中国成年男子器官、组织中元素浓度研究

目的获得中国成年男子主要器官、组织中元素浓度代表值。方法作为系列研究第3阶段，在中国4个不同膳食类型地区，补充采集16例当地长住急死正常尸体肌肉、肋骨、肝、肾、肺、甲状腺、心、胃、脾、小肠、血液、皮肤、脂肪、睾丸、胰腺、大肠、肾上腺和胸腺共18种器官、组织样品，采用ICP-MS、ICP-AES和GF-AAS技术，测定56种元素浓度，与前两阶段相应结果合并统计取中位数作代表值。结果获得了这系列研究最多达68例中国成年男子尸体18种器官、组织样品中60种元素浓度代表值。结论除更新过去报道10种器官、组织50种元素浓度代表值外，首次获得新增8种器官、组织56种元素和已测10种器官、组织10种元素浓度代表值数据。这些结果为确定中国参考人器官、组织浓度参数参考值和在辐射防护领域其他应用提供了较前更全面和有代表性的国情依据。     

中国成年男子器官、组织和全身元素负荷量研究

目的估算60种元素在中国成年男子主要器官、组织和全身的负荷量代表值。方法依据中国4个不同膳食类型地区采集68例急死正常成年男子尸体18种器官组织样品所测60种元素浓度代表值，按中国参考人器官、组织重量参考值估算了相应器官、组织和全身负荷量。结果补充或更新了中国成年男子60种元素在18种主要器官、组织和全身负荷量代表值。结论补充或更新结果为确定中国参考人器官、组织和全身这些元素负荷量参数参考值和背景值及计算元素某些生物动力学模型参数提供了较过去更全面和有代表性的依据。     

我国四地区成年男子膳食中15种稀土元素浓度和每日摄入量

目的 获得我国4地区成年男子膳食中15种稀土元素浓度和每日摄入量.方法 通过双份饭法,采集分属4个膳食类型地区的天津、成都、镇江、太原共120例成年男子膳食样品,预处理后应用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定其中Ce、Dy、Er、Gd、Ho、La、Lu、Nd、Pr、Sc、Sm、Tb、Tm、Y、Yb的浓度,并计算每日各元素摄入量.结果 获得了我国4地区成年男子膳食中15种稀土元素浓度和每日摄入量.结论 我国4地区成年男子膳食中大部分稀土元素浓度符合正态分布,总稀土元素浓度范围约为24.68 ～ 109.27 μg/g,总稀土元素日摄入量约为24 μg/d,更新了我国成年男子膳食中稀土元素浓度和日摄入量参考值.     

中国成年男子膳食、器官组织和尿中元素含量研究的辐射防护应用

目的将本项目3个阶段所获总结果应用于我国辐射防护领域。方法依据平衡条件下元素与其放射性核素理化和生物学性质同一性，按文献方法讨论了本研究结果在辐射防护领域主要应用。结果除在前3篇文章中讨论了为中国参考人器官、组织及全身元素浓度和负荷量参数参考值及其分布提供依据外，更新了我国元素膳食摄人量，提供了某些放射防护用生物动力学模型重要参数（f1、Te和Tb）参考值的相应依据；估算了我国原生放射性核素所致内剂量和元素由环境向人体关键器官转移系数。结论为确定中国参考人42种元素膳食摄人量、60种元素18种主要器官、组织及全身负荷量和56种元素尿日排出量参数和某些生物动力学模型参数提供了参考值依据，估算了原生放射性核素所致内剂量和元素由环境向人体关键器官转移系数和同体全血与尿样中元素含量关系。     

31例中国人主要器官组织中42种元素浓度和含量研究

目的 测定中国成年男子主要器官组织中元素浓度和估算其含量,为确定中国参考人相应参数提供依据,为微量元素和健康关系研究提供我国当前资料。方法 在我国不同膳食类型的4省市（河北、山西、上海和四川）采集31例急死正常成年男子尸体肌肉、肋骨、肝、肾、肺和甲状腺样品,有用NAA、ICP－MS、ICP－AES、多种AAS技术和必要质控措施共测定42种元素浓度,并按中国参考人器官组织重量估算了这些元素相应含量。结果 获得了31例中国成年男子甲状腺中I、其他5种器官组织中40种元素和肋骨中Li的浓度及相应组织含量估算值。结论 本研究除更新了我国15种元素相应资料外,首次获得27种元素在这些器官组织中浓度和含量资料,为确定中国和亚洲参考人相应参数提供较为系统的依据。还就我国本次结果与近年国内文献值和对ICRP参考人相应参数最新国际估算值的比较,元素在这些器官组织中浓度的相对分布和地区差异进行了讨论。     

中国人食品中元素浓度和膳食摄入量研究

目的　获得我国当前食物中元素浓度和成年男子膳食摄入量 ,为参考人元素摄入量参数提供依据和进行有关卫生学评价。方法　以总膳食研究混合食物样品法 ,用NAA、ICP MS、ICP AES、AAS等技术和必要QA措施测定我国 4个不同膳食类型地区膳食的各类食物中元素浓度 ,估算日摄入量和卫生学评价 ,并将所获摄入量与有关国际资料进行比较。结果　获得了我国 12类食物中 42种元素浓度和成年男子摄入量及其卫生学评价。结论　更新和拓展了我国食物中元素浓度和摄入量国情资料 ,为我国参考人摄入量参数确定提供新依据 ,揭示了当前我国卫生问题 ,如从营养卫生角度 ,我国参考人Ca、Zn和Cu摄入量偏低 ,而从食品卫生而言 ,Pb、Cd、Mn和Na摄入量过高 ,尤其是近年Pb、Cd和Hg摄入量升高 ,Pb和Cd平均摄入量已超过ADI,应引起重视。     

Application of Lithium Assay kit LS for quantification of lithium in whole blood and urine

A commercially available kit for the quantitation of lithium, the Lithium Assay kit LS, was originally developed to measure lithium in serum or plasma using a conventional microplate reader. We investigated whether use of the kit could be extended to quantify lithium in whole blood and urine samples collected at autopsy. The calibration curve for whole blood showed good linearity ranging from 0.5 to 20 µg/mL with a coefficient of determination of 0.998 when samples were pretreated with methanol followed by acetonitrile. Moreover, for urine, we obtained excellent linearity with a coefficient of determination of 0.999 without any pretreatment. The accuracies and precisions were 106.3–174.7% and 1.9–18.1% for whole blood and 83.3–118.8% and 5.7–33.8% for urine. The values in the lower concentration range (0.5–1 µg/mL) were not satisfactory, whereas those in the higher range (2–20 µg/mL) were acceptable. The Lithium Assay kit LS was successfully applied to the measurement of lithium in whole blood and urine samples collected at autopsies. This method appears to be useful for forensic toxicological investigations because of its simplicity and speed.     

A method for determining valproic acid in human whole blood and urine via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and small-scale inter-laboratory trial

A simple and cost-effective method for analyzing valproic acid (VPA) in biological samples was developed. VPA was extracted in methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and derivatized using trimethylsilyldiazomethane. The MTBE extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction recovery in human whole blood and urine was over 90 %, with good linearity in the range of 1.0 to 250 µg/mL of VPA. The RSD for 2.0, 20, and 200 μg/mL VPA in whole blood ranged from 0.9 to 4.7 % for intra-day and 1.5 to 5.9 % for inter-day. The RSD for 2.0, 20, and 200 μg/mL VPA in urine ranged from 1.9 to 2.6 % for intra-day and 1.2 to 2.9 % for inter-day. As a preliminary cross-validation study, a cross-check was conducted using blinded concentration samples. The results demonstrated that the assay data of the two laboratories were comparable.     

Determination of fluoride in human whole blood and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

We developed a simple and sensitive method for determination of fluoride in human whole blood and urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fluoride was alkylated with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in a mixture of acetone and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The derivative obtained was analyzed by GC-MS in the positive-ion electron-impact mode. The lower limit of detection for the compound was 0.5 mg/l for both matrices. The calibration curve for fluoride was linear over the concentration range of 1–100 mg/l. The precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated, and relative standard deviation was within 10%. Using this method, levels of fluoride in whole blood and urine were determined in a case of poisoning caused by hydrofluoric acid exposure.     

Analysis of amphetamine,methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine in whole blood using in-matrix ethyl chloroformate derivatization and automated headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by GC-MS

The in-matrix alkyl chloroformate derivatization method for amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was adapted for use with the whole blood matrix. This derivatization method was followed by automated headspace (HS)-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The sensitivity of this method, expressed as limit of detection, was approximately 10 ng/ml for these analytes tested in the blood matrix, which was sufficient to detect toxic concentrations of amphetamines in blood. The limit of quantitation for target analytes ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 μg/ml. The intraday precision and accuracy studies generally showed satisfactory results for all target compounds except MDA, in which a larger variation was observed. The in-matrix ethyl chloroformate derivatization of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, and MDMA for HS-SPME was tested in other matrices such as stomach fluid, bile, thoracic cavity fluid, vitreous humor, brain, liver, spleen, and skeletal muscle. As a result, stomach fluid, thoracic cavity fluid, and vitreous humor showed SPME efficiencies higher than that of whole blood; however, this method was not suitable for solid tissue matrices under the present conditions.     

军队不同年龄组男性干部血脂、血压、血糖检测结果比较

目的比较部队男性干部不同年龄组血脂、血压、血糖检测结果,找出差异,从而有针对性的做好健康教育。方法将2005年5月—2011年5月在我院疗养的3 026例男性干部根据年龄分为:老年前期组484例,老年组1 785例,高龄组757例,对各组血脂、血压、血糖异常分布及影响因素进行分析。结果老年前期组低高密度脂蛋白、高舒张压、饮酒、吸烟、缺乏运动的检出率分别为8.7%、23.8%、47.3%、28.1%、36.8%明显高于老年组的3.4%、16.2%、35.1%、18.1%、18.2%;而高收缩压、高空腹血糖、高餐后2h血糖及超重/肥胖的检出率明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);高龄组高收缩压、缺乏运动的检出率分别为40.2%、27.3%明显高于老年组的32.6%、18.2%,高三酰甘油、高舒张压、高餐后2 h血糖,超重/肥胖,饮酒、吸烟的检查率明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论军队男性干部老年前期组低HDL-C、高DBP检出率高于老年组、高年组SBP、缺乏运动检出率明显增高;老年前组饮酒、吸烟、缺乏运动检出率增高。     

The screening for common drugs of abuse in whole blood by means of EMIT-ETS and FPIA-ADx urine immunoassays

Summary The purpose of the paper was to compare the performance of ETS (EMIT) and ADx (FPIA) analyzers for screening blood samples for drugs of abuse after 2 alternative pretreatment procedures (acetone precipitation and ultrafiltration). Cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and benzoylecgonine were not detectable with both assays after ultrafiltration. The detectability of morphine in blood ultrafiltrates was distinctly lower than after acetone precipitation. The comparison of results obtained with ETS and ADx after acetone precipitation showed that ETS assay is slightly more sensitive but AD is slightly more reproducible. Both assays may be used for blood examination with similar cut-off values. The ETS analyzer gave much better analytical performance (speed, flexibility) and lower reagent costs than the ADx analyzer.