in type I BA without intrahepatic cystic dilatation (Group B) in terms of achieving a jaundice free state and freedom from recurrent cholangitis. However, intrahepatic biliary cysts (Group C) were associated with recurrent severe cholangitis and a poor eventual outcome despite a good initial bile flow. The outcome in type III BA with extrahepatic cyst was comparable to type III BA without cyst.     

胆道闭锁Kasai术后糖皮质激素治疗的研究进展

胆道闭锁是累及肝内外胆管的一种进行性疾病,目前广泛采用的治疗策略是行肝门-空肠吻合术(Kasai手术),术后辅以包括糖皮质激素、抗生素等多种药物治疗,然而糖皮质激素在胆道闭锁的治疗中争议较多,其应用方案也多种多样,现将糖皮质激素在胆道闭锁Kasai术后的应用进展进行综述。     

胆道闭锁葛西手术后肝内胆管扩张的治疗与预后分析

目的 探讨胆道闭锁葛西手术后肝内胆管扩张（Intrahepatic biliary cysts,IBCs）的治疗选择和预后情况.方法 回顾性分析8例肝内胆管囊性扩张患儿的临床表现、治疗过程和转归,其中2例单发囊肿型胆管扩张患儿分别予手术和抗感染治疗;6例多发复杂囊肿型胆管扩张患儿均行经皮肝胆管引流术（PTCD）治疗.结果 2例单发囊肿型胆管扩张患儿疗效好,预后良好.6例多发复杂囊肿型胆管扩张患儿经PTCD引流后,2例再次开腹手术吻合;6例患儿中,3例死亡,1例行肝脏移植,1例等待肝移植,1例合并门静脉高压存活.结论 胆道闭锁葛西术后多发肝内胆管扩张（C型）常提示存在严重肝脏损伤,PTCD治疗或手术再吻合治疗多数情况下仅是姑息治疗.PTCD有助于减轻黄疸,改善肝移植术前条件;而无条件进行肝脏移植的患者,单纯PTCD很难长期控制临床症状,应选择再次手术行扩张胆管肠吻合手术.单发肝内胆管扩张（A型）临床过程和预后明显优于C型扩张,可能与肝脏受损程度较轻有关.     

Contemporary surgery of biliary atresia

The etiology of biliary atresia is not due to a congenital malformation but rather to a continuing process beginning in utero that affects not only the extrahepatic biliary ducts but also the intrahepatic parenchyma. Over the last decade, the outlook for patients who were previously felt to be uncorrectable has been significantly improved by Kasai's operation. Successful biliary reconstruction depends on early diagnosis and treatment (before three months of age). The essentials of hepatic portoenterostomy consist of excision of the entire extrahepatic duct structure with anastomosis of an intestinal conduit to the area of the transected duct at the liver hilus. After operation, many patients experience complications, including cholangitis, portal hypotension, and vitamin deficiencies. Despite these difficulties, growth and development continue on a relatively normal course, and long-term survival has been accomplished in many children. For those in whom biliary drainage is not achieved or with significant parenchymal damage, liver transplantation should be considered as part of ongoing care.     

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy for cholestasis in congenital hepatic fibrosis. Diagnosis and treatment

A 9-year-old child with congenital hepatic fibrosis had dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and recurrent cholangitis. Choleretic agents were administered to prevent recurrent cholangitis. Response to treatment was monitored with serum bile acid concentrations and computer-assisted technetium Tc 99m iprofenin (Pipida) scintigraphy. Dehydrocholic acid with meals improved hepatobiliary excretion of the radioactive isotope and lowered serum bile acid levels but did not prevent cholangitic attacks when used alone. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim used alone prevented infection, but a steady rise in serum bile acid concentrations suggested increasing cholestasis. During combined drug treatment, the patient remained free of cholangitis for at least two years. Optimal therapy of congenital hepatic fibrosis with cholestasis but without mechanical biliary obstruction may involve the combined use of a choleretic such as dehydrocholic acid plus a suppressive antibiotic.     

The anatomy of the porta hepatis in patients with preduodenal portal vein,with special reference to portoenterostomy for biliary atresia

The aims of this study were to demonstrate the anatomic relationship between portal vein (PV) branches and hepatic ducts in the porta hepatis in individuals with preduodenal portal vein (PDPV) and to examine the validity of portoenterostomy (Kasai procedure) for patients with biliary atresia (BA) and PDPV. The porta hepatis of four subjects with PDPV without BA was dissected. Similar dissection supplemented by computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction of the hilar structures was undertaken in a patient with BA and PDPV who underwent an unsuccessful Kasai procedure and died at 5 months of age. In three of the four subjects with PDPV alone, PV branches and extrahepatic bile ducts were abnormally arranged in the porta hepatis, some of the hepatic ducts entering the liver substance posterior, and occasionally lateral, to the main PV branches. The three-dimensional study showed that the original right main intrahepatic bile duct was located anterolateral to the portoenterostomy, which had been placed just anterior and to the right of the PV bifurcation. These findings strongly suggest that the PV may not be a reliable landmark for the Kasai procedure in patients with BA and PDPV.     

Predominant extrahepatic biliary disease in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: a new association

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is characterized by dilation of ectatic renal collecting ducts, intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis, and portal fibrosis. Portal hypertension and recurrent bacterial cholangitis can dominate the clinical picture in long-term survivors. Predominant extrahepatic bile duct disease was revealed in four patients who underwent magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. All four patients had portal hypertension, although liver biochemistries did not suggest biliary disease. In two of the patients, cholangitis was clinically ascribed to the bile duct disease. Western blot analysis of plasma membranes from normal rat extrahepatic bile duct and kidney revealed the presence of polyductin as a single approximately 440 kDa protein. Although the exact function of polyductin in the extrahepatic duct is unknown, it may have a role in the development and control of lumenal size. Clinical management of patients with ARPKD should include consideration of potential problems related to extrahepatic bile duct disease.     

Comparison of hepaticoantrostomy and hepaticojejunostomy for biliary reconstruction after resection of a choledochal cyst

Twelve infants operated upon for choledochal cyst (CC) are reviewed with emphasis on the operative technique of biliary tract reconstruction, incidence of cholangitis, postoperative hypergastrinemia, biliary excretion, and upper gastrointestinal (GI) motility in a follow-up of 24 to 35 months. In 7 patients biliary reconstruction was performed with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ), and in 5 with a hepaticoantrostomy (HAST). In the HJ group 4 patients had recurrent episodes of cholangitis and intermittent diarrhea and serum gastrin levels were significantly elevated in 5. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy showed unobstructed excretion of labelled bile through bile ducts into the Roux-en-Y loop, but with significantly delayed emptying of bile into the distal jejunum in all patients. Gastric emptying and upper intestinal passage were normal. In the HAST group no episode of cholangitis occurred and serum gastrin levels were within the normal range. Scintigraphically, hepatobiliary excretion, and duodenojejunal passage of labelled bile was normal, except in 1 patient who developed a postoperative stenosis of the left hepatic duct. Upper GI contrast studies demonstrated normal gastric emptying without reflux into the biliary system. These results suggest that biliary reconstruction with HAST can be performed safely with a low incidence of complications HAST offers a more physiologic method of biliary reconstruction after resection of a CC that allows bile to drain directly into the duodenum.     

Congenital dilatation of extrahepatic bile ducts in children. Experience in the central hospital of Hue, Vietnam.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The authors present a study of a series of cases in children with congenital dilatation of the extrahepatic bile ducts (CDEBD). METHODS: Between November 1998 and October 2002, 38 children aged between 50 days and 15 years suffering from CDEBD, admitted to the Central Hospital in Hue, Vietnam, were treated surgically with a minimum follow-up of one year. RESULTS: Diagnosis was based only on ultrasonography which was 100% accurate. According to Miyano's classification, 26 cases presented as cystic dilatation of the main bile duct (MBD) associated with dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, while in the other 12 cases the dilatation of the MBD was of the fusiform type. The surgical treatment of choice was extensive excision of the dilatated extrahepatic bile ducts and biliary drainage according to the Roux-en-Y method in 36/38 patients. The other two patients underwent surgery for internal biliary drainage without removing the cysts. During follow-up we observed one case of pancreatitis out of the 36 patients who underwent excision of the dilatated extrahepatic bile ducts, while the two patients who had internal biliary drainage without removal of the cysts suffered from numerous attacks of cholangitis. CONCLUSIONS: The reflux of bile in the dilated biliary tree plays an important role in the etiopathogenesis of CDEBD. Excision of the extrahepatic bile ducts and internal biliary drainage by Roux-en-Y has proved a satisfactory surgical method.     

胆道闭锁术后肝内胆管囊性扩张的诊治

目的总结胆道闭锁术后肝内胆管扩张的诊治经验,探讨葛西手术后肝内胆管扩张对患儿远期预后的影响,以及如何早期诊断和治疗。方法2003年4月至2008年3月,对3例因胆道闭锁行葛西手术的患儿进行追踪随访,3例术后均有不同程度胆管炎症状,其中1例合并门脉高压。3例行超声、CT或经皮肝穿刺置管引流（PTCD）,结果显示肝内胆管囊性扩张。2例行胆管扩张与空肠胆支再吻合术,1例仅行PTCD置管引流。结果2例经手术治疗的患儿,术后黄疸消退或减轻。1例仅行PTCD的患儿肝内胆管扩张长期存在。结论肝内胆管扩张使胆管炎反复发作,特别是扩张的囊状胆管压迫门静脉,可使门静脉变窄,血流减少,致受累肝叶萎缩。胆道闭锁患儿葛西手术后应定期行超声检查,及时发现肝内胆管囊性扩张。葛西手术后肝内胆管扩张应早期诊断,早期手术治疗,术前应常规行PTCD,暂时解除胆汁淤积,并为术中定位做好准备。     

Histological assessment of bile lake formation after hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia

Bile lakes develop after hepatic portoenterostomy in some patients with biliary atresia, and have been regarded as an indication of poor prognosis. We reported that bile lakes have no epithelium of the bile duct on their wall, and are surrounded by bile ducts; however, the mechanism of bile lake formation is little known. We investigated histologically how bile ducts are formed using whole removed liver, and the characteristics of bile ducts around bile lakes. From April 1980 to July 2006, we encountered 84 patients with biliary atresia. Bile lakes were analyzed histologically in 11 patients who underwent liver transplantation in our hospital. Bile lakes had a fibrotic cyst wall and lacked epithelia. In most cases, bile stasis, calculi formation, damaged bile ducts, and invasion of inflammatory cells were observed around the bile lakes. Bile ducts around bile lakes were not stained by CD56, but bile ducts around liver lobuli were stained by CD56. The present study speculates that bile lakes would arise from original bile ducts, which are damaged, and fuse together after calculi are formed in bile ducts.     

Hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. A comparative study of histology and prognosis after surgery

Specimens of excised tissue from the porta hepatis in 26 infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia undergoing hepatic portoenterostomy were analysed histologically for the presence and size of biliary ductules. No correlation could be found between the establishment of effective biliary drainage and the number or size of biliary ductules. it is suggested that prognosis after surgery may be related to the intrahepatic lesion and age of the child at operation rather than to the histology of the extrahepatic bile duct remnants.     

Hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. A comparative study of histology and prognosis after surgery.

Specimens of excised tissue from the porta hepatis in 26 infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia undergoing hepatic portoenterostomy were analysed histologically for the presence and size of biliary ductules. No correlation could be found between the establishment of effective biliary drainage and the number or size of biliary ductules. it is suggested that prognosis after surgery may be related to the intrahepatic lesion and age of the child at operation rather than to the histology of the extrahepatic bile duct remnants.     

Ductal remnants in extrahepatic biliary atresia: A histopathologic study with clinical correlation

Atretic ducts were studied in 34 infants undergoing the portoenterostomy procedure for biliary atresia. The specimens were grouped into three categories on the basis of the size of the lumen at the proximal margin: Type I with a lumen 150 mu or greater, Type II with single to multiple ductal structures measuring less than 150 mu, and Type III with no identifiable epithelium-lined structures in fibrous connective tissue. A significant correlation existed between postoperative bile drainage and the duct type; bile drainage occurred in all five patients with Type I ducts, 18 of 21 patients with Type II ducts, and one of eight patients with Type III ducts. Furthermore, the duct type was the only feature that correlated with the ultimate outcome. Ductal inflammation and hepatic histology did not correlate with postoperative bile drainage or clinical course.     

Type I biliary atresia without extrahepatic biliary cyst

Currently, magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) is used for the differentiation of biliary atresia (BA) from other causes of infantile cholestasis. The authors present a case of type I BA without an extrahepatic biliary cyst in a 2-month-old girl. MRC clearly visualized the patency of the gallbladder, cystic duct, and hepatic ducts with disappearance of the common bile duct. Intraoperative cholangiography demonstrated a cloudy appearance of the intrahepatic bile ducts, confirming the diagnosis of type I BA. We believe that this is the first reported case of type I BA without an extrahepatic biliary cyst diagnosed by MRC.