Radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: comparison with an intergroup study. Is combined modality treatment really necessary?

PURPOSE: To examine the outcome of radiotherapy (RT) alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and to compare the results with those reported by the Intergroup study 0099 (IGS) comparing RT to combined modality therapy (CMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period 1985-1992, 198 NPC patients presenting without distant metastatic disease were treated for cure. Of these, 172 had stage III/IV (UICC 1987, 1992). Planned RT was 2 Gy/day fraction to 60-66 Gy to the primary tumor, with 50 and 60 Gy to the node negative and to palpable nodes, respectively. Outcomes included overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), defined from the time of registration at our institution. RESULTS: The TNM categories and other prognostic factors were similar to the IGS, though 80% had stage IV compared to 91% in IGS. The 5 year OS and DFS for the 172 patients with stage III/IV disease were 62 and 48%, respectively, as compared to the IGS results of OS 37% and DFS 29% for RT alone, and OS 67% and DFS 58% for the CMT arm of IGS. When the distribution of adverse prognostic factors was balanced between both studies the comparative results were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The early results for RT alone of this single institution experience are superior to those of the IGS control arm (RT), while somewhat inferior to those reported in the chemo-radiotherapy arm. The surprisingly poor outcome of the IGS/RT control arm may have resulted by chance, suggesting the need for a confirmatory randomized trial to fully establish the role of combined chemotherapy and radiation, as used in the IGS.     

934例鼻咽癌单纯放疗远期疗效分析

目的 分析鼻咽癌患者单纯根治性放疗的远期疗效.方法 回顾分析1999年全年934例鼻咽癌初治患者临床资料及其主要预后影响因素.934例中男676例,女258例.按1992年福州分期标准分期,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ.期分别为35、215、488和196例.全组病例均采用低熔点铅挡块而颈联合野等中心照射技术给予单纯常规分割放疗,原发灶总剂量66～88 Gy,颈淋巴结转移灶总剂量60～70 Gy,颈预防照射剂量50～56 Gy.结果 随访3.0～94.2个月,中位随访期67.1个月.全组病例5和8年总生存率、无瘤牛存率、无复发牛存率、无转移牛存率分别为68.3%、67.3%、64.4%、72.4%和48.0%、66.6%、50.8%、68.0%(χ2=49.74,P=0.000).无论是5和8年总牛存率、无瘤牛存率、无复发生存率或无转移生存率,N1期患者均显著低于N0期患者[66.0%:77.4%和50.3%:59.8%(χ2=33.34.P=0.000)、66.8%:76.1%和66.1%:76.1%(χ2=29.08,P=0.000)、63.4%:72.9%和48.9%:58.7%(χ2=27.65,P=0.000)、71.0%:80.8%和63.4%:68.0%(χ2=26.13,P=0.000)],N1与N2期的相似,N1～2期的显著高于N3期的.多因素分析表明性别、年龄、T分期及N分期是影响总牛存的独立预后因素.结论 早期鼻咽癌患者单纯根治性放疗可取得较好远期疗效,但局部晚期患者的总牛存率则仍未理想,主要火败丁局部区域复发和远处转移.临床分期及N期不同期别是影响顶后的主要因素.     

Early or up-front radiotherapy improved survival of localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type in the upper aerodigestive tract

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of early or up-front radiotherapy (RT), the optimal RT dose required to achieve appropriate treatment outcome and prognostic factors for patients with localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type, in the upper aerodigestive tract. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighty-two patients were reviewed. Eight patients were treated with chemotherapy (CT) alone, 9 patients received RT alone, and 65 patients were given combined modality treatment of CT and RT (CMT). Of those 74 patients receiving RT, 31 patients were given up-front RT, whereas CT was the initial therapy for 43 patients and 41 of those 43 patients received early RT. RESULTS: Five-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 52.3% and 39.2%, respectively. RT was the only independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS at both the univariate and multivariate level. The 5-year OS and DFS were better in patients receiving >or=54 Gy of RT as compared with that of <54 Gy (5-year OS 75.5% vs. 46.1%, p = 0.019; 5-year DFS 60.3% vs. 33.4%, p = 0.004). Up-front RT presented better survival in Stage I patients when compared with that of initial CT followed by early RT (5-year OS 90.0% vs. 48.9%, p = 0.012; 5-year DFS 78.7% vs. 39.9%, p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Early or up-front RT had an essential role in improved OS and DFS in patients with localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type, in the upper aerodigestive tract. The recommended tumor dose was at least 54 Gy. Up-front RT may yield more benefits on survival in patients with Stage I disease.     

Radiation therapy for control of soft-tissue sarcomas resected with positive margins

PURPOSE: Positive margins (PM) remain after surgery in some soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) patients. We investigated the efficacy of radiation therapy (RT) in STS patients with PM. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective chart review was performed on 154 patients with STS at various anatomic sites with PM, defined as tumor on ink, who underwent RT with curative intent between 1970 and 2001. Local control (LC), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) rates were evaluated by univariate (log-rank) and multivariate analysis of prognostic and treatment factors. RESULTS: At 5 years, actuarial LC, DFS, and OS rates were: 76%, 46.7%, and 65.2%, respectively. LC was highest with extremity lesions (p < 0.01), radiation dose >64 Gy (p < 0.05), microscopically (vs. grossly visible) positive margin (p = 0.03), and superficial lesions (p = 0.05). Patients receiving >64 Gy had higher 5-year LC, DFS, and OS rates of 85%, 52.1%, and 67.8% vs. 66.1%, 41.8%, and 62.9% if < or =64 Gy, p < 0.04. OS was worse in patients with G2/G3 tumors with local failure (LF), p < 0.001. Other known prognostic factors, including grade, stage, size, and age (>50), also significantly influenced OS. By multivariate analysis, the best predictors of LC were site (extremity vs. other), p < 0.01 and dose (>64 vs. < or =64 Gy), p < 0.05; the best predictors for OS were size, p < 0.001, gross vs. microscopic PM, p < 0.05, and LF, p < 0.01. CONCLUSION: Local control is achieved in most PM STS patients undergoing RT. Doses >64 Gy, superficial location, and extremity site are associated with improved LC. OS is worse in patients with tumors with lesions >5 cm, grossly positive margins, and after local failure.     

Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial comparing concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in endemic regions of china

PURPOSE: A prospective randomized trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of concurrent chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in endemic regions of China. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between July 2002 and September 2005, 316 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either radiotherapy alone (RT) or chemoradiotherapy concurrent with adjuvant chemotherapy (CRT). All patients received 70 Gy in 7 weeks using standard RT portals and techniques. The CRT patients were given concurrent cisplatin (40 mg/m(2) on Day 1) weekly during RT, followed by cisplatin (80 mg/m(2) on Day 1) and fluorouracil (800 mg/m(2) on Days 1-5) every 4 weeks (Weeks 5, 9, and 13) for three cycles after completion of RT. All patients were analyzed by intent-to-treat analysis. RESULTS: The two groups were well-balanced in all prognostic factors and RT parameters. The CRT group experienced significantly more acute toxicity (62.6% vs. 32%, p = 0.000). A total of 107 patients (68%) and 97 patients (61%) completed all cycles of concurrent chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, with a median follow-up time of 29 months. The 2-year overall survival rate, failure-free survival rate, distant failure-free survival rate, and locoregional failure-free survival rate for the CRT and RT groups were 89.8% vs. 79.7% (p = 0.003), 84.6% vs. 72.5% (p = 0.001), 86.5% vs. 78.7% (p = 0.024), and 98.0% vs. 91.9% (p = 0.007), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This trial demonstrated the significant survival benefits of concurrent chemotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC in endemic regions of China.     

Concomitant chemoirradiation for stage III-IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese patients: results of a matched cohort analysis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of concomitant chemoirradiation (CRT) followed by adjuvant chemotherapy compared with radiotherapy (RT) alone in Chinese patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between March 1997 and September 2000, 47 Chinese patients with Stage III (n = 9, 19%) and IV (n = 38, 81%) NPC were treated with by CRT using cisplatin 100 mg/m(2) on Days 1, 22, and 43 of RT, plus adjuvant chemotherapy using cisplatin 80 mg/m(2) for 1 day and 5-fluorouracil 1 g/m(2) for 4 days on Days 71, 99, and 127. These patients were then compared with a cohort of 47 patients treated between 1990 and 1993 with RT alone, who were matched with respect to T stage, N stage, nodal bilaterality, nodal level, and nodal size. The RT techniques were similar in the two groups but different dose and fractionation schemes were used. The median biologic equivalent dose to 2 Gy per fraction delivered to the nasopharynx was 68 Gy in the CRT group and 65.3 Gy in the RT-alone group. RESULTS: The compliance rates were 62% for concomitant chemotherapy and 40% for adjuvant chemotherapy. No treatment-related deaths occurred. At the end of treatment, 96% of the CRT group and 79% of the RT-alone group achieved a complete response (p = 0.013). With a median follow-up of 26 months, the 3-year relapse-free survival, disease-specific survival, overall survival, local relapse-free survival, nodal relapse-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rate for the CRT group and the RT-alone group was 62% vs. 44% (p = 0.048), 67% vs. 71% (p = 0.88), 65% vs. 69% (p = 0.93), 87% vs. 75% (p = 0.059), 95% vs. 80% (p = 0.026), and 75% vs. 70% (p = 0.84), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our experience indicates that concomitant CRT improves locoregional control in Chinese patients with locoregionally advanced NPC, but our analyses failed to detect any impact on distant failure and survival. The failure to reduce distant metastasis and improve survival may have related in part to the more advanced disease stage in our patients and the relatively low compliance rate of adjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings suggest caution should be exercised in extrapolating the findings of the Intergroup Study 0099 to Chinese patients, and confirmatory results from prospective randomized studies in the endemic population are needed.     

Treatment results of 165 pediatric patients with non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a Rare Cancer Network study.

PURPOSE: This Rare Cancer Network (RCN) study was performed in pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma (PNPC) patients to evaluate the optimal dose of radiotherapy and to determine prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 165 patients with the diagnosis of PNPC treated between 1978 and 2003. The median age was 14 years. There were 3 (1.8%) patients with stage I, 1 (0.6%) with IIA, 10 (6.1%) with IIB, 60 (36.4%) with III, 44 (26.7%) with IVA, and 47 (29%) with IVB disease. While 21 (12.7%) patients were treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone, 144 (87.3%) received chemotherapy and RT. The median follow-up time was 48 months. RESULTS: The actuarial 5-year overall survival (OS) was 77.4% (95% CI: 70.06-84.72), whereas the actuarial 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 68.8% (95% CI: 61.33-76.31). In multivariate analysis, unfavorable factors were age >14 years for LRC (p=0.04); male gender for DMFS (p=0.03); T3/T4 disease for LRFS (p=0.01); and N3 disease for DFS (p=0.002) and OS (p=0.002); EBRT dose of less than 66 Gy for LRFS (p=0.02) and LRRFS (p=0.0028); and patients treated with RT alone for LRFS (p=0.0001), LRRFS (p=0.007) and DFS (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Our results support the current practice of using combined radiation and chemotherapy for optimal treatment of NPC. However, research should be encouraged in an attempt to reduce the potential for long-term sequelae in pediatric patients given their relatively favorable prognosis and potential for longevity.     

Role of chemoradiotherapy in intermediate prognosis nasopharyngeal carcinoma

To evaluate the long term impact of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) compared to radiotherapy (RT) alone in patients with T2N1M0 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) retrospectively. Three hundred and ninety-two patients with T2N1M0 NPC according to the AJCC 2002 stage classification system were analyzed. Among them, 211 patients were treated with RT alone and the rest of 181 patients were treated with CCRT. A planned dose of 70 Gy was delivered in 2.0 Gy per fraction over 7 weeks to the primary tumor with 6-MV photons or (60)Cobalt γ-ray. The chemotherapy regimen of cisplatin with a dose of 100mg/m(2) was delivered for 2-3 cycles. With a median follow-up of 66 months (range 2.4-117.1 months), the 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates was higher in CCRT group compared to RT alone group, though they failed to reach statistical significance (80.2% vs. 76.6%, P=0.778 and 70.5% vs. 64.2%, P=0.413, respectively). A significant improvement was detected in 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate in CCRT group than RT alone group (91.5% vs. 77.3%, P=0.008). Moreover, chemotherapy was the only independent prognostic factor for the 5-year RFS (P=0.007). Concurrent chemoradiotherapy appeared to improve the 5-year RFS rate for patients with T2N1M0 NPC. Large prospective, randomized clinical studies are needed to confirm its therapeutic gain.     

Paclitaxel-based chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of patients with operable esophageal cancer

PURPOSE: To compare a neoadjuvant regimen of cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and concurrent radiation therapy (RT) with paclitaxel-based regimens and RT in the management of operable esophageal (EC)/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: All patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) and RT for EC/GEJ cancer at Duke University between January 1995 and December 2004 were included. Clinical end points were compared for patients receiving paclitaxel-based regimens (TAX) vs. alternative regimens (non-TAX). Local control (LC), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Chi-square analysis was performed to test the effect of TAX on pathologic complete response (pCR) rates and toxicity. RESULTS: A total of 109 patients received CT-RT followed by esophagectomy (95 M; 14 F). Median RT dose was 45 Gy (range, 36-66 Gy). The TAX and non-TAX groups comprised 47% and 53% of patients, respectively. Most (83%) TAX patients received three drug regimens including platinum and a fluoropyrimidine. In the non-TAX group, 89% of the patients received cisplatin and 5-FU. The remainder received 5-FU or capecitabine alone. Grade 3-4 toxicity occurred in 41% of patients receiving TAX vs. 24% of those receiving non-TAX (p = 0.19). Overall pCR rate was 39% (39% with TAX vs. 40% with non-TAX, p = 0.9). Overall LC, DFS, and OS at 3 years were 80%, 34%, and 37%, respectively. At 3 years, there were no differences in LC (75% vs. 85%, p = 0.33) or OS (37% vs. 37%, p = 0.32) between TAX and non-TAX groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this large experience, paclitaxel-containing regimens did not improve pCR rates or clinical end points compared to non-paclitaxel-containing regimens.     

182例局部晚期宫颈癌根治性子宫切除术加术前新辅助治疗预后分析

目的 观察局部晚期宫颈癌根治性子宫切除术加术前同期放化疗(CRCT)、单纯放疗(RT)的疗效,并分析影响预后的因素。方法 回顾分析2006—2011年收治的 182例Ⅰ_B2~Ⅲ_B期宫颈癌患者资料,其中 59例RT,123例术前每周顺铂40 mg/m²同期RT,放疗剂量 40~50 Gy分 20~25次。新辅助治疗后 2~3周行全子宫、双附件及盆腔淋巴结切除术。采用Cox法行多因素预后分析。结果 随访时间满 3年者为 69例。肿瘤直径≥4.5 cm时术前CRCT与RT的 3年无进展生存(PFS)、总生存(OS)率均相似(χ²=1.84、1.56,P=0.176、0.221),<4.5 cm时术前CRCT比RT的PFS、OS率高(χ²=5.22、4.81,P=0.022、0.018)。全组 3年PFS、OS率分别为92.0%、93.8%。Cox分析显示肿瘤直径(<6 cm与≥6 cm)是PFS、OS的影响因素(χ²=2.56、4.06,P=0.011、0.007),年龄(<48岁与≥48岁)是OS的影响因素(χ²=4.86,P=0.046),术后淋巴结状况(是否转移)是PFS的影响因素(χ²=1.04,P=0.010)。     

Prognostic value of pretreatment and recovery duration of cranial nerve palsy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of cranial nerve (CN) palsy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on CN involvement using medical records of 178 consecutive patients with histologically diagnosed, non-disseminated NPC. RESULTS: In 178 NPC patients with CN palsy, the 5-year survival rates were as follows: overall survival (OS), 61.0%; disease-specific survival (DSS), 69.6%; local relapse-free survival (LRFS), 75.2%; distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), 73.4%; and disease-free survival (DFS), 55.3%. Significant differences were observed in the 5-year OS rates between patients with single and multiple CN palsy (69.8% vs. 54.3%; P = 0.033) and the OS rates between patients with different pretreatment durations (68.7% vs. 43.3%, P = 0.007). However, no significant differences were observed in OS, DSS, LRFS and DFS rates between patients with upper and lower CN palsy (P = 0.581, P = 0.792, P = 0.729 and P = 0.212, respectively). The results showed that recovery duration was an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 2.485; P < 0.001), DSS (HR = 2.065; P = 0.016), LRFS (HR = 3.051; P = 0.001) and DFS (HR = 2.440; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Recovery duration is an independent prognostic factor for NPC patients with CN palsy and is related to recurrence, which leads to poor survival. Recovery duration requires close surveillance and different treatment regimens.     

放疗在早期鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤综合治疗中作用及预后分析

目的 探讨放疗在ⅠE～ⅡE期结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤综合治疗中的作用及其预后因素.方法 回顾分析1990-2006年收治的177例患者,其中单纯化疗37例(中位4周期),化疗(中位3周期)+放疗(中位剂量52 Gy)128例,单纯放疗(中位剂量58 Gy)6例,放疗(中位剂量54 Gy)+化疗(中位5周期)6例.结果 首程化疗后有效(CR+PR)率为65.3%,接受放疗后的为92.8%(x2=28.63,P<0.01).接受放疗的局部控制率(80.9%)优于单纯化疗者(50.0%;x2=14.39,P<0.01);5年总生存率分别为53.4%和18.3%(x2=23.38,P<0.01),无进展生存率分别为45.0%和10.9%(x2=23.46,P<0.01).首程化疗后有效与无效(SD+PD)者接受放疗的局部控制率、5年总生存率均明显优于单纯化疗者[83.5%与76.2%优于50.0%(x2=14.13,P<0.01;x2=5.78,P<0.01)、56.2%与48.6%优于18.3%(x2=28.87,P<0.05;x2=4.80,P<0.05)].结论 放疗比化疗能显著提高早期结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的有效率、局部控制率和生存率,对化疗后局部肿瘤无效者也有显著疗效.根治性放疗应成为早期鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的首选治疗手段.     

Malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of the uterus: analysis of patterns of failure, prognostic factors, and treatment outcome

PURPOSE: To determine the survival outcomes, prognostic factors, and patterns of failure in patients with malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (MMMT) of the uterus. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1954 and 1998, 300 patients with clinical Stage I-III MMMT of the uterus were treated with curative intent at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Their hospital records were reviewed to obtain patient and tumor characteristics; details of surgery, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy; and long-term outcome. Surviving patients were followed for a median of 109 months (range 15-138). Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, with differences assessed by log-rank tests. RESULTS: Of the 300 patients, 113 (38%) were treated with surgery alone, 160 (53%) with surgery plus adjuvant EBRT or ICRT, and 27 (9%) with RT alone. Forty-eight patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. At 5 years, the overall rates of survival and cause-specific survival were 31% and 33%, respectively. Women who were postmenopausal or had a history of prior pelvic RT, pain at presentation, clinical Stage II-III disease, uterine enlargement (>/=12 weeks), or an abnormal Papanicolaou smear finding had a significantly poorer prognosis than the other patients in the series. Of the 273 patients who underwent surgery, those who had positive abdominal washings, uterine length >10 cm, or extrauterine spread of disease to the cervix, adnexa, or peritoneum had a significantly worse prognosis than the other patients. Factors found on multivariate analysis to have an independent adverse influence on cause-specific survival included postmenopausal status (p = 0.0007, relative risk [RR] 3.3), uterine length >10 cm (p = 0.0001, RR 2.2), cervical involvement (p = 0.002, RR 1.8), and peritoneal involvement (p = 0.0001, RR 4.3). At 5 years, the rates of pelvic and distant disease recurrence for the entire group of 300 patients were 38% and 57%, respectively. The most common site of distant recurrence was the peritoneal cavity. Patients treated with pelvic RT had a lower rate of pelvic recurrence than patients treated with surgery alone (28% vs. 48%, p = 0.0002), but the overall survival rates (36% vs. 27%, p = 0.10) and distant metastasis rates (57% vs. 54%, p = 0.96) were not significantly different. However, patients treated with pelvic RT had a longer mean time to any distant relapse (17.3 vs. 7.0 months, p = 0.001) than patients treated with surgery alone. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy did not correlate with the survival rate or rate of distant metastasis. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant pelvic RT decreased the risk of pelvic recurrence and may delay the appearance of distant metastases after hysterectomy for MMMT. However, the survival rates remain poor because of a high rate of distant recurrence. As more effective systemic chemotherapy is developed to control microscopic distant disease, the role of RT in controlling locoregional disease in the pelvis and abdomen may become more important. Future research should consider programs that integrate surgery, RT, and chemotherapy to maximize the probability of cure.     

Another way to estimate outcome of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma--is concurrent chemoradiotherapy adequate?

PURPOSE: To evaluate a simple risk grouping system and determine whether concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is adequate for patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 284 patients with 1992 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage III to IV (M0) NPC were analyzed retrospectively. They were treated by either radiotherapy (RT) alone or CCRT. We divided patients into high-risk and low-risk subgroups according to our experience. High-risk patients met at least one of the following criteria: (1) nodal size >6 cm, (2) supraclavicular node metastases, (3) 1992 AJCC stage T4N2, (4) multiple neck node metastases with 1 node >4 cm. The disease extent of each patient was stratified by our risk grouping system, AJCC 1992 and 1997 staging systems. Survival analyses-including nasopharynx disease free (TS), neck disease free (NS), distant metastasis disease free (MS), overall survival (OS), and progression-free (PFS) survival curves-were compared between these three different classifications. RESULTS: According to the 1992 AJCC staging system, 80.3% (228/284) of NPC patients are Stage IV, whereas only 19.7% are Stage III. Most patients are downstaged by the 1997 AJCC staging system with 28.5% (81/284) Stage IV and 71.5% (203/284) Stage III/II. Our risk criteria stratify more even patient distribution, because 119 patients (41.9%) are assigned to the high-risk group and 165 patients (58.1%) to the low-risk group. Log-rank test of Kaplan-Meier survival curves, multivariate comparison of the Cox proportional hazards model, and 3 goodness-of-fit indices validated that our risk grouping system seemed to be at least as efficacious as, or slightly superior to, the 1992 and 1997 AJCC systems. The 5-year TS (95.1% vs. 76.8%, p = 0.0012), NS (100% vs. 95.7%, p = 0.0974), MS (90.5% vs. 78.1%, p = 0.0282), OS (83.2% vs. 59.7%, p = 0.0041), and PFS (87.3% vs. 61.5%, p = 0.0003) were significantly better in patients receiving CCRT than RT alone for the low-risk group. However, the corresponding survival rates between CCRT and RT for high-risk patients were 74.9% vs. 67.6% (p = 0.2545) for TS, 92.1% vs. 86.8% (p = 0.4744) for NS, 59.7% vs. 60.0% (p = 0.5537) for MS, 55.8% vs. 46.3% (p = 0.1761) for OS, and 44.5% vs. 43.1% (p = 0.3911) for PFS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is superior to RT alone for low-risk patients but inadequate for high-risk patients. Adding neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy would be a reasonable approach for high-risk patients. Our risk grouping criteria are a simple and useful guide that will have important implications in the design of future therapeutic trials.     

132例鼻咽癌调强放疗长期生存及晚期损伤分析

目的:回顾性分析鼻咽癌调强放疗(IMRT)后长期生存及晚期损伤,为鼻咽癌优化治疗提供参考。方法:纳入2003—2009年间于四川省肿瘤医院行IMRT的132例初治鼻咽癌患者,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ A、Ⅳ B期分别为3、22、61、43、3例。中位剂量73.37Gy (66~85Gy)分33次;单纯...     

Duodenal adenocarcinoma: patterns of failure after resection and the role of chemoradiotherapy

PURPOSE: To report patterns of disease recurrence after resection of adenocarcinoma of the duodenum and compare outcomes between patients undergoing surgery only vs. surgery with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (CT-RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: This was a retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing potentially curative therapy for adenocarcinoma of the duodenum at Duke University Medical Center and affiliated hospitals between 1975 and 2005. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and local control (LC) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate regression analysis evaluated the effect of CT-RT on clinical endpoints. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were identified (23 M, 9 F). Median age was 60 years (range, 32-77 years). Surgery alone was performed in 16 patients. An additional 16 patients received either preoperative (n = 11) or postoperative (n = 5) CT-RT. Median RT dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 12.6-54 Gy). All patients treated with RT also received concurrent 5-fluorouracil-based CT. Two patients treated preoperatively had a pathologic complete response (18%), and none had involved lymph nodes at resection. Five-year OS, DFS, and LC for the entire group were 48%, 47%, and 55%, respectively. Five-year survival did not differ between patients receiving CT-RT vs. surgery alone (57% vs. 44%, p = 0.42). However, in patients undergoing R0 resection, CT-RT appeared to improve OS (5-year 83% vs. 53%, p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Local failure after surgery alone is high. Given the patterns of relapse with surgery alone and favorable outcomes in patients undergoing complete resection with CT-RT, the use of CT-RT in selected patients should be considered.     

鼻咽癌IMRT远期疗效和不良反应分析

目的：分析鼻咽癌IMRT的远期疗效和不良反应。方法将2009—2010年间869例病理诊断明确、无远处转移、接受全程IMRT的鼻咽癌患者纳入研究。84．8％接受以顺铂为基础化疗。鼻咽原发灶放疗66～70．4 Gy分30～32次,颈部阳性淋巴结66 Gy分30～32次。 Kaplan－Meier法计算生存率,Logrank法检验差异和单因素预后分析,Cox模型多因素预后分析。结果5年OS率为84．0％,5年LRFS、RRFS 、DMFS、DFS率分别为89．7％、94．5％、85．6％、76．3％。对局部晚期患者同期化疗有降低远处转移趋势（83．6％比75．7％,P＝0．050）和改善OS趋势（82．6％比77．0％,P＝0．082）。诱导化疗有提高OS趋势（80．7％比71．4％,P＝0．057）,其中含多西他赛或吉西他滨的诱导化疗有提高OS趋势（83．3％比72．2％,P＝0．058）。初始放疗后接受推量者DFS率更低（52．2％比71．1％,P＝0．004）。同期化疗增加远期口干、张口困难,高剂量顺铂增加口干和听力损伤。结论 IMRT治疗鼻咽癌远期疗效较好。同期化疗联合IMRT有降低远处转移趋势,其价值需进一步研究。放疗后残留接受推量似乎与不良预后有关。化疗增加远期不良反应发生率。     

Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety.

PURPOSE: The Intergroup 00-99 Trial for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) showed a benefit of adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy. However, there were controversies regarding the applicability of the results to patients in endemic regions. This study aims to confirm the findings of the 00-99 Trial and its applicability to patients with endemic NPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 1997 and May 2003, 221 patients were randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy (RT) alone (n = 110) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT; n = 111). Patients in both arms received 70 Gy in 7 weeks using standard RT portals and techniques. Patients on CRT received concurrent cisplatin (25 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4) on weeks 1, 4, and 7 of RT and adjuvant cisplatin (20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4) and fluorouracil (1,000 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4) every 4 weeks (weeks 11, 15, and 19) for three cycles after completion of RT. All patients were analyzed by intent-to-treat analysis. The median follow-up time was 3.2 years. RESULTS: Distant metastasis occurred in 38 patients on RT alone and 18 patients on CRT. The difference in 2-year cumulative incidence was 17% (95% CI, 14% to 20%; P = .0029). The hazard ratio (HR) for disease-free survival was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.87; P = .0093). The 2- and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 78% and 85% and 65% and 80% for RT alone and CRT, respectively. The HR for OS was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.81; P = .0061). CONCLUSION: This report confirms the findings of the Intergroup 00-99 Trial and demonstrates its applicability to endemic NPC. This study also confirms that chemotherapy improves the distant metastasis control rate in NPC.     

鼻咽癌小靶区调强放疗及化疗的远期疗效分析

目的 分析鼻咽癌(NPC)缩小临床靶区调强放疗(IMRT)的长期疗效,为小靶区IMRT技术在NPC中应用提供依据。方法 2003-2007年接受IMRT的鼻咽癌患者413例,中位年龄45岁,男311例、女102例。按第6版AJCC分期标准Ⅰ期3例、Ⅱ期66例、Ⅲ期235例、Ⅳ_a期78例、Ⅳ_b期31例。336例患者接受了以铂类为基础的化疗。结果 随访率100%,5年总生存率、局部控制率、无区域复发生存率、无远处转移生存率和无瘤生存率分别为80%、93%、96%、81%和75%。多因素分析提示T分期、N分期、年龄是影响总生存的预后因素(P=0.001、0.001、0.002),T分期、N分期是无远处转移生存的预后因素(P=0.000、0.001)。进展期鼻咽癌患者中诱导化疗组5年总生存有高于无诱导化疗组趋势(78%∶68%,P=0.053),辅助化疗者5年无远处转移生存率低于无辅助化疗者(65%∶83%,P=0.003)。结论 鼻咽癌小靶区IMRT技术安全可靠,远期疗效理想。     

Comparison of outcomes for patients with medically inoperable Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer treated with two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional radiotherapy

PURPOSE: This retrospective analysis was performed to assess the outcomes of three-dimensional (3D) conformal radiotherapy and two-dimensional (2D) planning. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1978 and 2003, 200 patients with Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated with radiotherapy alone at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Eighty-five patients were treated with 3D conformal radiotherapy. For the 3D group, median age, radiation dose, and follow-up was 73 (range, 50-92), 66 Gy (range, 45-90.3 Gy), and 19 months (range, 3-77 months), respectively; and for the 2D group, 69 (range, 44-88), 64 Gy (range, 20-74 Gy), 20 months (range, 1-173 months), respectively. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional control (LRC), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in patient and tumor characteristics between 2D and 3D groups, except the 3D patients were older (p = 0.006). The OS, DSS, and LRC rates were significantly higher in patients who were treated by 3D conformal radiotherapy. Two- and 5-year OS for the 3D group were 68% and 36%, respectively, and 47% and 10% in the 2D group (p = 0.001). DSS at 2 and 5 years for the 3D group were 83% and 68%, respectively, vs. 62% and 29% in the 2D group (p < 0.001). LRC rates at 2 and 5 years for patients in the 3D group were 77% and 70% and 53% and 34% in the 2D group (p < 0.001). On univariate analysis elective, nodal irradiation was associated with decreased OS, DSS, and LRC. On multivariate analysis, 3D conformal radiotherapy was associated with increased OS and DSS. Male sex, age > or =70, weight loss > or =5%, and tumor size > or =4 cm were associated with decreased OS and DSS. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that 3D conformal radiotherapy improves outcomes in patients with medically inoperable Stage I NSCLC compared with 2D treatment and is an acceptable treatment for this group of patients.