异基因造血干细胞移植后早期特发性肺炎综合征的危险因素及发病机制

目的 研究异基凶造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)术后早期特发性肺炎综合征(IPS)的独立危险因素及发病机制.方法 同顾件分析192例allo-HSCT受者的临床资料,观察术后急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)和IPS的发牛情况及其临床表现,对患者年龄、性别、原发病、移植时疾病状态(高危组70例,疾病处于难治、未缓解状态;标危组122例,疾病处于缓解状态)、供者类型、HLA相合程度、移植类型、预处理方案、急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)、aGVHD程度、aGVHD累及器官等11项临床因素进行单因素分析,将有统计学意义的因素进行Logistic多因素同归分析,筛选出发生IPS的独立危险因素,并结合文献,探讨其发病机制.结果 192例allo-HSCT受者中,有23例发生IPS,发生时间为术后76 d(32～120 d),其中20例经治疗无效死亡,发病至死亡的时间为9 d(3～92 d),其余3例治愈.23例IPS患者中,有19例发生过aGVHD,其中肠道aGVHD16例.单因素分析显示,高危组、非亲缘供者、HLA不合、发生aGVHD、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD及肠道aGVHD等6个因素具有统计学意义;多凶素分析显示,非亲缘供者、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD和肠道aGVHD等3个因素是发生IPS的独立危险因素.结论 非亲缘供者、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD及肠道aGVHD是发生IPS的独立危险因素;IPS可能是由aGVHD引起的肺部病变.     

ABO血型主要不合异基因造血干细胞移植后纯红细胞再生障碍的临床分析

目的探讨ABO血型主要不合者异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后并发纯红细胞再生障碍（PRCA）的危险因素、临床转归以及PRCA的治疗和预防。方法42例行allo-HSCT，其中供、受者AN）血型主要不合者33例，主次双向不合者9例，27例受者血型为O型。预处理后，13例行骨髓移植，25例行外周血干细胞移植，4例行脐血移植。6例移植前行供者型血浆置换。移植后采用环孢素A（CsA）及短程甲氨蝶呤（MTX）联用预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）。结果42例均获得供者细胞植入，11例移植后并发PRCA（26．2％），11例的血型均为O型，其供者9例为A型，2例为B型；移植前行供者型血浆置换的O型受者，移植后均未发生PRCA。并发PRCA的11例中，8例经红细胞输注后自然缓解，2例行供者型血浆置换，其凝集素滴度下降后缓解，1例予利妥昔单抗治疗后缓解。单因素分析表明，O型受者、A型供者以及A型供给O型者与PRCA的发生相关，多因素分析表明，A型供给0型者是发生PRCA的独立危险因素（RR为10．999，95％可信区间为1．975-61．258，P〈0．05）。结论A型供给O型者与PRCA的发生密切相关；移植前行供者型血浆置换可预防PRCA的发生；供者型血浆置换和利妥昔单抗可有效治疗PRCA。     

第三方脐血预防异基因造血干细胞移植后移植物抗宿主病

目的 探讨无关供者和单倍型亲缘供者异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)前输注第三方脐血预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的效果.方法 2007年至2011年接受无关供者及单倍型亲缘供者allo-HSCT的受者共41例.脐血预防组(25例),于移植前1d予以HLA配型为4/6～6/6的第三方脐血细胞输注,平均输入有核细胞数为(1.64±0.49)×107/kg,次日再输入供者造血干细胞.其余患者作为对照组(16例).两组均采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白+环孢素A+甲氨蝶呤+吗替麦考酚酯预防急性GVHD.比较两组间急性GVHD的发生率、严重程度以及移植相关死亡率.结果 脐血预防组和对照组aGVHD累积发生率分别为44.0％(11/25)和68.8％(11/16),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=2.403,P＞0.05);Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD累积发生率分别为16.0％(4/25)和37.5％(6/16),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=2.445,P＞0.05),100 d治疗相关病死率分别为12.0％(3/25)和12.5％(2/16),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.002,P＞0.05).结论 在无关供者及单倍型亲缘供者allo-HSCT前应用第三方脐血细胞,可能有效预防GVHD的发生或减轻GVHD的严重度,但尚需要进一步设计扩大规模的随机对照临床试验验证其有效性.     

供者年龄对特发性肺纤维化患者肺移植术后短期生存结局的影响

目的 探讨供者年龄对特发性肺纤维化（IPF）患者肺移植术后短期生存结局的影响。方法 回顾性分析235例IPF肺移植供、受者的临床资料。使用单因素和多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析供者年龄与IPF患者肺移植术后短期死亡风险的关系,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线。结果 单因素Cox回归分析结果显示,供者年龄与IPF患者肺移植术后1年病死率相关,供者年龄每增加1岁,受者术后1年死亡风险增加0.020倍（P=0.009）。供者氧合指数,受者术前氧合指数、术前肺源分配评分、术前氨基末端脑钠肽前体、移植方式、术中体外膜氧合方式和术中输血量与肺移植术后1年病死率存在相关性（均为P<0.1）。多因素Cox回归分析显示,供者年龄与IPF患者肺移植术后30、90、180 d和1年的死亡风险无相关性（均为P>0.05）。敏感性分析发现供者年龄<18岁、18～33岁、34～49岁、≥50岁的肺移植受者术后30、90、180 d和1年死亡风险差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。结论 本研究未观察到供者年龄对IPF患者肺移植术后短期生存存在影响,综合考虑供者机械通气时间、氧...     

异基因造血干细胞移植后动态监测调节性T淋巴细胞的临床意义

目的探讨监测调节性T淋巴细胞（Treg）的动态变化在异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）中的临床意义。方法选择45例allo-HSCT患者，其中31例采用短程甲氨蝶呤（MTX）联合环孢素A（CsA）预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD），另14例加用霉酚酸酯（MMF）和达利珠单抗（抗CD25单克隆抗体）强化GVHD的预防。采用流式细胞术动态监测allo-HScT患者移植预处理前、移植后2、4、8、12周时及发生急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）时外周血Treg的水平；分析Treg水平的变化与aGVHD发生的相互关系。结果45例患者中，发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度aGVHD10例。移植后8和12周时，未使用达利珠单抗组中发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度aGVHD较发生0～I度aGVHD的患者外周血Treg水平显著降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；患者发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度aGVHD后，外周血Treg水平较发生前显著降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。使用达利珠单抗组的患者外周血Treg水平在各时间点均明显降低，各时点间比较，差异均无统计学意义。结论Treg的动态变化与aGVHD的关系密切，可作为临床监测aGVHD发生的重要指标之一；达利珠单抗的应用显著降低了外周血Treg的水平，其对aGVHD的预防作用有待今后深入研究。     

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎的相关因素分析

目的 研究乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（HBV-GN）的相关因素。 方法 采用回顾性病例对照研究。用Logistic回归对86例HBV-GN患者及135例非HBV-GN慢性HBV感染者进行比较。 结果 单因素分析结果显示,HBV-GN与男性（OR 2.79,95％CI 1.48～5.25,P = 0.001）、HBeAg阳性（OR 2.60,95％CI 1.49～4.53,P = 0.001）、HBV复制（OR 3.63,95％CI 1.80～7.33,P < 0.01）、肝硬化（OR 4.58,95％CI 1.41～14.91,P = 0.011)及谷丙转氨酶（ALT）升高（OR 2.53,95％CI 1.42～4.51,P = 0.002)相关。多因素分析结果显示,HBV-GN与男性（OR 2.21,95%CI 1.12～4.33,P = 0.022）、HBV复制（OR 2.77,95%CI 1.28～5.97,P = 0.01）、肝硬化（OR 4.55,95%CI 1.29～16.10,P = 0.019）及ALT升高（OR 1.96,95%CI 1.04～3.69,P = 0.037）相关。HBV-GN中,与IgA肾病型（HBV-IgAN）比较,单因素分析结果显示,经典型HBV-GN（膜性肾病或膜增生性肾炎型）与男性（OR 5.24,95％CI 1.64～16.81,P = 0.005）、HBV复制（OR 8.02,95％CI 2.15～29.84,P = 0.002）及ALT升高（OR 3.10,95％CI 1.00～9.67,P = 0.051）相关;多因素分析结果显示,仅与男性（OR 6.51,95%CI 1.76～24.11,P = 0.005）及HBV复制（OR 7.22,95%CI 1.68～30.97,P = 0.008）相关。结论 男性、HBV复制、肝硬化及ALT升高都可能是HBV-GN的易患因素。与HBV-IgAN比较,经典型HBV-GN与病毒复制及男性更相关,两者可能有不同的病理机制。     

3例造血干细胞移植术后并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病患者的护理

对2例慢性髓性白血病和1例急性髓性白血病患者行异因因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）。干细胞分别来自血缘HLA相合、非血缘HLA相合及血缘HLA1个位点不合的供者。3例患者于移植后60、105、116d并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病（GVHD），予以免疫抑制剂治疗及相应的护理措施，结果1例因肺部结核杆菌及白色念珠菌感染死亡．2例得到有效控制。提示allo-HSCT后并发重度肠道GVHD进展快、症状重，密切观察病情。加强消化道护理、心理护理、保护性隔离及用药护理对移植患者的预后至关重要。     

血缘供者HLA一个位点不合的造血干细胞移植九例

异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）是血液疾病的重要治疗方法之一。目前allo-HSCT中造血干细胞的主要来源是人类白细胞抗原（HLA）相合的血缘同胞供者，但在同胞中找到的比例仅25％，限制了其广泛应用。2003年4月至2006年9月，我们对9例血液病患者尝试了采用HLA一个位点不合的亲属作为供者，进行allo—HSCT，总结报道如下。     

影响原发性肝癌患者肝移植预后的危险因素分析

目的 评价肝移植对原发性肝癌的疗效，探讨影响预后的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2005年12月间872例原发性肝癌患者行首次肝移植后的生存情况，应用单因素分析和多因素Cox回归分析各项临床及病理指标对预后的影响。结果 围手术期死亡率为3．9％；移植术后6个月、1年、2年、3年及4年累积生存率分别为87．3％、74．4％、63．3％、53．8％和48．4％；术后6个月、1年、2年及3年无瘤生存率分别为80．6％、68．9％、58．5％和52．6％；再次移植率为2．8％。多因素Cox回归分析发现，影响术后累积生存率的独立危险因素包括患者术前甲胎蛋白水平（Х^2=16．732，P=0．001）、肿瘤双叶分布（RR=7．274，P=0．007）、门静脉主干或分支癌栓（RR=4．349，P=0．034）及镜下微血管浸润（RR=10．162，P=0．002）；影响术后无瘤生存率的独立危险因素包括肿瘤双叶分布（RR=2．969，P=0．047）、门静脉主干或分支癌栓（RR=2．496，P=0．025）、镜下微血管浸润（RR=10．115，P=0．020）及合并淋巴结侵犯或远处转移（RR=4．750，P=0．013）。结论 肝移植是治疗原发性肝癌的有效方法，经严格筛选的适宜受者预后良好。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后输注供者干细胞的治疗效果

异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）是根治重型β-地中海贫血、重型再生障碍性贫血以及白血病等的有效方法。非清髓性allo-HSCT因其预处理相关毒性较低、适应证广、耐受性高的特点越来越引起临床的重视，但其常形成混合性嵌合体（MC），存在排斥反应、造血细胞植入不良和复发的危险。我们对6例血液病患者行allo-HSCT后，给予供者干细胞输注（DSI），观察其疗效和并发症。报道如下：     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.