A scientific evaluation of operative choledochoscopy in acute cholangitis.

A prospective study to determine the safety and effectiveness of choledochoscopy in acute cholangitis and acute suppurative cholangitis due to common bile duct stones was conducted on 70 patients. Common bile duct pressures determined on the first 20 patients showed that choledochoscopy was unlikely to cause cholangiovenous reflux. Laboratory and clinical parameters revealed that choledochoscopy did not cause septicemia, worsen cholangitis, or provoke acute pancreatitis. There was no iatrogenic injury during choledochoscopy, and the choledochoscopic views were minimally affected by cholangitis. Choledochoscopy detected overlooked stones after conventional methods of exploration of common bile ducts in 14.3% of patients and it helped to remove impacted stones in 2.9% of patients. As a result, the incidence of retained stones after choledochoscopy was 1.4%. Time spent in choledochoscopy was short, and the total postoperative septic complication rate was only 10%. There was no operative mortality. It is concluded that choledochoscopy is safe and effective in cholangitis.     

胆总管结石残留的因素分析及防治

目的 探讨胆囊结石胆囊切除术后胆总管结石残留的原因及处理方法。方法 1994年1月2000年9月间1027例胆囊结石病人在我院施行胆囊切除术,同时行胆总管切开探查术者246例,证实有胆总管结石者205例;对其中14例术后胆总管结石残留患者的临床资料进行对比分析。结果 结石残留组病人的76％为60岁或以上,64％并发急性胆管炎,50％术中取出胆总管结石3－5枚,仅14％行术中纤维胆道镜探查取石,与无结石残留病人相比差异均有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。13例残留结石经术后胆总管T管造影发现并分别行1－2次术后纤胆镜取石后完全清除;另1例自然排出。结论 胆总管结石残留多发生于年龄较大、胆总管结石较多、并发急性胆管炎的患者;术中纤胆镜的应用有助于防止结石残留。胆总管T管造影能可靠地诊断残留结石。术后经T管瘘道纤胆镜取石是治疗残留结石安全有效的方法。     

Morbidity and mortality of common bile duct exploration

This retrospective study reviews the complications which occurred in 257 patients who had supraduodenal exploration of the common bile duct in one hospital during a 15-year period. One hundred and eighteen patients (46 per cent) developed complications: septic and cardiorespiratory complications were most common, occurring in 19.5 per cent and 16.7 per cent of patients respectively. Postoperative retained stones were detected in 37 patients (14 per cent), causing complications in 54 per cent. Peroperative postexploratory cholangiography did not significantly reduce the incidence of this problem. None of the 12 patients who had postexploratory choledochoscopy had retained stones. Five patients (1.9 per cent) died, three of whom had duct procedures in addition to supraduodenal exploration and two of whom had retained stones. It is concluded that common bile duct exploration has a high associated morbidity, particularly due to sepsis and retained stones.     

Common bile duct pressure in patients with common bile duct stones with or without acute suppurative cholangitis

Resting common bile duct pressure was measured in three groups of patients: group 1, 53 patients with gallstones but without common duct stones; group 2, 35 patients with common bile duct stones unaccompanied by cholangitis; and group 3, 36 patients with common duct stones and acute suppurative cholangitis. A significantly higher pressure in the common bile duct was documented in patients with cholangitis when compared with the other two groups. Twenty-four patients with cholangitis had common duct pressure values above 20 cm H2O, the maximal values of normal. Additionally, patients with cholangitis with pressure values over 30 cm H2O (nine patients) showed absence of green bile in the extrahepatic biliary tract, suggesting cessation of bile excretion into biliary duct. In all these cases, an impacted stone at the distal end of the common bile duct was documented.     

经胆囊管腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗胆总管结石的临床研究

目的:比较分析腹腔镜下经胆囊管和经胆总管切开T管引流两种方法胆道镜取石治疗胆囊结石继发胆总管结石的疗效,以评价经胆囊管腹腔镜胆道探查术治疗胆总管结石的临床价值。方法:2001年3月至2003年3月按胆道探查途径不同将28例胆石症患者分为胆囊管组(n=8)和胆总管切开组(n=20)。患者经B超和术中胆道造影或加内窥镜逆行胆管造影(ERC)确诊。观察两组病例的术后肛门排气时间、腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、住院费用及手术并发症的发生情况,术后对患者进行全程跟踪随访。结果:胆总管切开组肛门排气时间、腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、住院费用明显长于或高于胆囊管组(P>0.05)。胆囊管组发生手术并发症1例(12.5%);胆总管切开组5例(25.0%),其中胆道并发症4例(20.0%),需要再次微创处理2例(10.0%),需再次手术治疗的严重并发症2例(10.0%);手术并发症发生率胆总管切开组明显高于胆囊管组(P<0.05)。随访两组患者均无胆管狭窄、急性胆管炎及急性胰腺炎发生和结石复发。结论:经胆囊管途径的腹腔镜胆道探查术充分体现了微创外科技术的优点,适于胆囊结石继发胆总管结石患者,其疗效优于胆总管切开T管引流途径的腹腔镜胆道探查术。     

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目的探讨利用内镜、腹腔镜治疗高龄病人急性胆管炎的安全有效的治疗方法。方法自1998年5月至2003年6月,收治高龄(>75岁)胆管结石诱发急性化脓性胆管炎病人121例,首先经十二指肠镜行鼻胆管引流术(ENBD),待病情缓解后,根据病人的身体条件和局部结石情况,分别行网篮取石、三镜联合胆总管探查术或经十二指肠镜胆肠内引流术(ERBD)。结果ENBD全部成功。死亡3例;首次急诊内镜取净结石16例;二次内镜取净结石66例;15例行ERBD术;21例行三镜联合胆总管探查术,中转开腹手术1例。118例内镜、腹腔镜治疗病人中无严重并发症发生。结论高龄急性胆管炎病人的早期治疗非常重要。急诊应用ENBD缓解胆道梗阻症状可有效降低病死率。综合利用此3种不同的治疗方式,可达到安全满意的疗效,避免开腹手术。     

Choledochoscopy and common bile duct exploration

Common bile duct (CBD) exploration is often indicated when cholecystectomy is performed for gallstone disease. Choledochoscopy may help to decrease the incidence of retained common duct stones. The present study reviews 97 consecutive CBD exploration cases performed between 1980 and 1988, in order to evaluate the authors' experience with flexible choledochoscopy and CBD exploration. Fifty-nine patients had CBD exploration plus flexible choledochoscopy and 38 underwent CBD exploration alone. Retained stones were found postoperatively in ten per cent of the patients who had only CBD exploration versus four per cent in the choledochoscopy group. The retained stones in five patients were later removed by percutaneous basket retrieval (3), flush irrigation (1), and choledochoscopy (1). Flexible choledochoscopy detected additional stones after routine CBD exploration in 12 patients, clarified T-tube cholangiograms in four patients, and aided stone extraction in two patients. For these reasons, and because choledochoscopy was associated with a lower incidence of retained stones, the authors believe this procedure is a worthwhile addition in most cases of CBD exploration.     

腹腔镜术中经胆囊管纤维胆道镜取石术的应用体会(附18例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术中应用胆道镜经胆囊管途径进行胆总管探查、取石的方法及临床价值。方法:对18例腹腔镜手术中经胆囊管途径行胆道镜胆总管探查、取石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:经胆囊管途径胆道镜成功取出胆总管结石共17例,失败1例,取石成功94.4%(17/18)。结论:腹腔镜手术中应用经胆囊管途径取出胆总管内结石的方法安全可行,较之腹腔镜术中胆总管切开取石的方法创伤更小。     

以十二指肠镜为主治疗高龄结石性急性胆管炎

目的 探讨十二指肠镜、腹腔镜治疗高龄结石性急性胆管炎的疗效。方法 1998年5月～2005年6月，我院对年龄〉75岁因胆管结石诱发急性胆管炎273例，首先经十二指肠镜行鼻胆管引流术（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage，ENBD），待急诊情况缓解后，根据患者的身体条件和局部结石情况，分别行网篮取石、三镜联合胆总管探查术或经十二指肠镜胆肠内引流术（endoscopicretrogradebiliarydrainage，ERBD）。结果273例ENBD全部放置成功。ENBD术后死亡3例。余270例中首次急诊内镜取净结石36例；二次十二指肠镜取净结石178例；31例行ERBD；25例行三镜联合胆总管探查术，其中1例中转开腹手术。270例十二指肠镜、腹腔镜治疗中无严重并发症发生。结论高龄急性胆管炎患者，急诊ENBD缓解胆道梗阻症状后，综合利用经十二指肠镜取石、ERBD及三镜联合胆总管探查术，可达到安全、满意的疗效，避免开腹手术。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗有上腹部手术史的肝外胆管结石63例分析

目的探讨有上腹部手术史病人行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的可行性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年4月至2017年3月期间对63例有上腹部手术史的胆总管结石病人采用腹腔镜胆总管切开探查、术中胆道镜取石、T管引流术或鼻胆管引流胆总管一期缝合术治疗的临床资料。结果腹腔镜手术成功60例;中转开腹3例。16例取石后T管引流,41例取石后放置鼻胆管引流一期缝合胆总管,6例经胆囊管胆总管探查胆道镜取石一期缝合。术后胆漏2例,无出血、腹腔感染等并发症发生。61例随访4~48个月,2例失访,无结石残留、胆管狭窄发生。结论术前影像学的准确评估,术者娴熟的腹腔镜及胆道镜手术技巧,以及对中转手术时机的严格掌控,术后的通畅引流,能够使有上腹部手术史的肝外胆管结石病人在进行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗时安全可行。     

The Value of Choledochoscopy in Exploration of the Common Bile Duct

Direct visualization of the biliary tree using choledochoscopy has been recommended as a technique to improve the accuracy of common duct exploration. In several series the incidence of retained biliary calculi has been dramatically reduced using choledochoscopy, and some authors have reported the findings of other unsuspected benign and malignant lesions as well. During an eight-year period 288 patients underwent exploration of the common bile duct specifically for calculous disease. Operative rigid choledochoscopy was performed in 140 patients in this group, with 79 found to have choledocholithiasis; seven retained stones occurred in this group for an incidence of 8.9%. Routine common duct exploration in the other 148 patients revealed 67 to have choledocholithiasis; six retained stones occurred in this group for an incidence of 9.0%. Though there was no difference in the incidence of retained stones with or without choledochoscopy, 20 patients were found to have stones missed during routine exploration once the rigid choledochoscope was inserted. In addition to the obvious value of the choledochoscope in identifying and removing common duct stones, it was also found to be an aid in removing stones in the intra-hepatic ducts and in clarifying atypical anatomy. Other causes of biliary obstruction such as a liver fluke, benign polyp, benign strictures, and ductal carcinomas were identified by use of biopsy forceps inserted through the choledochoscope. It is recommended that routine choledochoscopy be performed during common duct explorations and that surgical training programs insure that residents learn the technique of operative choledochoscopy.     

Experience with the Flexible Fiberoptic Choledochoscope

Despite significant effort on the part of surgeons, the incidence of retained calculi after common duct exploration still remains unacceptably high. It seems likely that the best way to reduce the incidence of retained calculi would be a more complete exploration of the common duct at the time of the initial operation. We report our experience with a flexible fiber optic endoscope used intraoperatively in 52 patients and postoperatively in one case to visualize the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. In addition to visualization of stones, the choledochoscope has a channel through which various instruments can be passed to facilitate stone removal. Flexible choledochoscopy has been performed 53 times in 52 patients between July 1978 and November 1980. In one patient, the choledochoscope was used to explore the bile ducts via the T-tube tract after operation. In 52 patients, the scope was used intraoperatively: a) two patients demonstrated bile duct tumors, b) in 14, stones were not found on exploration. Of these, one had stenosis at the papilla of Vater and one had external compression of the duct by a pancreatic pseudocyst. All of these findings were confirmed by choledochoscopy, c) in 26 patients choledochoscopy confirmed complete surgical removal of all stones, d) in six patients, multiple stones were removed using routine common duct exploration but additional stones were seen with the choledochoscope, e) in three patients no stones were retrieved on routine duct exploration but were seen using the choledochoscope. In groups (d) and (e) the scope facilitated removal of the remaining stones. In eight cases stones were either grasped or crushed using the accessories of the choledochoscope. In one patient calculi were missed both by routine surgical exploration and choledochoscopy. No septic complications were seen in any of these patients.     

100 consecutive common duct explorations without mortality.

It has been suggested that the incidence of morbidity and mortality after common duct exploration no longer justifies its use in patients with a gallbladder in situ. Therefore endoscopic sphincterotomy has been advocated for removal of common duct stones before cholecystectomy in selected patients. The purpose of this study was to determine our current rate of retained common duct stones and the morbidity and mortality rates associated with common duct exploration. Charts of 100 consecutive patients who underwent cholecystectomy and common duct exploration from January 1982 through December 1986 were reviewed. Indications for duct exploration included jaundice, dilated common bile duct, gallstone pancreatitis, multiple small stones, and abnormal intraoperative cholangiogram. Common duct exploration was done by manual technique or choledochoscopy, as determined by the surgeon's preference. Only two patients required duodenotomy for extraction of difficult stones. There were no deaths in this series of consecutive common duct exploration. The total morbidity rate was 15.7%, which included a 5.3% incidence of retained common duct stones. There was a 7.4% major complication rate, including deep vein thrombosis, bleeding gastric ulcer, and pneumonia. The remaining complications were minor and did not prolong hospitalization. There was one wound infection and no postoperative pancreatitis. None of the complications were directly attributable to choledochotomy or duct exploration. All retained common duct stones were removed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or by angiographic basket and did not require reoperation. It is concluded that operative common duct exploration not requiring duodenotomy is safe and does not appreciably increase the incidence of complications after cholecystectomy. Endoscopic sphincterotomy continues to be the preferable alternative to operative common duct exploration for patients with retained common duct stones.     

单向倒刺线在腹腔镜胆总管探查一期连续缝合中的应用

【摘 要】 目的 探讨单向倒刺线连续缝合在腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术中闭合胆总管的安全性和有效性。方法 对2016年6月至2017年12月西安交通大学第一附属医院进行腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术治疗的81例胆总管结石患者进行前瞻性研究。按照随机数字表法,患者分为单向倒刺线连续缝合组（41例）和普通可吸收线连续缝合组（40例）。比较两组患者胆总管闭合缝合时间,术后并发症情况,术后住院时间及随访情况。结果 两组患者均手术成功,术中结石取净,无术中并发症。倒刺线组胆总管缝合时间明显少于普通线组[（11.4±2.0）min vs （15.6±3.5）min,t=-6.67,P < 0.05];两组胆漏发生率（2.4% vs 5.0%）,急性胆管炎发生率（4.9% vs 5.0%）,术后平均住院时间[（4.4±1.2）d vs（4.4±1.6）d]差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。所有患者均获得随访,随访半年以上者倒刺线组18例,普通线组15例,尚未见结石残余、结石复发或胆管狭窄情况。结论 单向倒刺缝线连续缝合用于腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术安全可行,可以降低腹腔镜下缝合难度,缩短缝合时间,并且不增加并发症风险.     

Choledochoscopy in prevention of retained common bile duct stones

More than 150,000 patients undergo exploration of the common bile duct each year in the United States, and approximately 10 per cent of these patients are later found to have retained common bile duct stones. The usual recommended procedure to decrease the incidence of retained calculi is a more complete exploration of the common duct at time of initial operation. It is thought that the incidence of retained common bile duct stones can be decreased and almost eliminated with proper use of the flexible choledochoscope following intraoperative cystic duct cholangiogram. The technical aspects of choledochoscopy are reviewed and experience with its use in 102 cases between July 1978 and October 1985 is reported. There were no residual stones in the span of the study using the flexible choledochoscope as a routine procedure in common bile duct exploration.     

双镜联合胆总管切开一期缝合治疗胆总管结石的临床体会

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查一期缝合的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析安徽医科大学第二附属医院2015年4月到2017年4月35例腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查一期缝合患者临床资料。结果 35例患者均行腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合,无中转开腹患者。平均胆总管直径12.4mm,平均胆总管结石1.7个,结石即时清除率100%,35例患者胆总管通畅性及Oddi括约肌功能均良好。总体并发症发生率11.4%,全组无Clavien-DindoⅢ级以上并发症发生,术后胆漏发生率5.7%,经充分腹腔引流治愈。术后平均住院时间5.2天,平均住院总费用元20923元。随访率100%,平均随访9.9月,无结石残留、复发或胆管狭窄。结论严格把握手术适应证、由熟练掌握腹腔镜及胆道镜技术的专科医生操作的前提下,腹腔镜胆总管探查取石一期缝合是安全、可行的,且加速患者恢复,减少患者痛苦。     

Intraoperative flexible choledochoscopy for intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary calculi

This prospective study evaluates the use of intraoperative flexible choledochoscopy in the detection and removal of additional stones after conventional bile duct exploration. The biliary system of 109 patients was examined with an Olympus CHF-B4 choledochoscope after conventional methods of exploration. Sixty-five patients had only common duct stones and 44 patients had intrahepatic stones with or without stones in the common duct. Additional stones were detected in 11 patients (16.9%) in the group with common duct stones; eight of these patients had their stones completely removed. Unsuspected residual stones were discovered by means of postoperative cholangiography in three more patients (4.6%); thus the total number of patients with residual stones was six (9.2%). Additional stones were detected in 39 patients (88.6%) in the group with intrahepatic stones. Of these, only 13 patients managed to be freed of stones with the use of the choledochoscope. A further 10 patients underwent liver resection to achieve stone clearance. Unsuspected retained stones were found postoperatively in seven of the 28 patients (25%) whose biliary systems were considered clear of stones. The overall number of patients with retained stones in the group with intrahepatic stones was 23 (52.3%). We concluded that intraoperative flexible choledochoscopy is useful in detecting intrahepatic stones left behind after conventional exploration. However, complete removal of the stones is difficult to achieve.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜探查治疗胆总管结石的临床研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胆总管探查治疗胆总管结石的可行性及临床效果.方法 对 2011 年 9 月至 2013 年 3 月上海市第十人民医院运用腹腔镜胆总管探查 150 例的临床资料分析.结果 119 例（ 79.3% ）胆总管切开探查取石并一期缝合,住院时间为（ 5.73 ± 1.21 ） d,24 例（ 16.0% ）经胆囊管探查胆总管并取石,3 例（ 2.0% ）留置＂T＂管引流,3 例（ 2.0% ）胆总管残石经内镜取石治愈,1 例胆管残石保守治疗,4 例（ 2.67% ）中转开腹,7 例（ 4.67% ）胆漏经腹腔引流管、或留置鼻胆管引流治愈.结论 腹腔镜胆总管探查术是安全可行经济的微创手术.     

同期两镜或同期三镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石2410例

目的探讨同期两镜(腹腔镜＋胆管镜)或同期三镜(腹腔镜＋胆管镜＋十二指肠镜)下一期缝合术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床应用体会。 方法回顾性分析1992年6月至2018年6月期间,符合入选标准的2 410例患者的临床资料。 结果一期缝合的2 410例患者中有2 226例(92.4%)腹腔镜手术获成功,中转开腹一期缝合术获成功16例(0.7%);术后胆汁漏101例(4.2%),术后残石26例(1.1%),术后有其他并发症41例(1.7%),总并发症发生率为7.0%(169/2 410)。 结论从本医院有限病例进行初步研究发现,只要选择合适的病例,同期两镜或同期三镜下一期缝合术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是可行、有效和安全的。     

腹腔镜手术治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术后再发胆管结石合并胰腺炎的临床体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)后再发胆管结石合并胰腺炎再次行腹腔镜治疗的可行性、手术时机及手术经验。方法:回顾分析2011年5月至2013年5月20例患者LC术后再发胆管结石合并急性胰腺炎行腹腔镜治疗的临床资料。结果:19例患者顺利完成胆总管探查取石引流术,1例中转开腹,中转率5%。5例患者入院时合并急性胆管炎症状(Charcot三联征)急诊手术,3例为重症胰腺炎予以保守治疗效果不佳,1~3 d内行胆管探查的同时行胰包膜切开灌洗引流术。余者均为轻型胰腺炎未合并急性胆管炎,予以对症治疗待腹痛症状缓解,酶学指标正常后行腹腔镜胆总管探查术。术后2例患者胆管仍有残余小结石,术后3个月经胆道镜取出。结论:LC术后再发胆管结石合并急性胰腺炎再次行腹腔镜胆管探查取石术安全、可行。胆管结石合并急性胰腺炎患者内环境紊乱,病情相对复杂,手术时机的把握、腔镜下胰包膜切开灌洗引流对重症胰腺炎的恢复至关重要。